List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM

The following is a partial list of IBM precursors, acquisitions and spinoffs. IBM has undergone a large number of mergers and acquisitions during a corporate history lasting over a century; the company has also produced a number of spinoffs during that time.

The acquisition date listed is the date of the agreement between IBM and the subject of the acquisition. The value of each acquisition is listed in US$ because IBM is based in the United States. If the value of an acquisition is not listed, then it is undisclosed.

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Precursors 1889–1910

Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company, 1911

Since the 1960s or earlier, IBM has described its formation as a merger of three companies: The Tabulating Machine Company (1880s origin in Washington, DC), the International Time Recording Company (ITR; 1900, Endicott), and the Computing Scale Company of America (1901, Dayton, Ohio).[1][2][3] However, there was no merger, it was a consolidation, and a consolidation of four, not three, companies.[4] The 1911 CTR stock prospectus states that the Bundy Manufacturing Company was also included.[5] While ITR had acquired its time recording business in 1900 Bundy had remained a separate entity producing an adding machine and other wares.

CTR owned the stock of the four companies; CTR neither produced nor sold any product; the four companies continued to operate, as before, under their own names. CTR was renamed "IBM" in 1924. The separate companies were integrated in 1933 and the holding company eliminated.[6]

Acquisitions during 1912–1999

1912–1929

  • 1917
    • American Automatic Scale Company acquired as International Scale Company.
    • CTR consolidates three already-existing Canadian companies: The Canadian Tabulating Machine Co., Ltd, the International Time Recording Co. of Canada, Ltd., and the Computing Scale Co. of Canada, Ltd., in a new holding company, International Business Machines Co., Ltd.[7]
  • 1921
    • Pierce Accounting Machine Company (asset purchase).
    • Ticketograph Company (of Chicago).
  • 1923

1930–1949

  • 1930 Automatic Accounting Scale Company.
  • 1932 National Counting Scale Company.
  • 1933 Electromatic Typewriters Inc. (See: IBM Electromatic typewriter)
  • 1941 Munitions Manufacturing Corporation.

1950–1969

1970–1989

1990–1999

  • 1994
    • Transarc (Transarc Corporation bought by IBM in 1994, became part of IBM proper in 1999 as the IBM Pittsburgh Lab)[9]
  • 1995
  • 1996
  • 1997
    • Software Artistry for $200 million.
    • Unison Software.
    • Dominion Semiconductor (Manassas, VA) is created by forming a 50/50 joint venture with Toshiba to produce 64MB and 256MB DRAM chips. Administrative offices are located in Building 131 the former IBM Federal Systems campus now primarily owned by Lockheed Martin; the new state-of-the-art fabrication facility was built from on adjacent land.
  • 1998
    • CommQuest Technologies.
    • DataBeam Corporation, Lexington, KY
    • Ubique Ltd., Israel
  • 1999
    • Dascom Technologies (USA), A subsidiary of Dascom Holdings.
    • Mylex Corporation.
    • Sequent Computer Systems for $810 million.

Acquisitions since 2000

Acquisition Date Company Business Country Value (USD) References
June 7, 2001 Mainspring Business strategy consulting  USA $80,000,000 [11]
July 2, 2001 Informix Corporation Database Software  USA $1,000,000,000 [12]
Jan 14, 2002 CrossWorlds Software, Inc. Software  USA $129,000,000 [13]
June 25, 2002 Metamerge Identity management  NOR [14]
Aug 19, 2002 Trellisoft, Inc. Enterprise storage  USA [15]
Sep 12, 2002 Holosofx, Inc. Business Process Management  USA,  EGY [16]
Oct 2, 2002 PWC Consulting from PricewaterhouseCoopers Business Consulting and Technology Services  USA $3,500,000,000 [17]
Oct 6, 2002 Access360 Software  USA [18]
Oct 7, 2002 EADS Matra Datavision Product lifecycle management  USA [19]
Nov 15, 2002 Tarian Software Records Management  CAN [20]
Feb 21, 2003 Rational Software Corporation Software Development  USA $2,100,000,000 [21]
May 14, 2003 Think Dynamics Software  CAN [22]
July 1, 2003 Information Laboratory Software  USA [23]
July 15, 2003 Aptrix Software  AUS [24]
Oct 17, 2003 CrossAccess Corporation Enterprise Information Integration  USA [25]
Nov 13, 2003 Productivity Solutions, Inc. Automated Self-Checkout Systems  USA [26]
Dec 17, 2003 Green Pasture Software, Inc. Content management software  USA [27]
April 6, 2004 Trigo Technologies Product information management  USA [28]
April 7, 2004 Daksh e-Services BPO Services  IND $170,000,000 [29]
April 13, 2004 Business Continuity Services unit of Schlumberger IT Services  FRA [30]
June 7, 2004 Candle Corporation Infrastructure management  USA [31]
July 14, 2004 Alphablox Corporation Business Intelligence  USA [32]
July 29, 2004 Cyanea Systems Application management software  USA [33]
Oct 7, 2004 Venetica Enterprise Information Integration  USA [34]
Nov 19, 2004 Systemcorp ALG Ltd. Project Portfolio Management (PPM) software  CAN [35]
Nov 23, 2004 Liberty Insurance Services Business process services  USA [36]
Dec 1, 2004 Maersk Data and DMdata from Maersk IT Services  DEN [37]
Dec 13, 2004 KeyMRO Procurement Services  FRA [38]
Jan 7, 2005 Systems Research & Development Identity management  USA [39]
March 16, 2005 Corio Application Services  USA $182,000,000 [40]
April 29, 2005 Ascential Software Corporation Enterprise Information Integration  USA $1,100,000,000 [41]
May 10, 2005 Gluecode Software Application Server  USA [42]
June 23, 2005 Meiosys Application Management  USA,  FRA [43]
July 25, 2005 PureEdge Solutions, Inc. Electronic Forms  CAN [44]
July 27, 2005 Isogon Corporation Asset Management  USA [45]
Aug 2, 2005 DWL Enterprise Information Integration  USA,  CAN [46]
Sep 13, 2005 Qinnova, Inc. Internet Protocol Television (IPTV)  CAN [47]
Oct 14, 2005 DataPower Technology, Inc. Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)  USA [48]
Nov 1, 2005 iPhrase Systems, Inc. Information management software  USA [49]
Nov 10, 2005 Network Solutions Pvt Ltd IT Services  IND
Nov 15, 2005 Collation, Inc. Network management  USA [50]
Dec 20, 2005 Bowstreet, Inc. Portal-based tools  USA [51]
Jan 27, 2006 ARGUS Semiconductor Software From INFICON Semiconductor Manufacturing software  USA [52]
Jan 20, 2006 CIMS Lab, Inc. IT Financial Management  USA [53]
Feb 8, 2006 Viacore, Inc. Supply chain optimization  USA [54]
Feb 14, 2006 Micromuse, Inc. Network management  USA $865,000,000 [55]
March 16, 2006 Language Analysis Systems Identity management  USA [56]
May 2, 2006 BuildForge, Inc. Software Development  USA [57]
May 5, 2006 Unicorn Solutions, Inc. Metadata management  ISR [58]
June 27, 2006 Rembo Technology Installation Software   SUI [59]
Aug 1, 2006 Webify Solutions, Inc Service Oriented Architecture software  USA [60]
Sep 6, 2006 Global Value Solutions IT Services  BRA [61]
Oct 4, 2006 DORANA product line from Ubiquity Pty Limited Asset Management  AUS [62]
Oct 5, 2006 MRO Software Asset Management  USA $740,000,000 [63]
Oct 12, 2006 FileNet Corporation Content management software  USA $1,600,000,000 [64]
Oct 20, 2006 Internet Security Systems (ISS) Information security  USA $1,300,000,000 [65]
Oct 20, 2006 Palisades Technology Partners Management consulting  USA [66]
Jan 22, 2007 Consul Risk Management, Inc. Information security  NED [67]
Feb 13, 2007 Vallent Corporation Telecommunications Management  USA [68]
March 1, 2007 Softek Storage Solutions Corporation Data Mobility  USA [69]
March 18, 2007 BlackDot Networks, Inc. Enterprise Data Consulting  USA
April 20, 2007 Unicible IT Services   SWI $460,000,000 [70]
July 20, 2007 Watchfire Corporation Security Software Testing  USA [71]
Aug 21, 2007 WebDialogs Web conferencing and communications  USA [72]
Aug 31, 2007 DataMirror Corporation Change Data Capture  CAN $161,000,000 [73]
Sep 10, 2007 Princeton Softech, Inc. Business Intelligence  USA [74]
Oct 24, 2007 NovusCG Storage Consulting and Technology Services  USA [75]
Jan 2, 2008 XIV Enterprise storage  ISR Over $300M [76]
Jan 18, 2008 AptSoft Corporation Business Intelligence  USA [77]
Jan 29, 2008 Solid Information Technology Database Software  USA,  FIN [78]
Jan 31, 2008 Cognos Business Intelligence  CAN $5,000,000,000 [79]
Jan 31, 2008 Arsenal Digital Solutions Data backup services  USA [80]
Feb 15, 2008 Net Integration Technologies Inc. Business Server Software  CAN [81]
March 11, 2008 Encentuate, Inc. Enterprise Single Sign-On  USA [82]
April 3, 2008 Telelogic AB Enterprise software development  SWE $845,000,000 [83]
April 18, 2008 Diligent Technologies Data De-duplication  ISR $200,000,000 [84]
April 21, 2008 FilesX Application Recovery Software  USA,  ISR [85]
April 29, 2008 InfoDyne Corporation Data Feed Connectors  USA [86]
July 2, 2008 Platform Solutions Mainframe, System Z technologies  USA [87]
July 28, 2008 ILOG Business Rules Management Systems  FRA $340,000,000 [88]
Nov 18, 2008 Transitive Corporation Virtualization Software  USA,  UK [89]
Jan 15, 2009 Outblaze's E-Mail Service Assets Online messaging and collaboration  HKG [90]
May 5, 2009 Exeros Assets Data Discovery Software  USA [91]
July 28, 2009 SPSS Inc. Statistical analysis software  USA $1,200,000,000 [92]
July 28, 2009 Ounce Labs Source code analysis  USA [93]
September 22, 2009 RedPill Solutions Analytics and Optimisation  Singapore [94]
November 30, 2009 Guardium Database monitoring and protection  USA,  ISR [95]
December 16, 2009 Lombardi Business Process Management  USA [96]
January 20, 2010 National Interest Security Company, LLC Public sector consulting  USA [97]
February 3, 2010 Initiate Systems Data integrity software  USA [98]
February 16, 2010 Intelliden Inc. Network Automation software  USA [99]
May 3, 2010 Cast Iron Systems Cloud Integration  USA $190,000,000 [100] [101]
May 24, 2010 Sterling Commerce Business software integration  USA $1,400,000,000 [102]
June 15, 2010 Coremetrics Web Analytics  USA [103]
July 1, 2010 BigFix, Inc. Security and IT automation software  USA [104]
July 29, 2010 Storwize Data Compression  Israel $140,000,000 [105]
August 10, 2010 Datacap Data capture and Content Management  USA [106]
August 13, 2010 Unica Corporation Marketing planning software  USA $480,000,000 [107]
September 15, 2010 OpenPages Integrated risk management solutions  USA [108]
September 20, 2010 Netezza Data warehousing and analytics  USA $1,700,000,000 [109]
September 27, 2010 BLADE Network Technologies Networking  USA [110]
October 13, 2010 PSS Systems Legal risk management  USA [111]
October 21, 2010 Clarity Systems Financial governance  CAN $350,000,000 [112]
March 22, 2011 Tririga Inc. Facility and Real Estate Management  USA [113]
August 31, 2011 i2 Limited Intelligence Analytics  UK [114]
September 1, 2011 Algorithmics Inc.[115] Risk Management  CAN $387,000,000 [116]
October 4, 2011 Q1 Labs[117] Security Intelligence  USA [118]
October 12, 2011 Platform Computing Cluster and Grid Management Software  CAN [119]
December 5, 2011 Cúram Software Smarter Cities  Ireland [120]
December 8, 2011 DemandTec Cloud-based Retail Analytics  USA $440,000,000 [121]
December 15, 2011 Emptoris Supply Chain Analytics  USA [122]
January 4, 2012 Green Hat (software company)[123] Cloud based software testing  USA,  UK [124]
January 31, 2012 Worklight Software Development Firm  ISR $70,000,000 [125][126]
April 13, 2012 Varicent Compensation and Sales Performance Management Software Solutions  CAN [127]
April 25, 2012 Vivisimo Enterprise Search Software  USA [128]
May 2, 2012 Tealeaf Technology Customer Experience Analytics Software  USA [129]
August 16, 2012 Texas Memory Systems Solid State Storage  USA [130]
August 27, 2012 Kenexa Corporation Human Capital Solutions  USA $1,400,000,000[131] [132]
September 24, 2012 Butterfly Software Ltd. Data Analysis and Migration Software  UK [133]
December 19, 2012 StoredIQ Big Data Analysis  USA [134]
February 1, 2013 Star Analytics Business Analytics  USA [135][136]
April 22, 2013 UrbanCode Software delivery automation  USA [137]
June 4, 2013 SoftLayer Technologies Cloud Computing Infrastructure  USA $2,000,000,000[138] [139]
August 15, 2013 Trusteer Cyber Security  Israel $1,000,000,000[140] [141]
September 19, 2013 Daeja Image Systems Viewer for document management systems  UK Not disclosed [142]
October 1, 2013 The Now Factory Mobile Networks Big Data Analytics  Ireland Not disclosed [143]
October 3, 2013 Xtify In-app mobile messaging and push notification tools  USA Not disclosed [144]
November 13, 2013 Fiberlink Communications Mobile Device Management  USA $330,000,000 [145]
December 19, 2013 Aspera, Inc. Data Transfer Technology  USA Not disclosed [146]
February 24, 2014 Cloudant, Inc. Database-as-a-Service  USA Not disclosed [147]
April 10, 2014 Silverpop Systems, Inc. Behavioral Marketing Automation  USA Not disclosed [148]
July 31, 2014 CrossIdeas Cloud Security  ITA Not disclosed [149]
August 11, 2014 Lighthouse Security Group Cloud Security  USA Not disclosed [150]
March 4, 2015 AlchemyAPI Natural language processing, big data  USA Not disclosed [151]
March 27, 2015 Blekko Web Search Engine, Cognitive Computing  USA Not disclosed [152]
April 13, 2015 Explorys Healthcare analytics  USA Not disclosed [153]
April 13, 2015 Phytel Health management software  USA Not disclosed [154]
June 3, 2015 Bluebox Private Cloud as a Service  USA Not disclosed [155]
July 23, 2015 Compose Inc. Database as a Service  USA Not disclosed [156][156]
August 6, 2015 Merge Healthcare Inc. Healthcare imaging software  USA $1,000,000,000 [157]
September 10, 2015 StrongLoop Inc. Mobile API capabilities  USA Not disclosed [158]
September 28, 2015 Meteorix LLC Consulting services for Workday applications  USA Not disclosed [159]
October 28, 2015 The Weather Company digital assets Weather data sources and analytics, related online and mobile products  USA Not disclosed [160][161][162]
November 3, 2015 Gravitant, Inc Cloud brokerage software and cloud management  USA Not disclosed [163]
November 6, 2015 Cleversafe Object-based storage software  USA $1,309,000,000[164] [165]
December 8, 2015 Clearleap Cloud-based video management  USA Not disclosed [166]
January 15, 2016 Iris Analytics Real time transaction fraud detection  GER Not disclosed [167]
January 21, 2016 Ustream Streaming video  USA Not disclosed [168]
January 28, 2016 Resource/Ammirati Digital marketing and creative agency  USA Not disclosed [169]
February 2, 2016 Aperto AG Digital marketing and creative agency  GER Not disclosed [170]
February 3, 2016 ecx.io AG Digital marketing and creative agency  GER Not disclosed [171]
February 18, 2016 Truven Health Analytics Provider of cloud-based healthcare data, analytics and insights  USA $2,600,000,000 [172]
February 29, 2016 Resilient Systems Cyber security, incident response platform  USA Not disclosed [173]
March 18, 2016 Optevia Specialist provider of Microsoft Dynamics CRM based solutions and associated services to the public sector  UK Not disclosed [174]
March 31, 2016 Blue Wolf Group LLC Salesforce systems integrator and professional services  USA $200,000,000 [175]

Spinoffs

See also

References

  1. ↑ Austrian (1982) p.312
  2. ↑ Belden, Martin; Belden, Marva (1961). The Lengthening Shadow - The Life of Thomas J. Watson, Little, Brown; p.92
  3. ↑ "IBM Archives: Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (1911-1924)".
  4. ↑ NY Times June 10, 1911 Tabulating Concerns Unite: Flint & Co. Bring Four Together with $19,000,000 capital
  5. ↑ Bennett, Frank P.; Company (17 June 1911). United States Investor. 22, Part 2. p. 1298 (26).
  6. ↑ Rodgers, Williams (1969). THINK. Stein and Day. p. 83.
  7. ↑ Moody's 1918 Manual of Railroads and Corporation Securities
  8. ↑ Aspray (ed.), William (1990). Computing Before Computers. Iowa State University Press. p. 137. ISBN 0-8138-0047-1.
  9. ↑ "Acquisition To Bolster Ibm's Networking". Bloomberg Business News. SunSentinel.com. 17 August 1994. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  10. ↑ "IBM to acquire Data Sciences". Strait Times. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
  11. ↑ "IBM Completes Mainspring Acquisition" (Press release). IBM. 2001-06-07. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  12. ↑ "IBM Completes Acquisition of Informix Database Assets" (Press release). IBM. 2001-07-02. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  13. ↑ "IBM Completes Acquisition of CrossWorlds Software" (Press release). IBM. 2002-01-14. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  14. ↑ "IBM Acquires Metamerge, Adds Directory Integration Software to IBM's Infrastructure Portfolio" (Press release). IBM. 2002-06-25. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  15. ↑ "IBM Acquires TrelliSoft, Extends Leadership in Storage Management Software Market" (Press release). IBM. 2002-08-29. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  16. ↑ "IBM Acquires Holosofx to Extend WebSphere Business Integration Software Portfolio" (Press release). IBM. 2002-09-12. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  17. ↑ "IBM, PricewaterhouseCoopers Complete Sale of PwC Consulting" (Press release). IBM. 2002-10-02. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  18. ↑ "IBM to Acquire Access360" (Press release). IBM. 2002-09-03. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  19. ↑ "IBM To Acquire EADS Matra Datavision" (Press release). IBM. 2002-10-07. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  20. ↑ "IBM Completes Acquisition Of Tarian Software" (Press release). IBM. 2002-11-15. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  21. ↑ "IBM Completes Acquisition of Rational Software" (Press release). IBM. 2003-02-21. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  22. ↑ "IBM Acquires Think Dynamics" (Press release). IBM. 2003-05-13. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  23. ↑ "Missing Ref" (Press release). IBM.
  24. ↑ "IBM Acquires Aptrix; Strengthens its Software Portfolio with Web Content Management Software" (Press release). IBM. 2003-07-15. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  25. ↑ "IBM to Acquire CrossAccess Technology, Extends Leadership in Information Integration" (Press release). IBM. 2003-10-14. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  26. ↑ "IBM Acquires Retail Self-Checkout Leader, PSI" (Press release). IBM. 2003-11-13. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  27. ↑ "IBM Acquires Green Pasture Software, Extends Leadership in Enterprise Content Management" (Press release). IBM. 2003-12-17. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  28. ↑ "IBM Completes Acquisition of Trigo Technologies" (Press release). IBM. 2004-04-06. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  29. ↑ "IBM in $170m Indian call centre deal" (Press release). IBM. 2004-04-07. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
  30. ↑ "IBM Acquires the Business Continuity Services unit of Schlumberger" (Press release). IBM. 2004-04-13. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  31. ↑ "IBM Completes Acquisition of Candle Corporation" (Press release). IBM. 2004-06-07. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  32. ↑ "IBM to Acquire Alphablox Corporation, Strengthens Leadership in Business Intelligence" (Press release). IBM. 2004-07-14. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  33. ↑ "IBM To Acquire Cyanea" (Press release). IBM. 2004-07-29. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  34. ↑ "IBM Completes Acquisition of Venetica" (Press release). IBM. 2004-10-07. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  35. ↑ "IBM Completes Acquisition of Systemcorp" (Press release). IBM. 2004-12-19. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  36. ↑ "IBM to Acquire Liberty Insurance Services" (Press release). IBM. 2004-11-23. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  37. ↑ "IBM Increases Consulting and IT Services Capability with Acquisitions and Seals Services Deals Worth in Excess of $1 Billion" (Press release). IBM. 2004-12-01. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  38. ↑ "IBM to Acquire KeyMRO, Procurement Services Leader in Europe and North America" (Press release). IBM. 2004-12-13. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  39. ↑ "IBM Acquires SRD, Breaks New Ground in Identity Resolution Software" (Press release). IBM. 2005-01-07. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  40. ↑ "IBM Completes Acquisition of Corio" (Press release). IBM. 2005-03-16. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  41. ↑ "IBM Completes Acquisition Of Ascential Software" (Press release). IBM. 2005-05-02. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  42. ↑ "IBM Acquires Gluecode Software; Acquisition Builds On IBM Support For Open Source Technology; Expands Customer And Business Partner Choice For WebSphere Software" (Press release). IBM. 2005-05-10. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  43. ↑ "IBM Acquires Meiosys" (Press release). IBM. 2005-06-23. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  44. ↑ "IBM Formally Acquires PureEdge Solutions Inc., Pledges Support for Emerging Electronic Forms Standard Called Xforms" (Press release). IBM. 2005-08-05. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  45. ↑ "IBM Completes Acquisition of Isogon Corporation" (Press release). IBM. 2005-07-27. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  46. ↑ "IBM Formally Acquires DWL, Enhancing Data Integration Portfolio" (Press release). IBM. 2005-09-01. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
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  50. ↑ "IBM Acquires Collation" (Press release). IBM. 2005-11-16. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  51. ↑ "IBM Acquires Bowstreet, Inc. to Help Customers Quickly Create Portals that Integrate Existing Business Applications" (Press release). IBM. 2005-12-20. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  52. ↑ "IBM Acquires ARGUS Semiconductor Software From INFICON" (Press release). IBM. 2006-01-27. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  53. ↑ "IBM Acquires CIMS Lab, Inc." (Press release). IBM. 2006-01-25. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  54. ↑ "IBM to Enhance Its Supply Chain BTO Offering" (Press release). IBM. 2006-02-08. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  55. ↑ "IBM Completes Acquisition of Micromuse Inc." (Press release). IBM. 2006-02-15. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  56. ↑ "Ibm To Acquire Language Analysis Systems, Inc." (Press release). IBM. 2006-03-16. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  57. ↑ "IBM Acquires BuildForge, Inc. to Help Organizations Meet Compliance Demands" (Press release). IBM. 2006-05-02. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
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  74. ↑ "IBM Completes Acquisition of Princeton Softech" (Press release). IBM. 2007-09-13. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
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  83. ↑ "IBM Completes Acquisition of Telelogic AB" (Press release). IBM. 2008-04-03. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  84. ↑ "IBM Acquires Storage Company Diligent Technologies" (Press release). IBM. 2008-04-18. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
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