Lycoptera
| Lycoptera Temporal range: Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous | |
|---|---|
 | |
| L. davidi, from Yixian, Liaoning, China, Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Infraclass: | Teleostei |
| Superorder: | Osteoglossomorpha |
| Order: | Lycopteriformes |
| Family: | Lycopteridae |
| Genus: | Lycoptera |
| Type species | |
| †Lycoptera middendorffi Müller, 1847 | |
| Species | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Lycoptera is a genus of fish that lived from the late Jurassic to Cretaceous periods in present-day China, Korea, Mongolia and Siberia. It is known from abundant fossils representing sixteen species, which serve as important index fossil used to date geologic formations in China. Along with the genus Peipiaosteus, Lycoptera has been considered a defining member of the Jehol Biota, a prehistoric ecosystem famous for its early birds and feathered dinosaurs, which flourished for 20 million years during the Early Cretaceous.[1]
Description
Lycoptera species were small freshwater fish. Most species fed on plankton, and had numerous tiny teeth. A few species like L. gansuensis, L. muroii, and L. sinensis had larger teeth and probably fed on small insects and their larvae.[2]
Many specimens preserve minute details and impressions of soft tissues. Lycoptera was covered in tiny oval scales about 1.2 millimeters across, and, in life, would have had a superficial resemblance to the Common minnow.[3]
Lycoptera fossils are commonly found in large groups, buried together quickly in fine lake sediments. This probably indicates that they were gregarious in life, congregating in shoals.[2]
Classification and species
Sixteen species of Lycoptera have been described, nine from the Jehol Group. The table below is based primarily on the valid species listed by Zhang and Jin in the 2008 book The Jehol Fossils.[2]
| Name | Author | Year | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lycoptera middendorffi | Müller | 1847 | Valid, type species | |
| Lycoptera macrorhyncha | (Eichwald) | (1868) | ||
| Lycoptera davidi | (Sauvage) | (1880) | Valid | |
| Lycoptera sinensis | Woodward | 1901 | Valid | |
| Lycoptera ferox | Grabau | 1923 | ||
| Lycoptera chosenensis | Makiyama | 1927 | ||
| Lycoptera kansuensis | Grabau | 1928 | ||
| Lycoptera woodwardi | Grabau | 1928 | ||
| Lycoptera jaholensis | Grabau | 1928 | ||
| Lycoptera fragilis | Hussakof | 1932 | Valid | |
| Lycoptera takunagai | Seito | 1936 | Valid | |
| Lycoptera muroii | (Takai) | (1943) | Valid | |
| Lycoptera longicephalus | Liu et al. | 1962 | Valid | |
| Lycoptera lunteensis | Liu et al. | 1962 | ||
| Lycoptera polyspondylus | Liu et al. | 1962 | ||
| Lycoptera tungi | Liu et al. | 1962 | ||
| Lycoptera wangi | ||||
| Lycoptera sankeyushuensis | (Ma & Sun) | (1988) | Valid | |
| Lycoptera fuxinensis | Zhang | 2002 | Valid |
References
- ↑ Jin, F., Zhang, F.C., Li, Z.H., Zhang, J.Y., Li, C. and Zhou, Z.H. (2008). "On the horizon of Protopteryx and the early vertebrate fossil assemblages of the Jehol Biota." Chinese Science Bulletin, 53(18): 2820-2827.
- 1 2 3 Zhang, J.Y.; Jin, F. (2008). "Fishes". In Chen, P.; Zhang, M.; Wang, Y. The Jehol fossils: the emergence of feathered dinosaurs, beaked birds and flowering plants. Academic Press. pp. 69–76. ISBN 9780123741738.
- ↑ Cockerell, Theodore D.A. (1922). "The affinities of the fish Lycoptera middendorffi". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 51 (8).
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