Pakhavaj

Pakhawaj

Percussion instrument
Developed	14th century, during Mughal period
Related instruments
mridang, khol, tabla
More articles
Hindustani music

The pakhawaja (Hindi: पखावज) or mridang (Sanskrit: मृदङ्ग) is an Indian barrel-shaped, two-headed drum,^[1] a variant and descendant of the older mridang.

It is the standard percussion instrument in the dhrupad style and is widely used as an accompaniment for various forms of music and dance performances. The pakhavaja has a low, mellow tone, very rich in harmonics. Set horizontally on a cushion in front of the drummer's crossed leg, the larger bass-skin is played with the left hand, the treble skin by the right hand. The bass face is smeared with wet wheat dough which acts as the kiran and is the cause of the vivid bass sound the pakhavaja produces.

Etymology

The word pakhāvaja or pakhavāja is of Prakrit origin, whose Sanskrit equivalent is pakṣavādya. This instrument is always known as pakhavaj and not pakshavadya. This word is derived from the words pakṣa ("a side"), and vādya ("a musical instrument"), it is said that, during the 14th century, the great mridangists experimented with the materials used in mridang construction, and finally started using wood for the main body as opposed to the original clay. Thus, a new name pakhawaj emerged, whilst the older name, mridang was still used. ^[2]

Technique

As with the tabla, the pakhavaj rhythms are taught by a series of mnemonic syllables known as bol. The playing technique vary from that of tabla in many aspects: in the bass face, the artist hits with his whole palm instead of the finger tip hitting which is done in tabla. In the treble face, the artist hits his whole palm with the fingers properly placed on the skin to produce different bols.

In traditional pakhavaj styles a student would learn a number of different strokes which produce a specific sound. These are remembered and practiced with corresponding syllables.

The very basic capacity is to play a theka in a particular tala or rhythmic cycle, as for instance chautala, (which is unrelated to chowtal, a type of folksong in the Bhojpuri region and sung by amateurs during the Phagwah/Holi festival) in 12 beats:

| dha dha | din ta || kite dha | din ta | tite kata | gadi gene |

Advanced students learn reelas that are virtuoso pakhavaj compositions.

See also

• Mridangam
• Tabla
• Dhol

References

1. James Blades (1992). Percussion Instruments and Their History. Bold Strumme. pp. 138–. ISBN 978-0-933224-61-2. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
2. Sir Ralph Lilley Turner (1975). Collected papers, 1912-1973. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 25 December 2012.