Malaysian general election, 1999

Malaysian general election, 1999

29 November 1999

All 193 seats to the Dewan Rakyat 97 seats needed for a majority Registered 9,564,071 Turnout 6,631,094 (69.3%)   First party Second party   BA Leader Mahathir Mohammad Fadzil Noor Party Barisan Nasional Barisan Alternatif Leader since 16 July 1981 24 October 1999 Leader's seat Kubang Pasu Pendang Last election 162 seats, 65.2% 30 seats, 32.8%[1] Seats won 148 45 Seat change 14 15 Popular vote 3,748,511 2,667,818 Percentage 56.5% 40.2% Swing 8.7% 7.4%

Prime Minister before election Mahathir Mohammad Barisan Nasional Prime Minister-designate Mahathir Mohamad Barisan Nasional

A general election was held on Monday, 29 November 1999 for members of the 10th Parliament of Malaysia. Voting took place in all 193 parliamentary constituencies of Malaysia, each electing one Member of Parliament to the Dewan Rakyat, the dominant house of Parliament. State elections also took place in 394 state constituencies in 11 out of 13 states of Malaysia (except Sabah and Sarawak) on the same day.

Results

Dewan Rakyat

6,631,094 out of 9,564,071 registered voters cast their vote in this election. Although Barisan Nasional maintained its majority in Parliament, its overall popular vote dropped to roughly 56%. The parliamentary results are as follows:

 Summary of the 29 November 1999 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results

Party				Vote		Seats
				Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front[lower-alpha 1]		BN	3,748,511	56.53	148	76.68	14
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO			72	37.31	17
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA			29	15.03	1
		United Traditional Bumiputera Party	PBB	111,389		11	5.70	1
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC			7	3.63
		Sarawak United People's Party	SUPP	129,356		7	3.63
		Malaysian People's Movement Party	Gerakan			6	3.11	1
		Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak	PBDS	51,659		6	3.11	1
		Sarawak National Party	SNAP	45,519		4	2.07	1
		United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation	UPKO			3	1.55	New
		Sabah Progressive Party	SAPP			2	1.04
		Liberal Democratic Party	LDP			1	0.52
		People's Progressive Party	PPP			0	0.00
		People's Justice Front	AKAR			0	0.00
		United Sabah People's Party	PBRS			0	0.00
	Parties in the informal coalition, Alternative Front		BA	2,667,818	40.23	42	21.76	26
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party[lower-alpha 2]		PAS	994,279	14.99	27	13.99	20
	Democratic Action Party[lower-alpha 2]		DAP	830,870	12.53	10	5.18	1
	National Justice Party[lower-alpha 2]		KeADILan	773,679	11.67	5	2.59	New
	United Sabah Party		PBS	143,342	2.16	3	1.55	5
	Malaysian People's Party[lower-alpha 2]		PRM	68,990	1.04	0	0.00
	State Reform Party		STAR	23,354	0.35	0	0.00	New
	Malaysian Democratic Party		MDP	8,001	0.12	0	0.00	New
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front		BERJASA	409	0.01	0	0.00	New
	Malaysian People's Justice Front		AKIM	274	0.00	0	0.00
	Independents		IND	39,385	0.59	0	0.00
Valid votes				6,455,714
Invalid/blank votes				175,380
Total votes (voter turnout: 69.3%)				6,631,094	100.00	193	100.00	+1
Did not vote				2,932,977
Registered voters				9,564,071
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)				13,411,519
Malaysian population				22,549,627
Source: Nohlen et al.

1. Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.
2. Parties in the informal coalition, Alternatif Front (Barisan Alternatif). Contested using separate election symbol on the ballot papers.

Results by state

Summary of the 29 November 1999 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results by state

Summary of the 29 November 1999 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Perlis Party Candidates Vote Seats Votes % Won % +/– National Front[lower-alpha 1] BN 3 46,212 56.17 3 100.00 0 United Malays National Organisation UMNO 3 46,212 56.17 3 100.00 0 Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS 2 26,191 31.84 0 0.00 0 National Justice Party KeADILan 1 9,867 11.99 0 0.00 New Valid votes 82,270 Invalid/blank votes 2,114 Total votes (voter turnout: %) 84,384 100.00 3 100.00 0 Did not vote Registered voters ' Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) ' Perlis's population ' Source: Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.  Summary of the 29 November 1999 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Kedah Party Candidates Vote Seats Votes % Won % +/– National Front[lower-alpha 1] BN 15 315,807 55.77 7 46.67 -8 United Malays National Organisation UMNO 13 260,565 46.01 5 33.33 -8 Malaysian Chinese Association MCA 2 55,242 9.75 2 13.33 0 Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS 10 171,867 30.35 8 53.33 +8 National Justice Party KeADILan 4 65,371 11.54 0 0.00 New Democratic Action Party DAP 1 13,258 2.34 0 0.00 0 Valid votes 566,303 Invalid/blank votes 19,152 Total votes (voter turnout: %) 585,455 100.00 15 100.00 0 Did not vote Registered voters ' Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) ' Kedah's population ' Source: Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.  Summary of the 29 November 1999 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Kelantan Party Candidates Vote Seats Votes % Won % +/– Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS 11 228,325 47.48 10 71.43 +4 National Front[lower-alpha 1] BN 14 187,094 38.91 1 7.14 -1 United Malays National Organisation UMNO 14 187,094 38.91 1 7.14 -1 National Justice Party KeADILan 3 64,763 13.47 3 21.43 New Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front BERJASA 1 409 0.09 0 0.00 New Malaysian People's Justice Front AKIM 1 274 0.06 0 0.00 0 Valid votes 480,865 Invalid/blank votes 11,634 Total votes (voter turnout: %) 492,499 100.00 14 100.00 0 Did not vote Registered voters ' Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) ' Kelantan's population ' Source: Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.  Summary of the 29 November 1999 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Terengganu Party Candidates Vote Seats Votes % Won % +/– Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS 7 161,052 52.01 7 87.50 +6 National Front[lower-alpha 1] BN 8 127,700 41.24 0 0.00 -7 United Malays National Organisation UMNO 8 127,700 41.24 0 0.00 -7 National Justice Party KeADILan 1 20,715 6.69 1 12.50 New Independents IND 1 175 0.06 0 0.00 0 Valid votes 309,642 Invalid/blank votes 6,398 Total votes (voter turnout: 81.23%) 316,040 100.00 8 100.00 0 Did not vote 73,042 Registered voters 389,082 Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) ' Terengganu's population ' Source: Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.  Summary of the 29 November 1999 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Penang Party Candidates Vote Seats Votes % Won % +/– National Front[lower-alpha 1] BN 11 247,870 51.36 6 54.55 -2 Malaysian Chinese Association MCA 3 84,698 17.55 1 9.09 -1 Malaysian People's Movement Party Gerakan 4 83,607 17.32 2 18.18 0 United Malays National Organisation UMNO 4 79,565 16.49 3 27.27 -1 Democratic Action Party DAP 7 169,973 35.22 4 36.36 +1 National Justice Party KeADILan 3 54,987 11.39 1 9.09 New Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS 1 8,810 1.83 0 0.00 0 Independents IND 1 942 0.20 0 0.00 0 Valid votes 482,582 Invalid/blank votes 12,355 Total votes (voter turnout: 76.68%) 494,937 100.00 11 100.00 0 Did not vote 150,514 Registered voters 645,451 Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) ' Penang's population ' Source: Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.  Summary of the 29 November 1999 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Perak Party Candidates Vote Seats Votes % Won % +/– National Front[lower-alpha 1] BN 23 20 86.96 -3 United Malays National Organisation UMNO 9 39.13 -2 Malaysian Chinese Association MCA 6 26.09 -1 Malaysian People's Movement Party Gerakan 3 13.04 0 Malaysian Indian Congress MIC 2 8.70 0 Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS 2 8.70 +2 Democratic Action Party DAP 1 4.35 +1 Valid votes Invalid/blank votes Total votes (voter turnout: %) ' 100.00 23 100.00 0 Did not vote Registered voters ' Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) ' Perak's population ' Source: Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.  Summary of the 29 November 1999 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Pahang Party Candidates Vote Seats Votes % Won % +/– National Front[lower-alpha 1] BN 11 11 100.00 0 United Malays National Organisation UMNO 8 8 72.73 0 Malaysian Chinese Association MCA 3 3 27.27 0 Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS 0 0.00 0 Valid votes Invalid/blank votes Total votes (voter turnout: %) ' 100.00 11 100.00 0 Did not vote Registered voters ' Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) ' Pahang's population ' Source: Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.  Summary of the 29 November 1999 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Selangor Party Candidates Vote Seats Votes % Won % +/– National Front[lower-alpha 1] BN 17 17 100.00 0 United Malays National Organisation UMNO 8 8 47.06 0 Malaysian Chinese Association MCA 6 6 35.29 0 Malaysian Indian Congress MIC 3 3 17.65 0 Democratic Action Party DAP 0 0.00 0 Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS 0 0.00 0 Valid votes Invalid/blank votes Total votes (voter turnout: %) ' 100.00 17 100.00 0 Did not vote Registered voters ' Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) ' Selangor's population ' Source: Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers. Template:Malaysian general election, 1999 (Kuala Lumpur)  Summary of the 29 November 1999 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Negeri Sembilan Party Candidates Vote Seats Votes % Won % +/– National Front[lower-alpha 1] BN 7 7 100.00 0 United Malays National Organisation UMNO 4 4 57.14 0 Malaysian Chinese Association MCA 2 2 28.57 0 Malaysian Indian Congress MIC 1 1 14.29 0 Democratic Action Party DAP 0 0.00 0 Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS 0 0.00 0 Valid votes Invalid/blank votes Total votes (voter turnout: %) ' 100.00 7 100.00 0 Did not vote Registered voters ' Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) ' Negeri Sembilan's population ' Source: Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.  Summary of the 29 November 1999 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Malacca Party Candidates Vote Seats Votes % Won % +/– National Front[lower-alpha 1] BN 5 4 80.00 0 United Malays National Organisation UMNO 3 3 60.00 0 Malaysian Chinese Association MCA 2 1 20.00 0 Democratic Action Party DAP 1 20.00 0 Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS 0 0.00 0 Valid votes Invalid/blank votes Total votes (voter turnout: %) ' 100.00 5 100.00 0 Did not vote Registered voters ' Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) ' Malacca's population ' Source: Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.  Summary of the 29 November 1999 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Johor Party Candidates Vote Seats Votes % Won % +/– National Front[lower-alpha 1] BN 20 20 100.00 0 United Malays National Organisation UMNO 13 13 65.00 0 Malaysian Chinese Association MCA 6 6 30.00 0 Malaysian Indian Congress MIC 1 1 5.00 0 Democratic Action Party DAP 0 0.00 0 Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS 0 0.00 0 Valid votes Invalid/blank votes Total votes (voter turnout: %) ' 100.00 20 100.00 0 Did not vote Registered voters ' Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) ' Johor's population ' Source: Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers. Template:Malaysian general election, 1999 (Labuan)  Summary of the 29 November 1999 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Sabah Party Candidates Vote Seats Votes % Won % +/– National Front[lower-alpha 1] BN 20 17 85.00 +5 United Malays National Organisation UMNO 14 70.00 +5 Sabah Progressive Party SAPP 2 10.00 0 Liberal Democratic Party LDP 1 5.00 0 United Sabah Party PBS 3 15.00 -5 Valid votes Invalid/blank votes Total votes (voter turnout: %) ' 100.00 20 100.00 0 Did not vote Registered voters ' Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) ' Sabah's population ' Source: Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.  Summary of the 29 November 1999 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Sarawak Party Candidates Vote Seats Votes % Won % +/– National Front[lower-alpha 1] BN 28 337,923 65.94 28 100.00 +2 Sarawak United People's Party SUPP 7 129,356 25.24 7 25.00 0 United Traditional Bumiputera Party PBB 11 111,389 21.74 11 39.29 +1 Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak PBDS 6 51,659 10.08 6 21.43 0 Sarawak National Party SNAP 4 45,519 8.88 4 14.29 0 Democratic Action Party[lower-alpha 2] DAP 7 75,922 14.82 0 0.00 New National Justice Party[lower-alpha 2] KeADILan 13 49,774 9.71 0 0.00 New State Reform Party STAR 4 23,048 4.50 0 0.00 New Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party[lower-alpha 2] PAS 1 2,438 0.48 0 0.00 0 Independents IND 12 23,332 4.55 0 0.00 0 Valid votes 512,437 Invalid/blank votes Total votes (voter turnout: %) ' 100.00 28 100.00 +1 Did not vote Registered voters ' Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) ' Sarawak's population ' Source: Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers. Parties in the informal coalition, Alternatif Front (Barisan Alternatif). Contested using separate election symbol on the ballot papers.

State Assemblies

The opposition won a total of 113 state assembly seats, 98 of which went to the PAS, 11 to the DAP and 4 for Keadilan.^[2] In the states of Kelantan and Terengganu, the PAS won by a huge margin–41-2 against Barisan Nasional out of a total of 43 seats and 28-4 out of a total of 32 seats respectively, hence allowing them to form the state governments in these states. In addition, PAS also captured one-third of the state seats in Kedah, with the remaining two-thirds going to Barisan Nasional (UMNO won 16 seats, MCA 2 seats in Kedah).

The election results were seen as a great gain for PAS, who previously had no state seats in Kedah and capturing only one seat in Terengganu in the 1995 General Elections. Observers attributed this to the negelect by the Federal Administration in the states of Terengganu and Kelantan.^[3]

References

• Chin, James (2000). "A New Balance: The Chinese Vote in the 1999 Malaysian General Election". South East Asia Research. 8 (3): 281–299. doi:10.5367/000000000101297299.
• "Malaysia unlikely to go fundamentalist: Lee Kuan Yew". (Dec. 13, 1999). Agence France Presse.

1. The previous election was contested under separate parties, mainly PAS and DAP
2. PILIHAN RAYA UMUM 1999 - DEWAN UNDANGAN NEGERI
3. Swee-Hock Saw, K. Kesavapany (2006). Malaysia recent trends and challenges. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 97–8. ISBN 981-230-339-1.

External links

• South Asia Analysis Group synopsis of the 1999 election results.
• Trends in Malaysia: Election Assessment (PDF) a 62 pages collection of papers from Institute of Southeast Asian Studies after the 1999 election.