Manila hostage crisis

Manila Hostage Crisis

The bus where the hostages were held captive.
Location Rizal Park, Manila, Philippines
Coordinates 14°34′52″N 120°58′30″E / 14.58104°N 120.974922°E / 14.58104; 120.974922Coordinates: 14°34′52″N 120°58′30″E / 14.58104°N 120.974922°E / 14.58104; 120.974922
Date Monday, August 23, 2010
10:00-21:00 (UTC+08:00)
Target Hong Kong tourists on board a bus
Attack type
 Hostage crisis, siege, mass murder
Weapons
Deaths 9 (including the perpetrator)[1][2]
Non-fatal injuries
 9 (7 hostages and 2 bystanders)
Perpetrator Rolando Mendoza[2]

The Manila hostage crisis, officially known as the Rizal Park hostage-taking incident,[3] occurred when a disgruntled former Philippine National Police officer named Rolando Mendoza hijacked a tourist bus in Rizal Park, Manila, Philippines on August 23, 2010. The bus carried 25 people: 20 tourists, a tour guide from Hong Kong, and four local Filipinos. Mendoza claimed that he had been unfairly dismissed from his job, and demanded a fair hearing to defend himself.[4][5]

Negotiations (which were broadcast live on television and the internet) broke down dramatically about ten hours into the stand-off, when the police arrested Mendoza's brother and thus incited Mendoza to open fire.[6] The bus driver managed to escape, and declared "Everyone is dead" before he was whisked away by policemen.[7] Following a 90-minute gun battle, Mendoza and eight of the hostages were killed and several others injured.[8]

The Philippine and Hong Kong governments conducted separate investigations into the incident. Both inquiries concluded that the Philippine officials' poor handling of the situation caused the eight hostages' deaths.[9][10] The assault mounted by the Manila Police District (MPD), and the resulting shoot-out, have been widely criticized by pundits as "bungled" and "incompetent",[11] and the Hong Kong Government has issued a "black" travel alert for the Philippines as a result of the affair.[12]

Perpetrator

Rolando Mendoza graduated from the Philippine College of Criminology with a degree in criminology, joined the Philippine National Police force as a patrolman, and rose to become senior inspector.[13] He was decorated 17 times for bravery and honor, and was described by colleagues as hard-working and kind.[4] In February 1986, Mendoza led a group of policemen that accosted a van carrying 13 crates full of money, which former Philippine president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos was apparently trying to smuggle out of the country. Mendoza and his team turned the shipment over to authorities,[4] for which he was declared one of the Ten Outstanding Policemen of the Philippines by the Jaycees International that year.[13]

On April 9, 2008, hotel chef Christian Kalaw alleged that he was accosted by Mendoza and several other officers over a parking violation. Kalaw alleged that the police planted sachets of methamphetamine in his car, forced him to take the drug, and accused him of being a drug addict. The officers also allegedly demanded Kalaw access his bank ATM and hand over money. Kalaw said the policemen released him after a friend raised 20,000 pesos on his behalf. The Office of the Ombudsman found Mendoza and four others guilty of misconduct, and ordered Mendoza's dismissal from the service and the voiding of all his benefits.[4] In late April 2008, he was relieved as Chief of the Mobile Patrol Unit. In August 2008, the Eighth Division of the Manila Prosecutors' Office vacated the case after Kalaw failed to attend the dismissal proceedings, and in October the PNP Internal Affairs Service recommended the case be dropped. Mendoza's brother, Gregorio, later stated that all his brother wanted was a fair hearing by the Ombudsman, who "never even gave him a chance to defend himself; they [just] immediately dismissed him."[4]

There were later reports that Mendoza was also charged with gang rape in a 1996 incident, but the case was dismissed when the complainants did not show up at court.[14]

Hijacking

Boarding

Bus
Manila Police HQ
Ombudsman
Ospital ng Maynila
PGH
Locations of key places during the hostage crisis. Rizal Park is about 10 km away from the Office of the Ombudsman.

On the morning of August 23, 2010, Mendoza attempted to board a Hong Thai Travel Services tour bus as it was taking on riders. Mendoza requested a free ride, and when he was declined by the driver, Mendoza brandished a weapon, handcuffed the driver to the steering wheel and hijacked the bus.[15] There are conflicting reports as to whether Mendoza boarded in front of Quirino Grandstand at Rizal Park, or at Fort Santiago; a number of witnesses saw a man answering Mendoza's description boarding the bus at the latter location.[6][16]

In any event, Mendoza, armed with a handgun and an M16 rifle,[17] commandeered the tour bus, demanded reinstatement to his previous post with benefits,[7] and claimed he was framed. Manila mayor Alfredo Lim said he would grant Mendoza's wish to be reinstated if he could prove his case.[18]

Masa Tse Ting-chunn, the bus' tour guide, immediately called his agency in Hong Kong shortly after 10:30 am. During the two-minute conversation, Tse calmly informed the customer services manager that his group was being held hostage.[15] Initial media reports were confusing and contradictory; the suspect was alternatively identified as "Ronaldo," "Rolando" and "Reynaldo"; and the hostages aboard were initially reported to be South Koreans[19] before they were confirmed to be mostly from Hong Kong.

Negotiations

Almost an hour later, six Hong Kong tourists were freed[20]— an elderly couple, a woman with two young children, and a 12-year-old boy. Two Filipino photographers boarded the bus as volunteer hostages in exchange for the releases.[3][21]

By noon, three additional hostages, including the Filipino tour guide and the two photographers who volunteered to be taken hostage, had also been released.[3] TV5 news anchor Erwin Tulfo remained in contact with Mendoza, while superintendent Orlando Yebra and chief inspector Romeo Salvador led negotiations. Seventeen people remained on the bus.[22] By this time, television channels all over the world were preempting their programs with non-stop live coverage of the hostage situation. Philippine television stations ABS-CBN, GMA, TV5 and government-run NBN (now PTV), as well as Hong Kong television station TVB and CNN, all provided live coverage.[23] However, because the news networks were filming police activity, and the bus was equipped with a television, the gunman was able to watch the police action and determine the locations of snipers.[22][24] At around 2 pm, Mendoza posted several notes on the windows, which read "A big mistake to correct. A big wrong decision", "Big deal will start after 3 pm today" and "3 pm deadlock".[25]

Shortly after sundown, the Office of the Ombudsman denied Mendoza's request to be reinstated to the police force, but assured him that his case would be reopened. Manila Vice-Mayor Isko Moreno delivered the ombudsman's letter to the hostage scene.[26] Mendoza called the Ombudsman's decision "garbage", claiming that it did not answer his demands.[6] Mayor Lim later claimed on local radio that authorities had agreed to reinstate Mendoza to bring an end to the crisis, but had not been able to deliver the message due to bad traffic.[27][28]

When the Manila Police District (MPD) SWAT team arrived, Mendoza declared in a radio interview with DZXL that he would kill the passengers if the SWAT team did not leave.[29] His brother, SPO2 Gregorio Mendoza, walked out after trying to negotiate with him. He urged Mendoza to surrender peacefully, saying, "Nothing [bad] will happen here."[30] Gregorio Mendoza was then arrested for breaching the exclusion zone while carrying a gun, as he did not have the MPD's approval to assist in the negotiations.[31][32] President Aquino later said that the gunman's brother had contributed to the deterioration of the situation, by fanning Mendoza's hatred of the negotiators.[27]

Assault

Mendoza became agitated when he witnessed live coverage of his brother's arrest from the bus television. Reports indicated that Mendoza fired warning shots as he saw his brother being carried away.[33] Mendoza demanded that the police release his brother, or else he would start executing hostages, and a few minutes later claimed on live radio that he had, indeed, already shot two hostages.[34][35]

The first shots fired from within the bus were heard at about 7:21 pm. At around the same time, it was reported that snipers had shot the tires immobilizing the bus after it had attempted to move.[31][36] Mendoza first killed Masa Tse, the tour leader whom he had handcuffed to the door handrail earlier.[37] According to survivor Joe Chan Kwok-chu, several hostages tried to rush Mendoza as he was preparing to shoot the other hostages, but he shot them down before they could reach him.[38]

At around 7:30pm, bus driver Alberto Lubang escaped the bus. Thinking that all remaining hostages had died, Lubang cried "Patay na lahat...!" ("Everyone is dead...!") to the policemen and media.[6][7] He later admitted that his assumption was based on witnessing Mendoza shoot three hostages and firing additional shots at others.[6]

Mendoza then began shooting the rest of the hostages one by one, aiming at each of their heads.[38] Amy Leung Ng Yau-woon told of how her husband Ken Leung Kam-wing shielded her with his body and saved her from harm while sacrificing his own life.[39] Similarly, their daughter Jessie Leung Song-yi took two bullets while protecting her older brother, and died as a result.[40] Passenger Joe Chan shielded himself from Mendoza's gunfire with his backpack and survived, but both of his wrists were shattered.[38] Chan's traveling companion was seriously injured by a gunshot to her chin.[1]

The SWAT team started to surround the bus at 7:37 pm.[36] The policemen attempted for nearly an hour to enter the bus, first by breaking its Plexi glass windows with sledgehammers, pulling the door with a rope attached to a police vehicle but it snapped. After running out of choices, they threw two canisters of tear gas inside and Mendoza stepped out of the bus.[41] Snipers, who had taken positions earlier in the day, ultimately shot Mendoza in the head after he exited the bus, killing him instantly. By that time, however, four more hostages were confirmed dead, while only six hostages were confirmed alive and not seriously injured.[42] Two other people outside the bus — 47-year-old TVB news crew engineer Wen Ming, and bystanding child Mike Ladrillo y Campanero — were wounded by stray bullets.[15][43][44]

Aftermath

Hostages

Six of the surviving hostages were taken to Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center, where two later died;[42] two were taken to the Philippine General Hospital;[45] the remaining seven hostages were taken to Manila Doctors Hospital.[46] There were eight total fatalities. The 13 survivors had injuries which ranged from minor to substantial.[47]

Because the bus driver Alberto Lubang had escaped the bus minutes before the situation deteriorated, despite his claim that he had been handcuffed to the steering wheel, suspicions arose that he was in fact the gunman's accomplice,[48] which Lubang denied.[6] However, on August 27, 2010, Lubang and his family were reported missing and had fled their home, possibly going into hiding.[49]

The list of the eight identified victims[1][50] included Ken Leung, his two daughters Doris Leung Chung-see, 21, and Jessie Leung Song-yi, 14 (his son Jason Leung was seriously injured)[51] Wong Tze-lam and his wife Yeung Yee-wa and her sister Yeung Yee-kam; and Fu Cheuk-yan.[52]

Donald Tsang, Chief Executive of Hong Kong, offered for the eight victims to be buried in the Tribute Garden, a part of Wo Hop Shek Public Cemetery designated for Hongkongers who showed extraordinary acts of bravery to save others.[53] Fu and the three members of the Wong family accepted the offer and were buried at Tribute Garden.[54] On 1 July 2011, Masa Tse, Fu Cheuk-yan and Ken Leung Kam-wing were all posthumously awarded the Gold Medal for Bravery by the Hong Kong government.[55] Mendoza's parents apologized and begged forgiveness from the Hong Kong government for their son's actions.

Investigations by the Philippine government

President Aquino ordered a thorough investigation, and for a report to be issued within three weeks. The investigation was held by the Post Critical Incident Management Committee (PCIMC), under the auspices of the Joint Incident Investigation and Review Committee (JIIRC), headed by former Secretary of Justice Leila de Lima.[56] As a gesture of transparency towards the Hong Kong government, the Aquino government invited the Hong Kong Police Force to send a team to observe the investigation.[57][58] De Lima declared a gag order to cover all parties and departments, including the Hong Kong team examining evidence on the ground.[56]

Preliminary results of the official investigation were released on August 31, 2010. Ballistic tests showed that the deceased hostages' wounds were caused by a high-calibre weapon fired from within the coach. Of the 65 recovered M16 rifle cartridges from the coach, 58 came from Mendoza's gun, making it nearly certain that the eight deceased hostage were killed by Mendoza.[59] However, on September 3, 2010, De Lima admitted that the police might have accidentally shot some of the hostages.[60]

After the completion of the initial inquiry on September 15, 2010, the JIIRC traveled to Hong Kong to interview survivors.[61] The report was delivered first to the Chinese embassy in Manila on September 20, 2010, before being released to the general public, in an attempt to "repair the nation’s relations with China".[9]

The official report identified eight critical errors of the handling of the hostage crisis:[62]

The report also recommended administrative or criminal charges for 15 individuals and organisations, including Manila mayor Alfredo Lim, vice-mayor Isko Moreno, ombudsmen Merceditas Gutierrez and Emilio Gonzales III, government undersecretary Rico J. Puno, retired Philippine National Police chief director general Jesus Verzosa, National Capital Region Police Office director Leocadio Santiago Jr., Manila Police District chief superintendent Rodolfo Magtibay, MPD hostage negotiator Orlando Yebra, SWAT commander Santiago Pascual, journalists Erwin Tulfo and Mike Rogas, and three broadcasting networks.[9]

On March 31, 2011, ombudsman Emilio Gonzales was dismissed by President Aquino for his "inordinate and unjustified delay" in handling Mendoza's appeal.[63] Gonzales was the first individual to receive direct sanction from the Philippine government in connection with the incident.[64] He appealed the decision, claiming that he was "prejudged guilty before the investigation started".[65]

Investigations by the Hong Kong government

On August 25, 2010, the bodies of the victims were brought back to Hong Kong on a government-chartered flight.[66] The Coroner decided that an investigation into their deaths should be carried out, and ordered autopsies on all eight bodies. Five bodies were ultimately autopsied; the remaining three were not autopsied by requests from their families.[67]

The Hong Kong Government invited 116 Philippine witnesses to participate in their investigation, which began on February 14, 2011.[68] Among those invited were Gregorio Mendoza, the hostage-taker's brother, Manila mayor Alfredo Lim, Vice-Mayor Isko Moreno, reporters who covered the incident, members of the SWAT team and a number of forensic experts.[69] Lim and Moreno rejected the invitation. They claimed that, rather than conduct another probe, Hong Kong should respect the conclusion of the Philippines' investigation that Mendoza was responsible for the deaths. They claimed that the Hong Kong probe was an encroachment of Philippine sovereignty and independence.[70]

The Hong Kong investigation interviewed 31 witnesses from Hong Kong and 10 from the Philippines.[10] The coroner's five-member jury had to answer "yes", "no", or "uncertain" to a list of 44 statements, a method that was unique to Hong Kong's history and procedures.[71] The narrative verdict found that all eight victims were "unlawfully killed" and blamed the Philippine authorities' incompetent handling of the crisis as a direct cause of their deaths, although it declined to attribute any criminal or civil liability.[10]

Compensation issue

In August 2011, two survivors of the crisis, Joe Chan Kwok-chu and Yik Siu-ling, along with Tse Che-kin, brother of Masa Tse, met with Philippines government officials to discuss compensation. Chief executive Donald Tsang refused to intervene, labeling it a civil case.[72] Democratic Party lawmaker James To had assisted Chan and Yik in their plea for legal aid, which was expensive and complicated.[73] During the visit by Manila Mayor Estrada and Cabinet Secretary Almendras to meet with the victims and Hong Kong officials, the latter had stated that a "token of solidarity" will be given to the victims and their families.[74] It, however, was not officially addressed as compensation money.[74]

Reactions

Chinese government

Chinese foreign minister Yang Jiechi stated that he was "appalled" by the event,[75] and sent a team to the Philippines to "deal with the situation".[75] China's state-run Global Times called the Philippines "one of the most chaotic countries in Southeast Asia" following the shootings.[76]

Additionally, the Chinese consul in the Philippines asked for a written statement of accountability from the Philippine government,[77] and rejected the explanation given by President Benigno Aquino III at an August 24, 2010 press conference.[78] Plans for a delegation led by Philippine vice-president Jejomar Binay to visit Beijing and Hong Kong on August 26–27, 2010 to soothe tensions and "explain the hostage incident" was rejected by the Chinese government, pending the outcome of a complete investigation report.[79]

On August 27, 2010, the Chinese embassy in the Philippines expressed anger at the Mendoza family's decision to cover Mendoza's coffin with the Flag of the Philippines during his wake.[80]

Hong Kong government

Flag of Hong Kong and Flag of the People's Republic of China both at half-mast on August 26 at Golden Bauhinia Square
The condolence desk of Mongkok community centre, August 26
The memorial stage at Statue Square, Central, Hong Kong, August 27

The Hong Kong government had wanted to resolve the hostage situation in a peaceful manner. Its Security Bureau formed a taskforce, and sent officers to Manila to assist the hostage rescue efforts.[81] Immediately following the assault, however, the Security Bureau announced a 'black' outbound travel alert for the Philippines, and Hong Kong residents were advised against traveling there, while residents already in the Philippines were advised to return to Hong Kong as soon as possible.[12] Hong Kong officials also announced that visa-free privileges for Philippine diplomats and officials would be revoked after February 5, 2014.[82]

Donald Tsang, the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, offered his condolences to the victims' families, stating that the Chinese government would do anything within its power to aid and rehabilitate the survivors and their families.[83] He complained that he had not been able to get through to President Aquino by telephone during the siege, and criticized the way the siege was handled.[84] The government chartered two airplanes carrying doctors and counsellors to Manila to support the survivors of the incident, and to fly the Hong Kong victims home.[75] The bodies of all eight victims, along with most of the survivors, were returned to Hong Kong on August 25, 2010.[66] A memorial ceremony was held as the victims arrived on the tarmac of Hong Kong International Airport, attended, amongst others, by Chief Secretary for Administration Henry Tang and Secretary for Security Ambrose Lee.[85]

All Hong Kong SAR flags at official locations were lowered to half-mast from August 24 to 26,[86][87] and the nightly multimedia display "A Symphony of Lights" was suspended[88] to mourn the victims; all Chinese national flags in Hong Kong were also lowered to half-mast.[89] The Hong Kong Stock Exchange held a minute's silence before opening on August 24.[90] The government announced the opening of 18 locations around Hong Kong where citizens could pay their respects and sign condolence books.

A visit by Mayor Estrada and Cabinet Secretary Almendras helped to ease the situation where Hong Kong officials agreed to end sanctions placed on the Philippines.[74]

Philippine government

President Benigno Aquino III expressed his condolences to the victims and promised a "thorough investigation". While he was not impressed with the manner the police handled the crisis,[12][91] he defended the actions of the police, stating that the gunman had not shown any signs of wanting to harm the hostages.[12] He also made reference to the Moscow theater hostage crisis, which he said resulted in "more severe" casualties despite Russia's "resources and sophistication".[92] In addition, he declared that the news media may have worsened the situation by giving the shooter "a bird's-eye view of the entire situation".[93]

After Aquino's comments, a number of Hong Kong residents posted angry messages to his official Facebook page, some of which accused Aquino of smiling during the press conference.[94] Aquino subsequently apologized, saying it was an expression of exasperation.[95] On September 5, 2010, Aquino said (in Filipino), "Our problems now, in two or three years we can say that they are laughable when we recall that they were not that grave."[96]

On September 9, 2010, Aquino revealed that he had received a letter from the Hong Kong Government, which gave instructions to the Philippine government in "minute detail"; Aquino regarded the letter as insulting,[97] which the Hong Kong Government denied.[98] As to Donald Tsang's claim that he could not reach Aquino by telephone during the siege, Aquino said that Tsang should have followed protocol in trying to contact him,[99] and claimed that he had tried to contact Tsang the next day.[97]

The decision to arrest Mendoza's brother during the negotiation process was questioned. Manila Police District director Rodolfo Magtibay[100] said that Mayor Lim, as head of the crisis management committee, gave the order to arrest Gregorio Mendoza[101] – a move which caused distress in the gunman and allegedly triggered him to shoot the hostages.[38] Manila Vice-Mayor Isko Moreno told CNN that Mendoza's brother was guilty of conspiring with the hostage-taker and allegedly helped instigate the shooting.[93]

MPD commander Leocadio Santiago, while agreeing with the decision to put the assault on hold until Mendoza had started shooting hostages,[12] admitted that mistakes were made.[47] Senior Supt. Agrimero Cruz Jr., spokesman for the national police, said five general lapses were observed by the PNP Command Group and Staff:[37] poor handling of the hostage negotiation; side issues and events that further agitated the hostage taker; inadequate planning of the assault, and lack of team capability, skills and equipment; improper crowd control; and non-compliance with media relations procedures in hostage taking.[37] Interior secretary Jessie Robredo, who is in charge of the national police, also admitted problems with how the crisis was handled. Manila Police District director Rodolfo Magtibay, as commander of the rescue operation, took leave and four members of the SWAT team were suspended, pending investigation.[102]

Several members of the House of Representatives condemned the hostage-taking while criticizing how the MPD handled the situation:[103] Representative Gabriel Luis Quisumbing (Lakas-Kampi, Cebu–6th) blamed the non-stop media coverage, saying the live coverage "may have jeopardized police rescue operations on site" and authored a bill to constrain media coverage so as not to hinder or obstruct such rescue efforts.[104] Rodolfo Biazon (Liberal, Muntinlupa) blamed the outcome of the incident on the unclear MPD command structure.[105]

The Philippines planned to send a high-level delegation to China to meet and explain to officials there what happened in the hostage crisis. However, the schedule of this delegation could not be confirmed by Beijing government. Instead, Beijing urged the Philippines to submit a "comprehensive, precise, objective" investigation report.[106]

In his Proclamation 23, President Aquino declared August 25, 2010 a National Day of Mourning for those killed. All Philippine flags at all government institutions, including consulates and embassies worldwide, would be flown half-mast.[107][108]

A hearing into the crisis was conducted by the Senate Committee on Public Order and Illegal Drugs on August 26.[109] During the hearing, police operatives revealed that Mendoza was reading the letter from the Office of the Ombudsman to an unknown person over the phone before the violence began, and subpoenaed the records of the telephone conversation.[110] It was further revealed that Rodolfo Magtibay, ground commander during the crisis, had an elite team of Special Action Force of the Philippine National Police at his disposal, but chose to utilize the SWAT team instead because his team had successfully rehearsed the storming that afternoon.[111] The counter-terrorist unit from the national police were on standby behind the grandstand; the Philippine Army Light Reaction Company had also offered one of its elite squads, trained in hostage-taking scenarios and fighting Islamist militants in the southern Philippines, but was told by police it was not needed.[112]

On August 30, 2010, a Philippine consulate official in Hong Kong appealed to Filipinos to postpone trips to Hong Kong indefinitely, citing anti-Filipino sentiments in Hong Kong. Claro Cristobal, Philippine Consul General in Hong Kong, said in a radio interview that although Filipinos in Hong Kong could be assured of safety, Filipinos travelling to Hong Kong for vacation may be troubled by angry sentiments there.[113]

Other governments

Canadian Foreign Minister Lawrence Cannon issued a statement on August 24, 2010, expressing Ottawa's condolences to the families and friends of those who died.[114] The Canadian government confirmed that the Leung family were Canadian nationals at the time of their deaths.[115]

The British government's Foreign and Commonwealth Office confirmed that hostages Yick-Biu Li and Fung-Kwan Li, both British Citizens, were unharmed.[116] The Union flag at British Consulate-General Hong Kong and British Embassy Manila were lowered to half-mast to honor their former colony on August 25, 2010.[117]

The U.S. embassy in Manila condemned Mendoza for taking "innocent tourists hostages in an effort to redress a professional grievance."[118]

Philippine media and public

Mourning poster in English
Mourning poster in Chinese
Mourning posters in English (left) and Chinese (right) were hung where the incident occurred.

The aftermath of the hostage crisis was met with shock and dismay throughout the Philippines.[119][120] Comments ranged from shame, sadness, and sympathy for the hostage victims; anger mixed with a sense of disbelief at the perpetrator Rolando Mendoza, the police force for its apparent bungling, and media for its overzealous coverage; and concern over the damage to the image of the country as a tourist destination and the safety and well-being of Filipinos overseas who might experience backlash over the incident.[121][122]

Columnist Conrado De Quiros, writing in The Philippine Daily Inquirer, expressed how "deeply, deeply ashamed" he felt over the incident.[123] In a follow up column, he castigated Mendoza as a "traitor", adding that "to bury him in a pauper's grave will insult paupers".[124] Columnist Alex Magno in The Philippine Star wrote about the "immaturity" of the diplomatic response of the newly installed Aquino administration in what is commonly seen as its first serious leadership test of the administration, in its first one hundred days in office. Magno listed a string of mistakes from the administration, starting with how it failed to initiate contact with the Hong Kong government, to how it insulted the Hong Kong Chief Executive by not promptly responding to his call, and then later unilaterally announcing the sending of a high level delegation to the Hong Kong and Chinese governments in what Magno interpreted as a damage control measure without first confirming that Hong Kong and the PRC would receive the delegation.[125] Magno sees the Chinese as responding with the diplomatic equivalent of "the penalty of death by a thousand cuts."[126] John Nery writing in The Philippine Daily Inquirer said it was indeed appropriate for Aquino to have kept his distance from the crisis management, despite the hands-on approach the general public was demanding with hindsight; he said the skepticism directed towards the Aquino administration was not being applied equally to the Tsang administration's account of trying unsuccessfully to reach Aquino since 4 pm.[127] Analysts agreed that the Aquino administration's approval rating would fall, if not for the handling of the hostage taking crisis, then from a natural move off the high it was coming from.[128]

Manila Mayor and Former President of the Philippines, Joseph Ejercito Estrada's journey to Hong Kong has been met with good reception from the public, although there were others who objected to his trip since President Aquino should have done the trip as head of state.[129]

Hong Kong media and public

Most Hong Kong newspapers reported the Manila assault on front pages; some local newspapers changed their logo colours to black on their front covers. The Manila police and the Philippines government were strongly criticized for their handling of the situation.[130][131] All television channels in Hong Kong broadcast devoted significant coverage to the hijacking, and its aftermath. Wall-to-wall live coverage, between 6 pm and 9 pm, made it the single incident with the most live television news coverage in Hong Kong since the September 11 attacks on New York.[132] Google displayed a plain white Google Doodle on google.com.hk out of respect for the dead on August 24.[133]

Apple Daily, which likened the Philippine police to a troop of Boy Scouts in terms of competence,[134] also criticised the Chinese government for acting too slowly to protect lives.[135] The Hong Kong Economic Journal criticised the Manila Police for their "appalling professional standards, and the lack of strategic planning"; The Standard said Philippine authorities were accountable.[136]

The Sun pointed out there was a lone counsel in Manila acting on behalf of China until after the siege had ended, and speculated that more hostages could have been saved had higher-level diplomatic pressure been applied earlier.[137]

In light of the hostage incident, considerable public anger was vented against the Philippine authorities. In Hong Kong, there was concern about anti-Filipino sentiments.[138][139] A text message circulated widely among Filipinos said that 30 Filipino domestic workers had been sacked, some of them had even been stabbed and killed,[139] but Claro Cristobal, Philippine consul general in Hong Kong, dismissed the rumors and rumor-mongering. Cristobal said that two domestic helpers out of more than 100,000 were sacked but for reasons completely unrelated to the hostages incident. He said stories about hate-induced violence would only aggravate the situation.[113][140] Meanwhile, Jinggoy Estrada, son of former president Joseph Estrada, said that an immigration officer rudely threw his passport at him after checking it when he passed through Hong Kong Immigration.[141] However, according to security footage, Estrada entered Hong Kong through the privileged passage for diplomats, accompanied by staff from the Philippine Embassy. Cameras covering both sides clearly recorded and showed that his passport was properly handed back to a person among his entourage.[142]

Lee Ying-chuen, one of seven survivors in the crisis, wrote an open letter urging Hong Kong people to help Filipinos fight for a better society and justice, and not to see them as scapegoats for their corrupt government.[143] On August 28, 2010 a candlelight vigil with a thousand participants was held in Hong Kong to mourn the victims.[144] Legislators from different political parties organized a march on August 29, which according to organizers, was attended by about 80,000 people; the police gave a figure of 30,000.[145] 400 Filipinos also held a vigil for the victims in Chater Gardens on August 29.[146]

Following their handling of the crisis, public support for Donald Tsang rose to a two-year high, and that in other government officials also surged, according to a survey by the University of Hong Kong. Satisfaction in the government rose 10.6 percentage points.[147]

Pundits' criticism of rescue operation

A pundit interviewed on the main evening news in Hong Kong criticized the Philippine National Police for lack of planning and strategy for negotiating with the hostage-taker. The response to the rapid deterioration of the situation caught the police off-guard; the hour-long assault on the coach was also described by a security expert as "extremely risky to the hostages".[148] Security analyst Charles Shoebridge praised the SWAT team's courage but criticized the police for lack of determination, equipment, training and element of surprise; for not taking the opportunity to disarm or shoot Mendoza; for not satisfying Mendoza's demands; for not blocking off televised proceedings, for not safeguarding the public and for using Gregorio Mendoza in the negotiation.[149] Romeo Acop, a former director of the Philippine National Police's Criminal Investigation and Detection Group, was also critical of the police for failure to establish an isolation line, slowness in addressing Mendoza's demands, failure to deploy the Special Action Force, poor negotiating team and skills, absence of an officer to control the media, and lack of actual experience.[150]

In France, retired Colonel Frédéric Gallois, commander of the Groupe d'Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale (GIGN) from 2002 to 2007, after watching live television footage was quoted by Agence France-Presse (AFP) as saying that "one cannot understand what justified this badly prepared and risky assault", and further commented that the SWAT team lacked specialist training, equipment and tactical competence.[151]

Dramatisation

The hostage crisis is dramatised in the episode "Hostage Crisis Massacre" of the American television documentary series National Geographic Investigates produced by Partisan Pictures and National Geographic Channel.[152]

See also

References

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  3. 1 2 3 First Report of the INCIDENT INVESTIGATION and REVIEW COMMITTEE on the August 23, 2010 Rizal Park Hostage-taking Incident: SEQUENCE OF EVENTS, EVALUATION and RECOMMENDATIONS, Incident Investigation and Review Committee, September 16, 2010, pp. 9–10, 16, 22, 24
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  7. 1 2 3 "Driver escapes, says 'hostages all dead'" (in Tagalog). ABS-CBN News. August 23, 2010.
  8. ↑ Abuyuan, Gina (August 23, 2010). "9 killed in Manila hostage drama". Khaleej Times. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  9. 1 2 3 Kabiling, Genalyn; Mabasa, Roy (September 20, 2010). "Hostage Report Urges Charges Against 15". The Manila Bulletin Newspaper. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
  10. 1 2 3 "Hong Kong inquest criticises Philippines on bus hijack". BBC. March 23, 2011. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
  11. ↑ "Hostage rescue team 'bungled Philippines coach rescue'". The Daily Telegraph. August 24, 2010. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 "Hong Kong bans Philippines travel after hijack deaths". BBC News. August 24, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
  13. 1 2 Papa, Alcuin (August 23, 2010). "Who is this hostage-taking cop?". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  14. ↑ Hostage-taker also faced gang rape charges. (August 30, 2010). ABS-CBN News.
  15. 1 2 3 Natalie Wong (August 24, 2010). "Tour leader calmly sent SOS to office". The Standard. Hong Kong. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
  16. ↑ Ramos, Marlon (August 27, 2010). "NBI probing who brought hostage-taker to Fort Santiago". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  17. ↑ Chong, Dennis (August 26, 2010). "Police may go it alone in deaths probe", The Standard (Hong Kong)
  18. ↑ Carcamo, Dennis (August 23, 2010). "Lim calls for review of Manila hostage-taker's case". The Philippine Star. Manila, Philippines. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  19. ↑ Jemandre, Tessa. (August 27, 2010). How the media covered the Grandstand carnage. GMA News.
  20. ↑ Carcamo, Dennis (August 23, 2010). "6 freed in Manila hostage drama". The Philippine Star. Manila, Philippines. Retrieved August 23, 2010. Six hostages, including three children have been released to police by a dismissed police officer who took hijacked a bus carrying 25 tourists in Manila, a radio report said.
  21. ↑ "Ex-cop holds tourist bus passengers hostage in Manila". GMANews.tv. August 23, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
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  23. ↑ "菲人質事件陷僵局 槍手貼出字條「3p.m. dead lock」 (Chinese)". Radio Taiwan International. 2010-08-23. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
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  25. ↑ Chong, Dennis; Ho, Serinah (August 27, 2010). "Itinerary of death". Hong Kong: The Standard. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
  26. ↑ Cathy C. Yamsuan, Tetch Torres (August 23, 2010). "Policeman's demand for reinstatement nixed". Philippine Daily Inquirer. INQUIRER.net. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  27. 1 2 Chong, Dennis &agencies (August 25, 2010). "Letter reinstating Mendoza stuck in traffic", The Standard
  28. ↑ "Police were ready to reinstate hostage-taker at the last minute", Manila Standard Today
  29. ↑ "Police hostage-taker threatens to kill hostages". Agence France-Presse (AFP). INQUIRER.net. August 23, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  30. ↑ Andrade, Jeannette (August 23, 2010). "Hostage-taking cop's brother walks out of negotiations". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  31. 1 2 "Shots fired in Manila hostage crisis — report". GMANews.tv. August 23, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  32. ↑ "President Aquino: SPO2 Gregorio Mendoza in custody". ANC News. August 23, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  33. ↑ Jeannette Andrade; Marlon Ramos; DJ Yap (August 23, 2010). "Dismissed cop kills most of Chinese hostages—tourist bus driver". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
  34. ↑ "Gunman tells live radio he shot two Hong Kong hostages". Agence France-Presse (AFP). INQUIRER.net. August 23, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  35. ↑ "Transcript of hostage-taker's last radio interview". abs-cbnNEWS.com. August 30, 2010. Retrieved July 13, 2011.
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  37. 1 2 3 Africa, Raymond & Bengo, Regina (August 25, 2010), "The morning after", The Malaya (Manila)
  38. 1 2 3 4 (traditional Chinese (HK))"倖存團友︰槍手逐個屠殺". Headline Daily. August 26, 2010. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
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  41. ↑ "Manila Hostage Drama: During and After Story and Pictures". ALLVOICES.com. August 23, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  42. 1 2 Abella, Jerrie (August 23, 2010). "Hostage crisis ends in bloody carnage; 4 hostages dead". GMANews.tv. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  43. ↑ "Spot Report re: Hostage Taking Incident". Manila Police District via Next Magazine and Martin Oei. August 23, 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
  44. ↑ (traditional Chinese (HK))"記者中流彈擦傷 裝器材鐵箱當護盾". Ming Pao. Hong Kong. August 24, 2010.
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  46. ↑ "3 injured Hong Kong hostages in stable condition: doctors". Xinhua News Agency. August 24, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
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  52. ↑ Lam, Anita; Wong, Martin; Eng, Dennis & Lo, Clifford (Aug 25, 2010). "The casualties and the fortunate few", South China Morning Post (note: The journal erroneously wrote: "Wong Tze-lam, 51, his wife, Yeung Yee-kam, 46, and sister-in-law, Yeung Yee-wa, 44 (all dead), the couple's son, Jason Wong Ching-yat, 12 (set free), and daughter Tracey Wong Cheuk-yiu, 15 (injured)")
  53. ↑ Special burial offered for hostage victims, South China Morning Post (August 28, 2010)
  54. ↑ (traditional Chinese (HK)) "四名遇難者　安葬景仰園". Apple Daily. September 2, 2010.
  55. ↑ (traditional Chinese (HK))"家人祭告謝廷駿獲授勳". Sing Tao Daily. July 2, 2011.
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  59. ↑ "Forensic team examines death bus". The Standard. Hong Kong. August 31, 2010. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
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  61. ↑ "Philippine probe team to speak to survivors". The Standard. Hong Kong. September 6, 2010. Retrieved September 23, 2010.
  62. ↑ Benitez, Mary Ann (September 21, 2010). "Eight deadly blunders", The Standard (Hong Kong)
  63. ↑ Porcalla, Delon (April 2, 2011). "Noy fires deputy Ombudsman". The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
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  66. 1 2 Wong, Natalie (August 26, 2010). "Home". Retrieved June 21, 2011.
  67. ↑ Lee, Colleen (August 27, 2010) "HK death probe begins", The Standard.
  68. ↑ "港人質慘案聆訊 菲證人接傳票". Canada: Sing Tao Daily Canada version. January 21, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.(traditional Chinese (HK))
  69. ↑ "Witnesses invited by HK for Manilla Tourist Bus Probe". The Standard. Hong Kong. January 20, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
  70. ↑ "Manilla Officials won't attend Hong Kong Bus Investigation". The Standard. Hong Kong. January 25, 2011. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
  71. ↑ Wong, Natalie (March 24, 2011). "Four deadly questions left unanswered". Hong Kong: The Standard. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
  72. ↑ "Manila hostage crisis survivors to seek compensation from PHL govt". GMANews.tv. August 12, 2011. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
  73. ↑ Cheung, Simpson (August 12, 2011). "Call to push Philippines to pay up". South China Morning Post.
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  77. ↑ 中方要求菲律宾书面解释救援行动. Sina.com (in Chinese). August 23, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  78. ↑ 中国驻菲领事王晓波：中国政府工作组已抵马尼拉. ifeng.com (in Chinese). August 24, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
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  81. ↑ "港府今午安排被挾團友回港". Hong Kong: Sing Tao Daily. August 24, 2010.
  82. ↑ http://www.interaksyon.com/article/79725/hong-kong-cancels-visa-free-travel-for-filipinos-over-bus-hostage-fiasco-more-sanctions-eyed
  83. ↑ Chong, Dennis (August 24, 2010). "Chief blasts handling". Hong Kong: The Standard. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
  84. ↑ "Hong Kong hostages killed in Manila bus siege". BBC News. August 23, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  85. ↑ Wong, Martin; Ng, Joyce; Eng, Dennis; Agencies (Aug 26, 2010). "Poignant homecoming for Manila victims", South China Morning Post
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  87. ↑ "HKSAR flag continues to fly at half-mast August 25 and August 26". Government of Hong Kong. August 24, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
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  90. ↑ "Hong Kong stock exchange struck silent". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. August 25, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
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  93. 1 2 "Gunman in the Philippines ends standoff by killing 8, wounding 7". CNN. August 23, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
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  96. ↑ "Aquino: We will overcome crisis". Newsinfo.inquirer.net. June 9, 2010. Retrieved September 23, 2010.
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  150. ↑ Leilani Chavez (August 27, 2010). "More lapses in hostage crisis cited". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
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