Morion (helmet)

For other uses, see Morion.
A Spanish conquistador comb morion (c. 17th century)

A morion is a type of open helmet used from the middle 16th to early 17th centuries, usually having a flat brim and a crest from front to back. Its introduction was contemporaneous with the exploration of North, Central, and South America. Explorers like Hernando de Soto and Coronado may have supplied them to their foot soldiers in the 1540s.

History

The iconic morion, though popularly identified with early Spanish explorers and conquistadors, was not in use as early as the conquest of Mexico by Hernan Cortez or Francisco Pizarro's conquest of the Incas in South America. Thirty to forty years later, it was widely used by the Spanish, but also common among foot soldiers of many European nationalities, including the English; the first English morions were issued during the reign of Edward VI.[1] Low production costs aided its popularity and dissemination although officers and elite guards[2] would have theirs elaborately engraved to display their wealth and status.[3][4]

The crest or comb on the top of the helmet was designed to strengthen it. Later versions also had cheek guards and even removable faceplates to protect the soldier from sword cuts.[5]

The morion's shape is derived from that of an older helmet, the Chapel de Fer, or "Kettle Hat."[6] Other sources suggest it was based on Moorish armor and its name is derived from Moro, the Spanish word for Moor.[7] The New Oxford American Dictionary, however, derives it from Spanish morrión, from morro 'round object'.[8] The Dictionary of the Spanish Language published by the Royal Spanish Academy indicates that the Spanish term for the helmet, morrión, derives from the noun morra, which means "the upper part of the head".[9]

In England this helmet (also known as the pikeman's pot) is associated with the New Model Army, one of the first professional militaries.[10] It was worn by pikemen, together with a breastplate and buff coat as they stood in phalanx-like pike and shot formations, protecting the flanks of the unarmored musketeers.[11]

It provided protection during the push of pike maneuvers known for their high casualty rates.[12] Although mostly issued to Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentarian troops, many Cavaliers wore the morion as well, leading to confusion in battles; soldiers risked being shot by their own allies. It was for this reason uniforms were introduced to identify armies. First these were simple colored sashes but soon the Roundheads introduced red coats which were retained by the army after the 1660 Restoration of Charles II.[13]

Surviving morions from its 1648 siege have been unearthed and preserved at Colchester Castle[14] along with a lobster tail pot, a helmet associated with Cromwell's heavily armored Ironside cavalry.

Some captured Spanish armor was worn by Native Americans as late as the 19th century as protection from bullets and a sign of their status.[15] The most famous of these was the Comanche chief Iron Jacket who lived in Texas and wore armor that originally belonged to a conquistador.[16]

In the Philippines, the native Moro people adopted the morion and burgonet design for helmets (as well as chainmail and horn coats) during the Spanish–Moro Wars and the Moro Rebellion. The indigenously produced helmets are usually made of iron or brass and are elaborately decorated with floral arabesque designs, usually in silver. They had a large visor and neck guard, movable cheek guards, a high crest, and three very tall feathered plumes reaching 60 cm (24 in) inserted on the front.[17][18]

Cabasset

A late 16th century Italian cabasset, somewhat similar to the morion though it lacks the comb and has a taller crown, and is a different shape.

A similar helmet, the cabasset, was introduced around the same time in Italy.[19] Like its Spanish counterpart, it was worn by infantry in the pike and shot formations. The stalk-like projection on the top resembled a pear, which is how it gained its name.[20] [21] It was popular in 16th century England and was used during the Civil War. Several of these helmets were taken to the New World by the Pilgrim fathers, and one of these has been found on Jamestown Island.[22]

Modern times

A member of the Swiss Guard with a black morion in the Vatican.

See also

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Morion.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to cabasset.
  1. ↑ European comb morion
  2. ↑ Morion, late 16th century, associated with the Munich town guard
  3. ↑ Morion by Pompeo della Cesa, Milan, 1585 - 1590 on view at Lennart Viebahn Arms & Armour
  4. ↑ Morion helmet
  5. ↑ Pikeman's Pot
  6. ↑ Spanish Conquistador Helmet - Comb Morion, helmet replica.
  7. ↑ Hermitage Museum
  8. ↑ New Oxford American Dictionary (2nd ed., 2005), p. 1102.
  9. ↑ Morrión, Diccionario de la Lengua Española, 22nd ed., 2001
  10. ↑ C.H. Firth. Cromwell's Army 4th ed., 1972, p. 70
  11. ↑ Eventplan photograph
  12. ↑ Oman, Charles. A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century. London: Methuen & Co., 1937.
  13. ↑ Barthorp, Michael. British Infantry Uniforms Since 1660. Blandford Press 1982 Ltd, 1982. ISBN 1-85079-009-4
  14. ↑ Colchester Castle museum
  15. ↑ The Fighting Cheyennes, by George Bird Grinnell (2004)
  16. ↑ Iron Shirt
  17. ↑ Herbert W. Krieger (1899). The Collection of Primitive Weapons and Armor of the Philippine Islands in the United States National Museum. Smithsonian Institution - United States National Museum - Bulletin 137. Washington: Government Printing Office.
  18. ↑ George Cameron Stone (1934). A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration, and Use of Arms and Armor in All Countries and in All Times: Together with Some Closely Related Subjects. Southwork Press. p. 66.
  19. ↑ Encyclopedia of Historical Weapons
  20. ↑ Pear - Stalk Cabasset, Northern Italy, 1580 - 1590 on view at Lennart Viebahn Arms & Armour
  21. ↑ Cabasset replica
  22. ↑ Cabasset found at Jamestown
  23. ↑ Adrian helmet
  24. ↑ Swiss guards on the Vatican website
  25. ↑ Classic Desoto cars
  26. ↑ Footage from Elizabeth: The Golden Age
  27. ↑ Footage from Blackadder on YouTube
  28. ↑ Pocahontas at the Internet Movie Database
  29. ↑ Narnia on Disney website
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