Minster (church)

Southwell Minster

Minster is an honorific title given to particular churches in England, most famously York Minster in York, Westminster in London and Southwell Minster in Southwell. The term minster is first found in royal foundation charters of the 7th century. Although it corresponds to the Latin monasterium or monastery,^[1] it then designated any settlement of clergy living a communal life and endowed by charter with the obligation of maintaining the daily office of prayer. Widespread in 10th-century Anglo-Saxon England, minsters declined in importance with the systematic introduction of parishes and parish churches from the 11th century onwards. It continued as a title of dignity in later medieval England, for instances where a cathedral, monastery, collegiate church or parish church had originated with an Anglo-Saxon foundation. Eventually a minster came to refer more generally to "any large or important church, especially a collegiate or cathedral church".^[1] In the 21st century, the Church of England has designated additional minsters by bestowing the status on existing parish churches.

Etymology

The word minster (Old English mynster) was a rendering of the Latin monasterium (monastery)^[2] which comes from the Greek word μοναστήριον - monastērion. An early appearance was in the Ecclesiastical History of the Venerable Bede (731).^[1]

The German münster (e.g. münsters in Basel, Bonn, Constance, Essen, Freiburg, Ulm) is often translated into English as minster.

History

Early and Mid Anglo-Saxon periods

The first minsters in the English-speaking parts of Britain were founded in the century after the mission to the Saxons led by Augustine of Canterbury in 597. The first cases for which documentary evidence has been preserved are Oswy's programme of 654/5, in which he endowed 12 small minsters, and a gift from Alhfrith to Wilfrid in around 660 to accompany the foundation of the minster at Ripon. An expansion of monasteries began around 670, with many substantial royal gifts of land.^[3] Kings made grants of land to named individuals to found a minster. In 734 Bede wrote a letter to Ecgbert (Archbishop of York), warning that noble families were abusing the privileged legal status accorded to the clergy, by making excessive landed endowments to minsters under their control. This reduced the overall stock of lands carrying the obligations of military service to the Northumbrian state.

Alan Thacker states:

The term 'minster' was applied by the Anglo-Saxons to all religious communities, whether of monks proper or of secular clergy, a usage which reflects the fact that many early Anglo-Saxon monasteries had assumed the pastoral role which was ultimately the principal distinction of the secular college. Early Anglo-Saxon monks might baptize, preach, and administer the sacraments to the laity in their locality, and distinctions were further blurred by the existence of 'double monasteries' of nuns and secular clerks. In the last resort, however, monks could be free of pastoral obligations, while the secular minster always had its parish ('parochia') over which it exercised extensive and well-defined rights, including control over baptism and burial and the receipt of various financial dues such as church-scot and tithe.^[4]

The word derives from the Old English "mynster", meaning "monastery", "nunnery", "mother church" or "cathedral", itself derived from the Latin "monasterium", meaning a group of clergy living a communal life. Thus, "minster" could apply to any church whose clergy followed a formal rule: as for example a monastery or a chapter; or to a church served by a less formal group of clergy living communally. In the earliest days of the English Church, from the 6th to the 8th centuries, minsters, in their various forms, constituted the only form of Christian institution with a permanent site. At the beginning of the period, they were the only form of permanent collective settlement in a culture that had not developed towns or cities. Kings, nobles and bishops were continually on the move, with their respective retinues, from estate to estate.

Minsters were commonly founded by the king or by a royal thegn, receiving a royal charter and a corporate endowment of bookland and other customary agricultural rights and entitlements within a broad territory; as well as exemption from certain forms of customary service (especially military). The superior of the minster was generally from the family of the founder. The minster's primary purpose was to support the king and the thegn in the regular worship of the divine office; especially through intercession in times of war. Minsters are also said to have been founded, or extensively endowed, in expiation for royal crimes; as for example Minster-in-Thanet near Ramsgate. Minsters might acquire pastoral and missionary responsibilities, but initially this appear to have been of secondary importance. In the 9th century, almost all English minsters suffered severely from the depredations of Viking invaders; and even when a body of clergy continued, any form of regular monastic life typically ceased. The important role of minsters in the organisation of the early Christian church in Anglo-Saxon England has been called the "Minster hypothesis".

Late Saxon and Norman periods

Following the English recovery, in the 10th century, surviving minsters were often refounded in accordance with the new types of collective religious bodies then becoming widespread in Western Europe, as monasteries following the reformed Benedictine rule, or as collegiate church or cathedral chapters following the rule of Chrodegang of Metz. Consequently, by the 11th century, a hierarchy of minsters became apparent; cathedral churches, or head minsters having pre-eminence within a diocese; surviving old minsters being pre-eminent within an area broadly equivalent to an administrative hundred; while newer lesser minsters and field churches were increasingly proliferating on local estates. Of particular importance for these developments, was the royal enforcement in this period of tithe as a compulsory religious levy on arable production. This vastly increased the resources available to support clergy; but at the same time strongly motivated local landowners to found their own local churches, so as to retain tithe income within their own estates.

In the 11th and 12th centuries, local estate churches, typically served by individual priests, developed into the network of parishes familiar to this day. The old minsters mostly then were designated as parish churches. Their former pre-eminence was acknowledged by the occasional retention of the honorific title; and sometimes by the continued recognition of former estate churches within their ancient territories as being, in some degree, of subsidiary status and dignity.

Late 20th- and 21st-century additions

The Church of England has designated additional minsters in the 20th and 21st centuries, by adding an honorific title to existing parish churches. These have included Dewsbury (1994), Sunderland Minster (1998), Preston (2003), Rotherham (2004),^[5] Stoke (2005), and Newport (2008). St Andrew's Church, Plymouth became a Minster Church in late 2009.^[6] The Parish Church of St. John the Baptist in Halifax, West Yorkshire was elevated to Minster Status in November 2009. St James's Church in Grimsby was dedicated as a minster on 16 May 2010.^[7] Croydon Parish Church was rededicated as Croydon Minster on 29 May 2011 by the Bishop of Southwark.^[8] The elevation of two churches in the Diocese of Norwich was announced in October 2011: St Margaret's Church Kings Lynn and St Nicholas, Great Yarmouth. Leeds Parish Church became Leeds Minster on 2 September 2012.^[9] St Mary's Church, Cheltenham became Cheltenham Minster on 3 February 2013.^[10]

Current

Status		Examples
Cathedral	Time immemorial	Lincoln Cathedral [11] York Minster
	19th-century elevation	Ripon Cathedral Southwell Minster
Parish church	Former cathedral	Stow Minster
	Former collegiate church	Beverley Minster Hemingbrough Minster Howden Minster Wimborne Minster
	Parish church	St Andrew's Minster Ashingdon, Essex Reading Minster Stonegrave Minster St. Gregory's Minster by Kirkdale near Kirkbymoorside in North Yorkshire Warminster, Wiltshire
	Parish church (recent elevation)	Cheltenham Minster (2013) Croydon Minster (2011) Dewsbury Minster (1994) Doncaster Minster (2004) Great Yarmouth Minster (2011) Grimsby Minster (2010) Halifax Minster (2009) King's Lynn Minster (2011) Leeds Minster (2012) Marsden Minster (2007) Plymouth Minster (2009) Preston Minster (2003) Rotherham Minster (2004) Stoke Minster (2005) Sunderland Minster (1998) Sts Thomas Minster, Newport (2008) Tunstall Minster (2014)
Minster status preserved in placename		Axminster, Exminster, Forrabury and Minster, Ilminster, Leominster, Minster-in-Thanet, Upminster, Westminster, Wimborne Minster
Ruins		South Elmham Minster

Footnotes

1. "Minster". Oxford English Dictionary Online. Retrieved 2009-02-16.
2. Richard Morris (1989). Churches in the Landscape. J.M. Dent.
3. John Blair (2005). The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society. OUP.
4. Thacker, Alan (1985). "Kings, Saints and Monasteries in Pre-Viking Mercia". Midland History. University of Birmingham. X: 1–2.
5. "Church raised to minster status". BBC. 2004-11-16. Retrieved 2009-02-16.
6. "Mother Church becomes a Minster". BBC. 2009-03-02. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
7. "Parish church gets Minster status". BBC News. 2010-04-15.
8. Minster "Croydon Parish Church to become a Minster" Check |url= value (help). Diocese of Southwark. 26 May 2011. Retrieved 2013-05-08.
9. "Leeds Parish Church to become Minster", BBC News, 20 February 2012
10. "St Mary's Church becomes Cheltenham Minster", BBC News, 3 February 2013
11. "Medieval Art and Architecture – Medieval Lincoln Minster". vrcoll.fa.pitt.edu. Retrieved 2015-10-09.