Oujda

Oujda, Morocco
Wejda / ⵡⴻⵊⴷⴰ / وجدة
Oujda, Morocco

location of Oujda in Morocco

Coordinates: 34°41′21″N 1°54′41″W / 34.68917°N 1.91139°W / 34.68917; -1.91139
Country Morocco
Region Oriental
First settled Roman times
Modern city 994
Elevation 470 m (1,540 ft)
Time zone WET (UTC+0)
 • Summer (DST) WEST (UTC+1)

Oujda (Berber: ⵡⴻⵊⴷⴰ,Wejda ; Arabic: وجدة‎‎) is a city located in the northeastern Rif area of Morocco,with an estimated population of 450,000. It is located about 15 kilometres (9 miles) west of the Algerian border and about 55 km (34 miles) south of the Mediterranean Sea. It is the capital city of the Oriental administrative region of Morocco.

History

Ancien mirador

Etymology

There is a difference of opinions on the origin of Oujda's name, a group of researchers suggest that its name is derived from the Arabic word for units (وجدات) in reference to the ambushes carried out by Bashi-bazouks. However, it is likely that the name is linked to the hunt for Sulaiman Al-Chamakh who assassinated King Idris the first by order of the Abbasid Caliphate. They had sent him to kill the King who had established an emirate, independent of the Abbasid Caliphate, in today's Morocco. He poisoned the King before fleeing to the east. He was, however, tracked by the Moors who found and killed him in an area not far from current day Oujda. Ever since this event (which occurred around the same time Oujda became the capital of eastern Morocco) the city has been called Oujda.[1][2]

History

There is some evidence of a settlement during the Roman occupation, which seems to have been under the control of Berbers rather than Romans.[3]

Uqba ibn Nafi began the Umayyad-Arab conquest of the region, during the reign of the Umayyad Caliphate, a conquest which was completed in AD 705 by Musa bin Nusayr. The city was founded in 994 by Ziri ibn Atiyya, Berber king of the Zenata tribes.[4] Further additions were made in 1048.

In the mid-11th century, Oujda acquired prominence through its strategic position on the road east from Sijilmasa. Throughout the history of the dynasties of the Muslim West, Oujda played an important strategic role among the Merinids, settled in Fes, in this case as a rear base in their conflict with the Abdalwadids of the Kingdom of Tlemcen.

The city was rebuilt in the 13th century by sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub. The city experienced great difficulty in making peace with its neighbours to the east, and sometimes to the west, because of its position in respect to the clashes between the Saadi dynasty and Turks. It was torn between the rulers of Fes and the disputed Tlemcen, and from the 16th century, it was contested by the Alaouite dynasty of Morocco and the Turks in Algiers. In 1692, Sultan Ismail led in the Turks, who established their hegemony on Algeria. Oujda fell again under Turkish rule in the following century for few weeks.

The French occupied it in 1844 and again in 1859. To the west of the city is the site of the major Franco-Moroccan Battle of Isly in 1844. The French had to withdraw because of the strong Moroccan resistance. In 1907 and 1908 Oujda was reconquerred by general Bugeaud and marechal Lyautey and used as a French military base to control eastern Morocco. The modern city owes much of its present form to the French, it developed along the roads built at that time.

The 1948 Anti-Jewish Riots in Oujda and Jerada[5] occurred in this city. The crowd, sparked off by a minor incident, poured into the Jewish quarter. In the three hours that passed before the army could control the mob, five people (including one Frenchman) had been killed, thirty had been severely injured, shops and homes had been sacked.[6]

In 2010, Rod Solaimani famously visited Oujda and chronicled his trip for MTV.

The Moroccan border with Algeria is just east of Oujda; on the other side of the border is the Algerian town of Maghnia. The state of the border crossing depends on relations between the two countries, which are often strained. The border has been closed since 1994 due to a terrorist attack of an Algerian group.

Geography

The city is located 60 km (37 mi) south of the Mediterranean sea and 15 km (9 mi) west of Algeria, with an estimated altitude of 450 metres (1,476 feet).

5 km (3 mi) south from city centre is located Jbel Hamra, a typical Mediterranean forests.

Into the east of this forest is located Sidi Maafa park.

Climate

The city has a Mediterranean climate. Rainfall is between 300 mm (11.8 in) and 500 mm (19.7 in) per year. It seldom snows in winter, the last snowfall was on 5 February 2012. Weather in Oujda is cool and wet in winter, hot and dry in summer.

Climate data for Oujda (Oujda Airport) 1961–1990, extremes 1910–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 25.0
(77)		 33.0
(91.4)		 32.3
(90.1)		 35.0
(95)		 41.0
(105.8)		 44.0
(111.2)		 45.0
(113)		 45.0
(113)		 42.0
(107.6)		 37.0
(98.6)		 31.0
(87.8)		 26.0
(78.8)		 45.0
(113)
Average high °C (°F) 15.7
(60.3)		 17.0
(62.6)		 18.7
(65.7)		 20.2
(68.4)		 23.8
(74.8)		 28.0
(82.4)		 32.7
(90.9)		 33.1
(91.6)		 29.9
(85.8)		 24.7
(76.5)		 19.8
(67.6)		 16.3
(61.3)		 23.3
(73.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 9.8
(49.6)		 11.0
(51.8)		 12.2
(54)		 13.8
(56.8)		 17.0
(62.6)		 20.9
(69.6)		 24.8
(76.6)		 25.2
(77.4)		 22.5
(72.5)		 18.0
(64.4)		 13.7
(56.7)		 10.5
(50.9)		 16.6
(61.9)
Average low °C (°F) 3.9
(39)		 5.0
(41)		 5.8
(42.4)		 7.4
(45.3)		 10.1
(50.2)		 13.8
(56.8)		 16.8
(62.2)		 17.4
(63.3)		 15.1
(59.2)		 11.3
(52.3)		 7.6
(45.7)		 4.8
(40.6)		 9.9
(49.8)
Record low °C (°F) −6.0
(21.2)		 −4.0
(24.8)		 −5.0
(23)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 1.0
(33.8)		 7.0
(44.6)		 10.0
(50)		 7.0
(44.6)		 5.0
(41)		 1.0
(33.8)		 0.0
(32)		 −6.0
(21.2)		 −6.0
(21.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 31.0
(1.22)		 38.8
(1.528)		 44.8
(1.764)		 48.4
(1.906)		 39.0
(1.535)		 11.8
(0.465)		 2.2
(0.087)		 4.0
(0.157)		 10.0
(0.394)		 33.5
(1.319)		 37.8
(1.488)		 45.4
(1.787)		 347.7
(13.689)
Average precipitation days 7.9 8.5 8.1 8.5 7.3 3.9 1.7 2.4 3.6 6.2 7.8 8.1 74.0
Average relative humidity (%) (at 6:00 am) 83 82 84 87 86 83 76 77 81 85 82 83 82
Mean monthly sunshine hours 188.6 184.7 229.3 239.9 281.5 308.5 336.6 311.3 261.6 242.4 194.4 185.9 2,964.7
Source #1: NOAA[7]
Source #2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1947–1976),[8] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[9]

Architecture

Oujda Church
Oujda, Bd Mohamed V

The main characteristic of the city is having the old city in the centre. The old city maintains traditional features of the Moroccan architecture with its narrow and twisted alleys which leads to the houses and different markets such as jewelry market and the leather market.

Music

Gharnati refers to a variety of music originating in Andalusia. Its name is related, being derived from the Arabic name of the Spanish city of Granada.

Gharnati constitutes the musical mode most used in the Moroccan city of Oujda, where besides this musical kind is omnipresent and where one organizes each year in June the International Festival of the Gharnati music. Like Oran is Oujda the destination of raï.

Subdivisions

The province is divided administratively into the following:[10]

Name Geographic code Type Households Population (2004) Foreign population Moroccan population Notes
Bni Drar 411.01.11. Municipality 1648 8919 57 8862
Naïma 411.01.19. Municipality 218 1151 0 1151
Oujda 411.01.23. Municipality 82128 400738 2700 398038
Ahl Angad 411.07.01. Rural commune 2897 16494 113 16381
Ain Sfa 411.07.03. Rural commune 837 5082 5 5077
Bni Khaled 411.07.05. Rural commune 1231 7104 30 7074
Bsara 411.07.07. Rural commune 317 1922 1 1921
Isly 411.07.09. Rural commune 4262 23896 24 23872
Mestferki 411.07.11. Rural commune 797 4832 0 4832
Sidi Boulenouar 411.07.17. Rural commune 516 3526 0 3526
Sidi Moussa Lemhaya 411.07.19. Rural commune 563 3436 0 3436

Education

Oujda is home to Mohammed the First University.

Industry

Oujda has a cement works.

A techno-pole is under construction near the airport.

Transport

The city is served by Angads Airport, which has connecting flights to Amsterdam, Brussels, Madrid, Marseille and Paris.

The city is the endpoint of the main railroad from Casablanca via Fes and Taourirt before the border with Algeria. There are several day and night trains to and from the city, linking it to the western part of the country.

Apart from this rail link and many bus/coach services, the city also has Angads Airport offering both national and international destinations.

Economy

Oujda has a strategic importance because of its location on the border. There are many economic and natural resources however, problems of overpopulation of the city and increase in unemployment rate up to 18% of the 11% on the national level. Migration to foreign countries was up to 28.3% of the national total.

Oujda relies heavily on trading because of its location between west of Algeria and east of Morocco. The economy of the city is directly related to the border's condition as it represents a passage for businesses directed towards Fes in the west, Talmasan in the east, Figuig in the south and Melilla in the north. As for the Industry in Oujda, the first mill was founded in 1928. The industry showed significant improvement during the seventies and eighties but was still humble compared to the industry of major Moroccan cities.

There are few touristic and historic locations such as Sidi Yahya's oasis. However, due to the lack of resources tourism does not contribute much to Oujda's economy. On March 18, 2003 king Muhammad the sixth has indicated to the importance of reviving the economy of the eastern area. In the context of this effort, Technopol Oujda was established. Other efforts such as road improvement, airport expansion and other project to improve the cities economy was founded.

Sport

The sports infrastructure in Oujda is composed of a municipal stadium, an Olympic venue, the Honneur Stadium of Oujda, built in 1976, the sports complex 'Rock' including a rugby stadium, a complex tennis in the park Lala Aicha, a golf course and two sports halls.

Football

The first football club to win the Throne Cup of Morocco was the Moloudia Club of Oujda (MCO) in 1957 after defeating the Wydad of Casablanca, in the next year MCO won his second and successive throne cup against the same club, in 1959 MCO was in his third successive final, but this time the club lost against the FAR of Rabat, the next year MCO played his 4th successive final against the FUS of Rabat and won the cup, in 1962 MCO won his last Throne cup against the Kawkab Athletic Club of Marrakech.[11]

After teen years, the Mouloudya of Oujda came back to win in 1972 the Maghreb Cup, three years after MCO won The Botola Pro of Morocco.[12]

There is also the USMO, the second most popular Football club in Oujda.

Town twinning

Since 2009, the city has been twinned with Trowbridge in England due to the huge number[13] of diasporans, most of whom originate from villages close to Oujda. Trowbridge has the largest Moroccan community in the UK outside London.

See also

References

  1. ↑ شركي, محمد. "نبذة عن تسمية وجدة".
  2. ↑ "مدينة الشرارة الأولى، وبوابة العالم العربي" (PDF).
  3. ↑ Siraj, Ahmed (1995-01-01). L'image de la Tingitane: l'historiographie arabe médiévale et l'antiquité nord-africaine (in French). Boccard. pp. 589–595. ISBN 9782728303175.
  4. ↑ As a place of refuge, according to Ibn Khaldun
  5. ↑ Andrew G. Bostom (2008). The legacy of Islamic antisemitism: from sacred texts to solemn history. Prometheus Books. p. 160. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  6. ↑ Dalit Atrakchi (2001). "The Moroccan Nationalist Movement and Its Attitude toward Jews and Zionism". In Michael M. Laskier and Yaacov Lev. The Divergence of Judaism and Islam. University Press of Florida. p. 163.: "...the riots that broke out on 7 June 1948 in the cities of Oujda and Jerada, close to the border between Morocco and Algeria, which served as a transfer station for Moroccan Jews on their way to Israel... It is believed that the riots were brought on by the speech given a short while earlier by Sultan Muḥammad Ben-Yussuf, which inveighed against the Zionists and cried for solidarity with the Arabs fighting in Israel. Claims have been made that the French authorities not only knew about these impending events but also goaded and collaborated with the instigators as a provocation against the heads of the Moroccan Independence Party, who could later be blamed for committing murder."
  7. ↑ "Oujoa (Oujda) Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
  8. ↑ "Klimatafel von Oujda / Marokko" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
  9. ↑ "Station Oujda" (in French). Météo Climat. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
  10. ↑ "Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat de 2004" (PDF). Haut-commissariat au Plan, Lavieeco.com. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  11. ↑ Winners of the Throne Cup of Morocco
  12. ↑ Winners of the football League of Morocco
  13. 1 2 "Trowbridge - Market town twins with Arab city". BBC News. BBC News Channel. 2006-10-03. Archived from the original on 2007-10-21. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
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Coordinates: 34°41′12″N 01°54′41″W / 34.68667°N 1.91139°W / 34.68667; -1.91139

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