List of political parties in Malaysia

Malaysia

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This is a list of political parties in Malaysia, including existing and historical ones.

Legislation

Under the current legislation, all political parties (termed "Political Associations") must be registered under the Societies Act.

Election expenses

The Election Offences Act (1954) regulate the maximum expenses allowed for candidates vying for parliamentary seats and for state seats during the campaign period (excluding before the nomination day and after election day). The permissible campaign expenditure set by the Election Offences Act (1954) is RM100,000 per candidate for state seats, and RM200,000 per candidate for federal seats. According to this guideline, with 505 state seats and 222 parliamentary seats in the 2013 general election, the maximum amount that Barisan Nasional was allowed to spend was only about RM95 million. Due to the lack of record and regulations, Malaysian politicians may not even know how much they spent on their campaigns or overspending the expenditure than permitted by law. Another related problem was the secrecy surrounding political funds and their use. Although many politicians, including members of newly appointed cabinets, voluntarily disclosed their personal finances, such disclosure is not compulsory and many sources of revenue remain obscure.

Election deposits

The deposit was RM10,000 to contest a parliamentary seat, or RM5,000 to contest a state assembly seat. The deposit is used to pay for infringements of election laws and is returned after polling day unless the candidate loses and fails to garner more than 12.5 percent or one-eighth of the votes cast. Additionally it is required that each candidate provide a RM5,000 deposit for cleaning up banners and posters after the election.

Political donations

Political donations are legal in Malaysia. There is no limit, and parties are not obliged to disclose the source of the funding, which makes political donations a vague subject but still entirely legal in the country. All political donations are allowed to be given into accounts of individuals and accounts of the political party. Anonymous donors and foreigners may request to not to reveal their identities.

Political parties are funded by contributions from:

party members and individual supporters (via membership fees/dues/subscriptions and/or local/foreign small donations),
organisations, which share their political views (e.g. by trade union affiliation fees) or which stand to benefit from their activities (e.g. by local/foreign corporate donations) or
taxpayers respectively the general revenue fund (by grants that are called state aid, government or public funding).

Latest election results

Equal-area representation of Parliament results with each hexagon representing one seat

Equal-area representation of the State Assemblies' results with each hexagon representing one seat

**Summary of the 5 May 2013 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results**
Party				Vote		Seats
Party				Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	5,237,699	47.38	133	59.91	7
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	3,252,484	29.42	88	39.64	9
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	867,851	7.85	7	3.15	8
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC	286,629	2.59	4	1.80	1
		United Traditional Bumiputera Party	PBB	232,390	2.10	14	6.31
		Malaysian People's Movement Party	Gerakan	191,019	1.73	1	0.45	1
		Sarawak United People's Party	SUPP	133,603	1.21	1	0.45	5
		United Sabah Party	PBS	74,959	0.68	4	1.80	1
		Sarawak People's Party	PRS	59,540	0.54	6	2.70
		Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party	SPDP	55,505	0.50	4	1.80
		United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation	UPKO	53,584	0.48	3	1.35	1
		Liberal Democratic Party	LDP	13,138	0.12	0	0.00	1
		United Sabah People's Party	PBRS	9,467	0.09	1	0.45
		People's Progressive Party	PPP	7,530	0.07	0	0.00
	Parties in the informal coalition, People's Pact		PR	5,623,984	50.87	89	40.09	7
	Democratic Action Party^{[lower-alpha 2]}		DAP	1,736,267	15.71	38	17.12	10
	People's Justice Party^{[lower-alpha 2]}		PKR	2,254,328	20.39	30	13.51	1
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party^{[lower-alpha 2]}		PAS	1,633,389	14.78	21	9.46	2
	State Reform Party		STAR	45,386	0.41	0	0.00
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front		Berjasa	31,835	0.29	0	0.00
	Sarawak Workers Party		SWP	15,630	0.14	0	0.00
	Sabah Progressive Party^{[lower-alpha 3]}		SAPP	10,099	0.09	0	0.00	2
	Love Malaysia Party		PCM	2,129	0.02	0	0.00
	Homeland Human's Wellbeing Party		KITA	623	0.01	0	0.00
	Malaysian United People's Party		MUPP	257	0.00	0	0.00
	Independents		IND	86,935	0.79	0	0.00
Valid votes				11,054,577
Invalid/blank votes				202,570
Total votes (voter turnout: 84.84%)				11,257,147	100.00	222	100.00
Did not vote				2,010,855
Registered voters				13,268,002
	Ordinary voters			12,885,434
	Early voters			235,826
	Postal voters			146,742
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)				17,883,697
Malaysian population				29,628,392
Source: Election Commission of Malaysia Source: Nohlen et al.

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.
1 2 3 Parties in the informal coalition, People's Pact (Pakatan Rakyat). Contested using separate election symbol on the ballot papers.
↑ Net seat change of component parties is –5. Sabah Progressive Party left the National Front after the 2008 election, which accounted for 2 more seats lost.

The parties

Parties represented in the Parliament and/or the state legislative assemblies

This is the list of coalitions and parties that have representation in the Parliament of Malaysia (Dewan Rakyat & Dewan Negara) and/or the state legislative assemblies, sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS).

Name	Abbr.	Leader	Ideology	Political position	International affiliation	Registered	Notes URL
Democratic Action Party Parti Tindakan Demokratik	DAP	Collective leadership	Social democracy Secularism	Centre-left	Socialist International Progressive Alliance	1966
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party Parti Islam Se-Malaysia	PAS	Abdul Hadi Awang	Islamism Islamic democracy Pan-Islamism	Right-wing	Muslim Brotherhood (Ikhwanul Muslimin)	1951 (established) 1955 (registered as political party)	^[A]
National Front Barisan Nasional	BN	Najib Razak	Nationalism Conservatism	Centre-right to Right-wing		1973
Socialist Party of Malaysia Parti Sosialis Malaysia	PSM	Mohd Nasir Hashim	Socialism	Left-wing	N/A	1998	^[C]
People's Justice Party Parti Keadilan Rakyat	PKR / KeADILan	Wan Azizah Wan Ismail	Social liberalism	Centre to centre-left	Liberal International (observer)	2003
National Trust Party Parti Amanah Negara	AMANAH	Mohamad Sabu	Islamic socialism Islamic modernism Islamic democracy	Centre-left	N/A	2015	^[B]
^A The Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party entered into a coalition with the former Alliance Party in 1972 and subsequently joined the Barisan Nasional coalition when it was founded in 1974. It withdrew from the coalition in 1977.^[1] ^B In August 2015, 6 Members of Parliament of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) declare to join the Malaysians Workers' Party (PPM), later renamed National Trust Party (Amanah).^[2] ^C In the 2013 Malaysian General Election, the Socialist Party of Malaysia won one seat of Dewan Rakyat (Sungai Siput) under a PKR ticket.

Barisan Nasional component parties

The list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS).

Name	Abbr.	Leader	Ideology	Political position	International affiliation	Registered	Notes URL
People's Progressive Party Parti Progresif Penduduk	myPPP	M. Kayveas	Liberalism	Centre	N/A	1956
Sarawak United People's Party Parti Rakyat Bersatu Sarawak	SUPP	Sim Kui Hian	Nationalism Sarawak regionalism	Centre	N/A	1959
Malaysian Indian Congress Kongres India Malaysia	MIC	Subramaniam Sathasivam	Nationalism Social conservatism Dravidian parties	Right-wing	N/A	1963
Malaysian Chinese Association Persatuan Cina Malaysia	MCA	Liow Tiong Lai	Chinese nationalism Social conservatism	Right-wing	N/A	1963
Malaysian People's Movement Party Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia	Gerakan/ PGRM	Mah Siew Keong	Liberalism	Centre	Liberal International Alliance of Democrats Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats	1968
United Bumiputera Heritage Party Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu	PBB	Adenan Satem	Nationalism Sarawak regionalism	Right-wing	N/A	1973
United Sabah Party Parti Bersatu Sabah	PBS	Joseph Pairin Kitingan	Nationalism Sabah regionalism	Centre	N/A	1985	^[A]
United Malays National Organisation Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu	UMNO/ PEKEMBAR	Najib Razak	Ketuanan Melayu Social conservatism Economic liberalism	Right-wing	N/A	1988	^[B]
Liberal Democratic Party Parti Liberal Demokratik	LDP	Teo Chee Kang	Liberal democracy Sabah regionalism	Centre	N/A	1988
United Sabah People's Party Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah	PBRS	Joseph Kurup	Nationalism Sabah regionalism	Right-wing	N/A	1994
United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation Pertubuhan Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Bersatu	UPKO	Madius Tangau	Nationalism Sabah regionalism	Right-wing	N/A	1999
Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party Parti Demokratik Progresif Sarawak	SPDP	Tiong King Sing	Nationalism Sarawak regionalism	Right-wing	N/A	2002
Sarawak People's Party Parti Rakyat Sarawak	PRS	James Jemut Masing	Nationalism Sarawak regionalism	Centre	N/A	2004
^A UMNO, which was originally founded in 1946 was deregistered in 1988 and the Prime Minister of Malaysia formed a new party known as United Malays National Organisation (Baru) on 16 February 1988. The term "Baru" or "New" was removed by a constitutional amendment on July of the same year. ^B The United Sabah Party (Parti Bersatu Sabah) was a member of Barisan Nasional from its establishment until its withdrawal from the coalition in 1990. The party rejoined the coalition in 2002.^[3]

Parties without representation in the Parliament and the state legislative assemblies

This is the list of coalitions and parties that do not have representation in the Parliament of Malaysia (Dewan Rakyat & Dewan Negara) and the state legislative assemblies, sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS).

Name	Abbr.	Leader	Ideology	Political position	International affiliation	Registered	Notes URL
Malaysian Ceylonese Congress Kongres Ceylonese Malaysia	MCC	NKS Tharmaseelan	Hindu nationalism	Right-wing	N/A	1970
Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress Kongres India Muslim Malaysia	KIMMA	Syed Ibrahim Kader	Islamism Conservatism	Centre-right	N/A	1977
Malaysian Indian United Party Parti Bersatu India Malaysia	MIUP	Nallakaruppan Solaimalai	Hindu nationalism Dravidian parties	Right-wing	N/A	2007
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front Barisan Jemaah Islamiah Se-Malaysia	BERJASA	Mohd Yusoff Haron	Islamism Islamic democracy Pan-Islamism	Centre-right	N/A	1977
State Reform Party Parti Reformasi Negeri	STAR	Patau Rubis	Reformism Sarawak regionalism	Centre-left	N/A	1996
Sabah National Party Parti Kebangsaan Sabah	PKS	Thomas Anggan	Nationalism Sabah regionalism	Right-wing	N/A	1978
Punjabi Party of Malaysia Parti Punjabi Malaysia	PPM	Gurjeet Singh Rhande	Conservatism Secularism	Centre-right	N/A	1986	^[A] ^[4]
Community Coalition Congress Kongres Penyatuan Masyarakat	CCC		Islamism Islamic democracy Pan-Islamism	Centre-right	N/A	1988
Malaysian People's Party Parti Rakyat Malaysia	PRM	Rohana Ariffin	Democratic socialism Left-wing nationalism	Left-wing	N/A	1989
All Malaysian Indian Progressive Front Barisan Kemajuan India Se-Malaysia	AMIPF	M. Sambanthan	Hindu nationalism Dravidian parties	Right-wing	N/A	1990
Sabah Progressive Party Parti Maju Sabah	SAPP	Yong Teck Lee	Progressivism Sabah regionalism	Centre	N/A	1994
Malaysian Democratic Party Parti Demokratik Malaysia	MDP	Wee Choo Keong	Social democracy	Centre-left	N/A	1998
Love Malaysia Party Parti Cinta Malaysia	PCM	Tang Weng Chew	Conservatism Nationalism	Right-wing	N/A	2009
Malaysian Makkal Sakhti Party Parti Makkal Sakti Malaysia	MMSP	R. S. Thanenthiran	Hindu nationalism Dravidian parties	Right-wing	N/A	2009
Human Rights Party Parti Hak Asasi	HRP	P. Uthayakumar	Human right	Centre	N/A	2009
Sabah People's Front Barisan Rakyat Sabah	SPF	Berman Angkap	Social conservatism Sabah regionalism	Centre	N/A	2010
Homeland Human's Wellbeing Party Parti Kesejahteraan Insan Tanah Air	KITA	Masrum Dayat	Secularism Social justice	Centre-left	N/A	2010	^[B]
Malaysian United People's Party Parti Bersatu Rakyat Malaysia	MUPP	Shuhaidin Langkap	Nationalism Conservatism	Right-wing	N/A	2011
Sarawak Workers Party Parti Pekerja Sarawak	SWP	Larry Sng Wei Shien	Social democracy Liberal socialism Sarawak regionalism	Centre-left	N/A	2012
National Alliance Party Parti Ikatan Bangsa Malaysia	IKATAN	Abdul Kadir Sheikh Fadzir	Nationalism Social justice Social democracy	Right-wing	N/A	2012
United Sabah National Organisation Party (New) Parti Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Sabah Bersatu (Baru)	USNO Baru		Sabah regionalism		N/A	2013
The Idea with Sabah People's Party Parti Gagasan Bersama Rakyat Sabah	Bersama		Sabah regionalism		N/A	2013
Sabah National People's Unity Organisation Pertubuhan Perpaduan Rakyat Kebangsaan Sabah	Perpaduan		Sabah regionalism		N/A	2013
Sabah Truth Party Parti Kebenaran Sabah	Kebenaran	Bentan Alamin	Sabah regionalism		N/A	2013
Sabahan Bugis United Party Parti Bersatu Bugis Sabah	PBBS		Sabah regionalism		N/A	2013
Sabah People's Economy Party Parti Ekonomi Rakyat Sabah	PERS		Sabah regionalism		N/A	2013
Sabah Heritage Development Party Parti Pembangunan Warisan Sabah	PPWS		Sabah regionalism		N/A	2013
Love Sabah Party Parti Cinta Sabah	PCS	Nicholas James Guntobon	Sabah regionalism		N/A	2013
Sabah Prosperous Party of Unity Front Parti Sejahtera Angkatan Perpaduan Sabah	Sapu		Sabah regionalism		N/A	2013
Sabah Peace Party Parti Damai Sabah	SPP		Sabah regionalism		N/A	2013
Sabah People's Co-operation Party Parti Kerjasama Rakyat Sabah	PAKAR	Zainal Nasiruddin	Sabah regionalism		N/A	2013
Sabah People's Unity Party Parti Perpaduan Rakyat Sabah	PPRS	Mohd Arshad Abd Mualap	Sabah regionalism		N/A	2013
Land of the Hornbills Party Parti Bumi Kenyalang	PBK	Yu Chang Ping	Sarawak regionalism		N/A	2013
New Sarawak Native People's Party Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak Baru	PBDS Baru		Sarawak regionalism		N/A	2013
Economic Sarawak United People's Party Parti Ekonomi Rakyat Sarawak Bersatu	PERSB	Salleh Mahali	Conservatism Populism Sarawak regionalism		N/A	2013
Justice of the Peace Coalition People's Party Parti Rakyat Gabungan Jaksa Pendamai	PRGJP		Social conservatism Sarawak regionalism		N/A	2013
Malaysian Indian Justice Party Parti Keadilan India Malaysia	MIJP	V. Krishna	Hindu nationalism Dravidian parties		N/A	2013
New Generation Party Parti Generasi Baru	NewGen	S. Gobi Krishnan	Youth politics Elitism		N/A	2013
Malaysian National Party Parti Nasional Malaysia	MNP		Nationalism		N/A	2013
Malaysian Citizen National Party Parti Nasional Penduduk Malaysia	MCNP		Nationalism		N/A	2013
United People's Party Parti Rakyat Bersatu	UPP	Wong Soon koh	Sarawak regionalism	Centre	N/A	2014
People's Alternative Party Parti Alternatif Rakyat	PAP	Zulkifli Mohd Noor	Centrism Liberal democracy		N/A	2015
Malaysian United Indigenous Party Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia	PPBM/BERSATU	Mahathir Mohammad	Malay nationalism Conservative Islamism		N/A	2016
^A The Punjabi Party of Malaysia was established in 1986^[4] but only registered with the Elections Commission in 2003.^[5] ^B AKIM was later renamed as Malaysian People's Welfare Party (KITA) on 13 December 2010 by its new chairman, Zaid Ibrahim.

Shirt colours

The candidates and supporters of the various political parties tend to wear the following shirt colours while making their rounds in various wards or campaigning.

Party	Shirt colour
Barisan Nasional	Blue
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party	Green and white
Democratic Action Party	White
People's Justice Party	Light blue
National Trust Party	Orange

Historical parties

Communist Party of Malaya (CPM; Parti Komunis Malaya, 1930–1989), operated legally from 1945–1948. After it was banned, the party went underground as the Malayan Races Liberation Army to conduct an armed rebellion. In 1970, the former 8th Regiment of the Malayan Races Liberation Army, the armed wing of the CPM, broke away to form the Maoist Communist Party of Malaya (Revolutionary Faction). In 1974, a third split occurred among cadres who wanted the CPM to end its ideological opposition to the larger Malaysian federation and formed the Communist Party of Malaya (Marxist-Leninist).^[6]
Young Malays Union (KMM; Kesatuan Melayu Muda, 1938–1945), first nationalist political party established in British Malaya
Malay Nationalist Party (PKMM/MNP; ms:Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya, 1945–1948), first left-wing Malays party advocating socialism
Malayan Democratic Union (MDU; ms:Kesatuan Demokratik Malaya, 1945–1948)^[7]
Conscious Youth Front (API; ms:Angkatan Pemuda Insaf, 1946–1947), left-wing Malay youth socialist party. The party became the first political party banned by the British Government.
Conscious Women Front (AWAS; Angkatan Wanita Sedar, 1946–1948), left-wing Malay women socialist party.
All-Malaya Council of Joint Action (AMCJA; Majlis Tindakan Bersama Se-Malaya, 1946–1948), the first all-race political action in Malaya^[8]
United Malays Organisation (UMO; ms:Pertubuhan Melayu Bersatu, 1946), right-wing Malay party
United Malays National Organisation (UMNO/PEKEMBAR; Persatuan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu, 1946–1988), right-wing Malays party
Malayan Indian Congress (MIC; Kongres India Malaya, 1946–1963), right wing Indian party
Pan-Malayan Farmer Front (BATAS; ms:Barisan Tani Se-Malaya, 1947–1948)
Pan-Malayan Supreme Religion Council (MATA; ms:Majlis Agama Tinggi Se-Malaya, 1947–1948)
Malayan New Democratic Youth League (MNDYL; ms:Liga Pemuda Demokratik Baru Malaya, 1947–1948)
Movement of Youth Corps (GERAM; ms:Gerakan Angkatan Muda, 1947–1948)
People's United Front (PUTERA; Pusat Tenaga Rakyat, 1947–1948), left-wing multiracial party
Hizbul Muslimin (1948)
Malay Radical Youth (PERAM; ms:Pemuda Radikal Melayu, 1948)
Malayan Chinese Association (MCA; Persatuan Cina Malaya, 1949–1963)
Radical Party (ms:Parti Radikal, 1951–1952)
Alliance (Perikatan, 1951–1973) was expanded to include other component parties beyond the original 3, UMNO, MCA and MIC, and renamed the National Front (Barisan Nasional)
Independence of Malaya Party (IMP; Parti Kemerdekaan Malaya, 1951–1954)
Pan-Malayan Islamic Organisation (ms:Persatuan Islam Se-Malaya, 1951–1955)
Penang Labour Party (ms:Parti Buruh Pulau Pinang, 1951–1952)
Malacca Labour Party (ms:Parti Buruh Melaka, 1951–1952)
Perak Labour Party (ms:Parti Buruh Perak, 1951–1952)
Selangor Labour Party (Parti Buruh Selangor, 1951–1952)
Pan-Malayan Labour Party (Parti Buruh Se-Malaya, 1952–1954)
Hizb ut-Tahrir (HT, 1953–?) is an international political movement with a branch in Malaysia.
Perak Progressive Party (PPP; ms:Parti Progresif Perak, 1953–1956)
National Association of Perak (NAP; ms:Parti Kebangsaan Perak, 1953–1957)
National Party (Parti Negara, 1953–1962)
Labour Party of Malaya (Lab/LPM; Parti Buruh Malaya, 1954–1969)
Labour Front (1954–1960)
Pan-Malayan Islamic Party (PMIP; Parti Islam Se-Malaya, 1955–1973)
Malayan People's Party (Ra'ayat; Partai Ra'ayat Malaya, 1955–1970)
Malayan Socialist Youth League (MSYL; ms:Liga Pemuda Sosialis Malaya, 1956–1958)
Malayan Party (ms:Parti Malaya, 1956–1964)
Malayan Peoples' Socialist Front (SF; Fron Sosialis Rakyat Malaya, 1957–1969)
Malayan Ceylonese Congress (MCC; ms:Kongres Ceylonese Malaya, 1958–1970)
National Party of Sarawak (PANAS; ms:Parti Negara Sarawak, 1960–1968)
Socialist Front (BS; Barisan Sosialis, 1961)
United National Kadazan Organisation (UNKO; Parti Kebangsaan Kadazan Bersatu, 1961–1964)
United Sabah National Organisation (USNO; Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Sabah Bersatu, 1961–1994)
Sarawak Native People's Front (BARJASA; ms:Barisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak, 1961–1968)
Sarawak National Party (SNAP; Parti Kebangsaan Sarawak, 1961–2013) joined Perikatan in 1963 but was expelled in 1965, rejoined again the new Barisan Nasional coalition in 1976 but was expelled again from the coalition in 2004.^[9] SNAP joined Pakatan Rakyat on 20 April 2010.^[10]^[11]^[12] SNAP quits Pakatan Rakyat on 6 May 2011.^[13] On 17 January 2013, the Federal Court of Malaysia declared that SNAP is no longer a registered party because the party did not furnish evidence that leadership tussle in the party has been resolved.
North Borneo Democratic Party (ms:Parti Demokratik Borneo Utara, 1962)
United Party (ms:Parti Bersatu, 1962–1963)
North Borneo National Party (ms:Parti Kebangsaaan Borneo Utara, 1962)
United Pasokmomogun Organisation (ms:Pertubuhan Pasokmomogun Bersatu, 1962–1964)
Sarawak Chinese Association (SCA; ms:Persatuan Cina Sarawak, 1962–?)
Sarawak Native's Heritage Party (PESAKA; ms:Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak, 1962–1973)
Sabah Chinese Association (SCA; ms:Persatuan Cina Sabah, 1962–1979)
United Democratic Party (UDP; ms:Parti Demokratik Bersatu, 1962–1967)
Sarawak Alliance (ms:Perikatan Sarawak, 1962–1973)
Sabah Alliance (ms:Perikatan Sabah, 1962–1973)
Sabah National Party (SANAP; ms:Parti Kebangsaan Sabah, 1963–?)
National Convention Party (PPK; Parti Perhimpunan Kebangsaan, 1963–1965)
MACHINDA Party (ms:Parti MACHINDA, 1964–?)
United Pasokmomogun Kadazan Organisation (UPKO; Pertubuhan Pasokmomogun Kadazan Bersatu, 1964–1967)
Sabah Indian Congress (SIC; ms:Kongres India Sabah, 1964–?)
Malaysian Solidarity Convention (MSC; Konvensyen Solidariti Malaysia, 1965), was a confederation of political parties formed in 9 May until 9 August 1965 to oppose Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia.
Bumiputera Party (BUMIPUTERA; ms:Parti Bumiputera, 1967–1973)
Malaysian Marhaen Party (PMM; Parti Marhaen Malaysia, 1968–1974)
United Malaysian Chinese Organisation (UMCO; Pertubuhan Cina Malaysia Bersatu, 1969–?)
United Sabah Action Party (USAP; ms:Parti Tindakan Sabah Bersatu, 1970–1974)
Communist Party of Malaya (Revolutionary Faction) (CPM-RF; Parti Komunis Malaya (Puak Revolusioner), 1970–?)
Malaysian People's Socialist Party (PSRM; Parti Sosialis Rakyat Malaysia, 1970–1989)
Malaysian Social Justice Party (PEKEMAS; Parti Keadilan Masyarakat Malaysia, 1972–1982)
North Kalimantan Communist Party (NKCP; Parti Komunis Kalimantan Utara, 1971–1990) never operated as a legal political entity.
Communist Party of Malaya (Marxist-Leninist) (CPM-ML; Parti Komunis Malaya (Marxis-Leninis), 1974–?)
Independent People's Progressive Party (IPPP; ms:Parti Progresif Penduduk Bebas, 1974–?)
Homeland Consciousness Union (KITA; ms:Kesatuan Insaf Tanah Air, 1974–?)
Sarawak People's National Party (PNRS or NEGARA; ms:Parti Negara Rakyat Sarawak, 1974–?)
Sabah People's United Front (BERJAYA; Parti Bersatu Rakyat Jelata Sabah, 1976–1991)
United Sabah Assembly Party (PUSAKA; ms:Parti Perhimpunan Sabah Bersatu, 1977–1978)
Sarawak People's Organisation (SAPO; ms:Pertubuhan Rakyat Sarawak, 1978–?)
Social Democratic Party (SDP; ms:Parti Sosial Demokratik, 1978–?)
Sarawak Native's Party (PAJAR; ms:Parti Anak Jati Sarawak, 1978)
Sarawak United Democratic Party (BERSATU; ms:Parti Sarawak Demokratik Bersatu, 1978–?)
United Pasok Nunukragang National Organisation (PASOK; Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Pasok Nunukragang Bersatu, 1978–2008)
Malaysian Workers Party (PPM; ms:Parti Pekerja-Pekerja Malaysia, 1978–2015)
Muslim People's Party of Malaysia (HAMIM; Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia, 1983–?)
Sarawak Native People's Party (PBDS; Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak, 1983–2004), succeeded by the two offshoot parties, one is successfully registered Sarawak People's Party (PRS) while another Malaysian Dayak Congress (MDC) failed to be registered by ROS.
Sarawak United Labour Party (ms:Parti Buruh Bersatu Sarawak, 1983–?)
Sarawak United Bumiputera People's Party (BERSEPADU; ms:Parti Bersatu Rakyat Bumiputera Sabah, 1984–?)
Malaysian Nationalist Party (NASMA; ms:Parti Nasionalis Malaysia, 1985–?)
Democratic Malaysian Indian Party (DMIP; ms:Parti Demokratik India Malaysia, 1985–1997)
Sabah Chinese Party (SCP; ms:Parti Cina Sabah, 1986–?)
Malaysian Solidarity Party (MSP; ms:Parti Solidariti Malaysia, 1986–?)
People's Justice Movement (HAK; ms:Harakah Keadilan Rakyat, 1986), informal coalition between PAS and PRM.^[14]
Sarawak Malaysian People's Association (PERMAS; Persatuan Rakyat Malaysia Sarawak, 1987–1991)
Spirit of 46 Malay Party (S46; Parti Melayu Semangat 46, 1989–1996)
Sabah People's Party (ms:Parti Rakyat Sabah, 1989–1991)
People's Justice Front (AKAR; ms:Angkatan Keadilan Rakyat, 1989–2001)
People's Might (GR; Gagasan Rakyat, 1989–1996), informal coalition
Muslims Unity Movement (APU; Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah, 1989–1996), informal coalition
Community Unity Party (PPM; ms:Parti Perpaduan Masyarakat, ?)
Malaysian Independence Party (PMM; ms:Parti Merdeka Malaysia, ?)
Malaysian National Momogun Party (MOMOGUN; ms:Parti Momogun Kebangsaan Malaysia, ?)
Sarawak People's National Party (PNRS; ms:Parti Negara Rakyat Sarawak, ?)
Sabah Chinese United Party (PCBS; ms:Parti Cina Bersatu Sabah, ?)
United Action Party (ms:Parti Tindakan Bersatu, 1990–?)
Muslim Community Union of Malaysia (IKATAN; Ikatan Masyarakat Islam Malaysia, 1991–1999), the constitution of the party was amended to change the name of the party to the National Justice Party (KeADILan).^[15]
United Democratic Sabah People's Power Party (SETIA; Parti Demokratik Setiahati Kuasa Rakyat Bersatu Sabah, 1994–2011) was renamed as Malaysian United People's Party (MUPP).
Sabah Democratic Party (PDS; ms:Parti Demokratik Sabah, 1994–1999) was renamed as United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation (UPKO)
Malaysian Human's Justice Front (AKIM; Angkatan Keadilan Insan Malaysia, 1995–2010) was later renamed as Homeland Human's Wellbeing Party (KITA) on 13 December 2010 by its new chairman, Zaid Ibrahim.
Federated Sabah People's Front (BERSEKUTU; Barisan Rakyat Sabah Bersekutu, 1998–2010), succeeded by the establishment of Sabah People's Front (SPF)
Alternative Front (BA; Barisan Alternatif, 1998–2004), informal coalition between PAS, KeADILan, DAP and PRM formed before 1999 general election.
Conscious People's Movement (AIR; ms:Angkatan Insaf Rakyat, 1999), informal coalition of five PAS splinter parties in Kelantan (led by Malaysian People's Justice Movement) to contest against PAS and Barisan Nasional in the 1999 general election.
National Justice Party (KeADILan; Parti KeADILan Nasional, 1999–2003), this entity subsequently was renamed the People's Justice Party (PKR).^[16]
Malaysian People's Reform Party (PRIM; ms:Parti Reformasi Insan Malaysia, 1999–2009), had failed to be registered by ROS.
Malaysian Dayak Congress (MDC; Kongres Dayak Malaysia, 2005) has failed to obtain registration as a society to date.^[17] Candidates of the MDC have participated in elections as Independents or on other party's tickets.^[18]
National Student Party (PMN; ms:Parti Mahasiswa Negara, 2008) was set up by a group university student but faced legal obstacle in registering for contravening the University and University College Act (UUCA).^[19]
People's Pact (PR; Pakatan Rakyat, 2008–2015), informal coalition between PKR, DAP, PAS and SNAP formed after the 2008 general election.
Malaysian Indian Democratic Action Front (MINDRAF; ms:Barisan Bertindak Demokratik India Malaysia, 2009) has failed to be registered by ROS and been inactive since the formation of Human Right Party (HRP).^[20]
Sarawak People's Energy Party (TERAS; ms:Parti Tenaga Rakyat Sarawak, 2013–2016)

References

↑ Hooker, M. B. (1983). Islam in South-East Asia. Boston: Brill Archive. pp. 203–204. ISBN 90-04-06844-9.
↑ Ram Anan (31 August 2015). "GHB to take over dormant Workers Party". The Malaysian Insider. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
↑ "Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS)". MalaysiaToday.com. 5 June 2008. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 24 June 2008.
1 2 Patrick, Sennyah; Chow Kum Hor (10 November 2002). "Parti Punjabi willing to wait for admission into BN". New Straits Times. The New Straits Times Press (M) Berhad. Retrieved 24 June 2008.
↑ "Parti Punjabi forced to amend constitution". New Straits Times. The New Straits Times Press (M) Berhad. 3 October 2002. Retrieved 24 June 2008.
↑ Staar, Richard Phillip; M. Drachkovitch, Milorad; H. Gann, Lewis (1975). Yearbook of International Communist Affairs. Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. p. 376. ISBN 0-8179-1461-7.
↑ "Malayan Democratic Union is formed - Singapore History".
↑ "Pan-Malayan Council of Joint Action is formed - Singapore History".
↑ Weiner, Myron; Ergun Özbudun (1987). Competitive Elections in Developing Countries. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 129. ISBN 0-8223-0766-9.
↑ Sarawak party joins Pakatan, 10 January 2010, MalaysianMirror
↑ "Snap secara rasmi sertai Pakatan Rakyat". Malaysiakini. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
↑ SNAP now fourth PR member, 20 April 2010, MalaysianMirror
↑ SNAP quits Pakatan
↑ "Kejayaan pilihan raya 2008 dirintis dari episod 1986:".
↑ "iMOL Archives - PKR抯 watershed election". Retrieved 11 May 2016.
↑ Malaysiakini : PKR launched, promises to be truly multi-racial
↑ "In Search of the Elusive Dayak Political Unity". Bernama. 3 October 2002. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
↑ "It's All Systems Go For Sarawak BN". Bernama. 9 February 2008. Retrieved 24 June 2008.
↑ "University Students Form New Party". People are the boss. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
↑ "ANNOUNCEMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS PARTY (HRP), MALAYSIA. | Human Rights Party Malaysia".

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Political parties in Malaysia

Parties represented in the Parliament and/or State Assemblies

Parties without representation in the Parliament and State Assemblies

Malaysian Ceylonese Congress
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Punjabi Party of Malaysia
Community Coalition Congress
Malaysian People's Party
All Malaysian Indian Progressive Front
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Malaysian Democratic Party
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Love Malaysia Party
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Human Rights Party
Sabah People's Front
Homeland Human's Wellbeing Party
Malaysian United People's Party
Sarawak Workers Party (SWP)
National Alliance Party
United Sabah National Organisation Party (New)
The Idea with Sabah People's Party
Sabah People's Hope Party (Harapan Rakyat)
Sabah National People's Unity Organisation
Sabah Truth Party
Sabahan Bugis United Party
Sabah People's Economy Party
Love Sabah Party
Sabah Prosperous Party of Unity Front
Sabah Peace Party
Sabah People's Co-operation Party
Sabah People's Unity Party
Land of the Hornbills Party
New Sarawak Native People's Party
Economic Sarawak United People's Party
Justice of the Peace Coalition People's Party
Malaysian Indian Justice Party
New Generation Party
Malaysian National Party
Malaysian Citizen National Party
United Peoples' Party (UPP)
People's Alternative Party
Green Party of Malaysia

Defunct parties and coalition

Defunct coalitions	All-Malaya Council of Joint Action (AMCJA) Labour Front Barisan Sosialis Alliance Party (AP) Barisan Alternatif (BA) Malayan Peoples' Socialist Front (SF) Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU) Gagasan Rakyat (GR) Pakatan Rakyat (PR)

Defunct parties	Sarawak National Party (SNAP) Sarawak Native People's Party (PBDS) Sarawak Malaysian People's Association (PERMAS) Muslim People's Party of Malaysia (HAMIM) National Party (Negara) Independence of Malaya Party (IMP) Labour Party of Malaya (Lab) Malayan Communist Party (MCP) (Revolutionary Faction) (Marxist-Leninist) Malaysian Marhaen Party (PMM) National Convention Party (NCP) North Kalimantan Communist Party (NKCP) Sabah People's United Front (BERJAYA) Social Justice Party of Malaysia (PEKEMAS) Selangor Labour Party Malaysian Democratic Party (MDP) Semangat 46 (S46) United Sabah National Organisation (USNO) Angkatan Keadilan Insan Malaysia (AKIM) Muslim Community Union of Malaysia (IKATAN) United Pasokmomogun Kadazan Organisation (UPKO) Federated Sabah People's Front (BERSEKUTU) Sabah National Party (SANAP) Sabah Chinese Association (SCA) People's Justice Front (AKAR) Sarawak People's Energy Party (TERAS)

* denotes non-registered parties

List of political parties in Asia

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