Libération

For other uses, see Libération (disambiguation).
"Libe" redirects here. For other uses, see Libe (disambiguation).
Libération
Type Daily newspaper
Format Compact
Owner(s) Libération
Editor Antoine de Gaudemar
Founded 1973
Political alignment Center-left
Headquarters Paris, France
Country France
ISSN 0335-1793
Website liberation.fr

Libération (French: [li.be.ʁa.sjɔ̃], popularly known as Libé [li.be]), is a daily newspaper in France, founded in Paris by Jean-Paul Sartre and Serge July in 1973 in the wake of the protest movements of May 1968.

For its first six or seven years it was a uniquely vibrant and pluralist publication and hugely influential. This was mainly due to its refusal to take paid advertising which meant there was no direct or indirect pressure from advertisers. It was paid for by sales on newsstalls and by subscriptions. Even classified adverts in the back pages (Les Petits Annonces) were free. These and the exciting content attracted people to buy it regularly.

Another innovation was the "note de la claviste" (ndlc) a comment, often very witty or apt, inserted by the claviste—the typesetter. The cartoons were unique and often savage and side-splitting. It has been described as a far-left newspaper. It has also been described as merely open, critical, and pluralist.

It went through a number of shifts during the 1980s and 1990s to take a less open, social democrat (centre-left) position. It was the first French daily to have a website. It had a circulation of about 101,000 in 2013.[1]

Edouard de Rothschild's acquisition of a 37% capital interest in 2005[2] and editor Serge July's campaign for the "yes" vote in the referendum establishing a Constitution for Europe the same year[3] alienated it from a number of its left-wing readers.[4] Its editorial stance is currently centre-left.[5]

History

First period (1973–81)

Libération was founded by Jean-Paul Sartre, Philippe Gavi, Bernard Lallement, Jean-Claude Vernier, Pierre Victor alias Benny Lévy and Serge July and has been published from 3 February 1973,[6] in the wake of the protest movements of May 1968.[7] Sartre remained editor of Libération until 24 May 1974.

The paper was initially run along non-hierarchical lines, with all staff – from the editor-in-chief to the janitor – receiving the same salary, but this later gave way to a "normal set-up." In the early 1980s it began to take advertisements and allowed external bodies to have a stake in its financing, which it had completely refused before, but continued to maintain a left leaning[6] editorial stance.

Second period (since 1981)

After several crises, Libération temporarily stopped being published in February 1981. It resumed publication on 13 May under a new format, with Serge July as new director.[8]

Although Libération is not affiliated with any political party, it has, from its theoretical origins in the May 1968 turmoil in France, a left-wing slant.[9] According to co-founder and former director Serge July, Libé was an activist newspaper that, however, does not support any particular political party, acts as a counter-power, and generally has bad relations with both left-wing and right-wing administrations. Libé's opinion pages (rebonds) publish views from many political standpoints. An example of their proclaimed independent, "counter-power" slant is when in 1993 Libération leaked Socialist president François Mitterrand's illegal wiretapping program.

Libération is known for its sometimes alternative points of view on cultural and social events. For instance, in addition to reports about crimes and other events, it also chronicles daily criminal trials, bringing in a more human vision of petty criminals. As Serge July puts it, "the equation of Libération consisted in combining counter-culture and political radicalism".[10] The editors' decision, in 2005, to support the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE) was criticized by many of its readers, who later decided to vote "no" to a treaty seen as too neoliberal, lacking social views deemed necessary to the solid foundation of a "European nation".

On 11 December 2010, Libération started hosting a mirror of the WikiLeaks website, including the United States diplomatic cables and other document collections,[11] in solidarity with WikiLeaks, in order to prevent it from being "suffocated" by "governments and companies that were trying to block [WikiLeaks'] functioning without even a judicial decision".[12]

In June 2015, Libération, working with WikiLeaks, reported that the United States National Security Agency had been secretly spying on the telephone conversations of Presidents Jacques Chirac, Nicolas Sarkozy and François Hollande from at least 2006 through 2012.[13][14]

Édouard de Rothschild's involvement

In 2005 Libération badly needed funds,[15] and Serge July strove to convince the board to allow Édouard de Rothschild[15] to buy a stake in the paper. The board agreed on 20 January 2005. Social conflicts arose shortly after. On 25 November 2005, the paper went on strike, protesting against the layoff of 52 workers.[16] Rothschild, who had promised he would not interfere in editorial decisions, decided that he wasn't playing an active enough role in the paper's management.[17] In May 2006 the paper announced a week-end magazine called Libé week-end, with a supplement called Ecrans (covering television, internet and film), and another called R. (The latter was abandoned in September of the same year)

On 13 June 2006, Serge July told the editorial staff that Édouard de Rothschild was refusing to invest more money in the paper unless Louis Dreyfus (directeur général) and himself left the paper. July had accepted, believing the paper's future existence to depend on his decision. The journalists were shocked. The next day, they published a public statement praising the paper's founder and expressing their worries about journalistic independence.[18] Serge July left the paper on 30 June 2006.[19]

A debate between Bernard Lallement, the first administrator-manager of Libération and Edouard de Rothschild took place in Le Monde newspaper. In a column published on 4 July 2006, Lallement argued that July's departure was the end of an era where "writing meant something". Lallement painted a bleak picture of Libération's future, as well as that of the press as a whole. Criticizing Rothschild's interference, Lallement quoted Sartre, who had famously said that "Money doesn't have any ideas".[20] Later, on his blog, Lallement argued that Rothschild, who had had no historic attachment to the paper, was only interested in making money, not in the paper itself.[21] On 6 July, Rothschild declared: "Libération needs help and moral, intellectual and financial support. Libération doesn't need a requiem."[22]

Sixty-two employees (including 35 journalists, such as Antoine de Gaudemar, chief editor, Sorj Chalandon, who was awarded the Albert Londres Prize, both present since the 1973 creation of Libé, or Pierre Haski, deputy editor, present since 1981, were about to resign end of January 2007 (on a total of 276 employees). With the 55 others employees who left the newspaper end of 2005, this makes a total of about 150 persons who were dismissed since Rothschild's entrance to the capital, not including tens of resignations (Florence Aubenas, Dominique Simonnot, Antoine de Baecque, Jean Hatzfeld)[23]

In May 2007, former Libération journalists, including Pierre Haski or Pascal Riché (Op-Ed editor of Libération) created the news website Rue 89.

In 2014, the newspaper once again found itself in the news, following a public dispute between its journalists and shareholders over the future of the newspaper. In the face of falling circulation the latter had sought to re-invent the paper's web site as a social network. The editor-in-chief Nicolas Demorand resigned over the row.[24]

Circulation statistics

Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
France paid circulation 169,427 169,011 174,310 164,286 158,115 146,109 142,557 133,270 132,356 123,317 111,584 113,108 119,205 119,418 101,616

See also

References

  1. ↑ OJD (French NGO responsible for surveying newspaper circulation).
  2. ↑ ""Libération" tombe sous le charme d'Edouard de Rothschild" (in French). Acrimed. 31 January 2005.
  3. ↑ "L'éditorial de Serge July". Le Nouvel Observateur (in French). 25 June 2008.
  4. ↑ "Un " cri de douleur " de Serge July" (in French). Les Mots Sont Importants. June 2005.
  5. ↑ "French press rallies behind new President Hollande". BBC. 7 May 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  6. 1 2 "Media Landscape Media Claims" (PDF). European Social Survey. May 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
  7. ↑ John Tebbel (2003). "Print Media. France". Encyclopedia Americana. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  8. ↑ Philip Thody (1 December 2000). Le Franglais: Forbidden English, Forbidden American: Law, Politics and Language in Contemporary France: A Study in. A&C Black. p. 290. ISBN 978-1-4411-7760-5. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  9. ↑ Interviews with journalists from Libération (French)
  10. ↑ Interview with Serge July (on official French government website) (French)
  11. ↑ "Secret US Embassy Cables". Libération. 4 January 2011. Archived from the original on 11 January 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
  12. ↑ ""Libération" abrite WikiLeaks". Libération (in French). 11 December 2010. Archived from the original on 11 January 2011. Nous avons choisi d'empêcher l'asphyxie de WikiLeaks à l'heure où des gouvernements et des entreprises cherchent à bloquer son fonctionnement sans même une décision de justice.
  13. ↑ Guiton, Amaelle; Léchenet, Alexandre; Manach, Jean-Marc; Assange, Julian (23 June 2015). "WikiLeaks - Chirac, Sarkozy et Hollande : trois présidents sur écoute". Libération (in French). Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  14. ↑ Willsher, Kim (23 June 2015). "François Hollande calls emergency meeting after WikiLeaks claims US spied on three French presidents". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  15. 1 2 "The press in France". BBC. 11 November 2006. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  16. ↑ Libération ? Un cas d’école pour la presse française, L'Humanité, 26 May 2006 (French)
  17. ↑ Les raisons d'un divorce, Le Figaro, 14 June 2006 (French)
  18. ↑ Depuis trente-trois ans, Serge July, cofondateur de «Libération»...., Libération, 14 June 2006 (French)
  19. ↑ « Pourquoi je quitte "Libération" » ; Serge July; Libération; 30 June 2006
    « The orchestral conductor that I was bids you farewell.
     The journalist who I am is infinitely sad no longer to be able to write here.
     The reader that I shall remain bids you good-bye. »
    (article en ligne)
  20. ↑ Une complainte pour Libé; Le Monde 4 July 2006
  21. ↑ Libé : un paradoxe très cavalier 6 July 2006
  22. ↑ Libération n'a pas besoin de requiem ; Le Monde 6 July 2006
  23. ↑ "Libération" : 62 candidats au départ, Le Monde, 23 January 2007 –. Retrieved 23 January 2007 (French)
  24. ↑ "Liberation newspaper boss quits over restructuring row". BBC. 13 February 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
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