Republican People's Party (Turkey)
Republican People's Party Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Abbreviation | CHP |
| President | Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu |
| Secretary-General | Kamil Okyay Sındır |
| Spokesperson | Selin Sayek Böke |
| Founder and "Honorary President" | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk |
| Founded |
|
| Preceded by | Association for the Defense of the Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia |
| Headquarters | |
| Student wing | Halk-Lis (high school) |
| Youth wing | CHP Youth |
| Women's wing | CHP Kadın Kolları |
| Membership (2014) | 1,083,353[1] |
| Ideology |
Kemalism[2] Social democracy |
| Political position | Centre-left |
| European affiliation | Party of European Socialists (associate) |
| International affiliation | |
| Colors |
Red White |
| Slogan |
Önce Türkiye (Turkey First) |
| Parliament: |
134 / 550 |
| Metropolitan municipalities: |
6 / 30 |
| District municipalities: |
226 / 1,351 |
| Provincial councillors: |
159 / 1,251 |
| Party flag | |
 Six Arrows (Altı Ok) | |
| Website | |
|
www | |
The Republican People's Party (Turkish: Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi, CHP; [d͡ʒum.huː.ɾi.ˈjet hɑɫk pɑɾ.ˈti.si]) is a Kemalist, social liberal and a social-democratic political party in Turkey. It is the oldest political party of the Republic of Turkey and is currently the main opposition in the Grand National Assembly. The Republican People's Party describes itself as "a modern social-democratic party, which is faithful to the founding principles and values of the Republic of Turkey".[5] Also, the party is cited as "the founding party of modern Turkey".[6]
The political party was established during the Congress of Sivas in 1919 as a union of resistance groups against the invasion of Anatolia. The union represented Turkish people as a unified front during the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923). On 9 September 1923, the "People's Party" officially declared itself as a political organization and on October 29, 1923, announced the establishment of the Turkish Republic. On 10 November 1924, the People's Party renamed itself to "Republican People's Party" (CHP) as Turkey moved into a one-party period.
During the one-party period, the CHP became the major political organisation of a one-party state. However, CHP faced two opposition parties during this period, both established upon the request of the founder of Turkey and CHP leader, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, in efforts to jump-start multiparty democracy in Turkey. The first one was the Progressive Republican Party established in 1924 by famous generals such as Kazım Karabekir and Ali Fuat Cebesoy, which both served during the Turkish War of Independence and the second one was the Liberal Republican Party founded by Ali Fethi Okyar in 1930. Both of which, however, were banned within a few months of their establishment by the state for veering too closely to Islamism. This experience was followed by the founding of the National Development Party by Nuri Demirağ in 1945.
The current structure of the party was established within the transition to the multi-party period. After World War II, the leader of the CHP İsmet İnönü introduced democratic elections to Turkish society. Due to widespread dissatisfaction with the CHP in the four years after its victory in the first multi-party general election, the party lost the second multi-party general elections in 1950. Celâl Bayar then replaced İnönü as President.
During the interim "multi-party periods" in between the military coups of 1960, 1971, and 1980, CHP is regarded as being social-democratic (member of the Socialist International),[7] state nationalistic and secular/laicist. The party's logo consists of the Six Arrows, which represent the foundational principles of Kemalism: republicanism, nationalism, statism, populism, laïcité, and revolutionism.
The CHP, along with all other political parties of the time, was closed down for a brief period by the military coup of 1980. An inheritor party which still participates in Turkish democratic life was established in 1984 by the name of the Democratic Left Party, created by the former leader of CHP, Bülent Ecevit. CHP was finally re-established with its original name on 9 September 1992, with the participation of a majority of its previous members of the pre-1980 period.
Current position
The Republican People's Party is currently a centre-left political party with traditional ties to the middle and upper-middle classes such as white-collar workers, retired generals, government bureaucrats, academics, college students, left-leaning intellectuals and labour unions such as DİSK. Nevertheless, the loose relationship between CHP and some trade unions, business chambers and most non-governmental organisations alienated many voters. The distance between the party administration and many leftist grassroots, especially left oriented Kurdish voters, contributed to the party's shift away from the political left.
Despite heavy criticism from liberal and libertarian socialist interest groups, CHP still holds a significant position in the Socialist International as well as being an associate member of the Party of European Socialists. CHP urged the Socialist International to accept Republican Turkish Party of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus as an observer member.
At the 2007 general election CHP ran in alliance with Democratic Left Party. CHP suffered a heavy defeat, getting 7,300,234 votes (20.85% of the total). CHP, YTP, and DSP combined got 21.77% of the votes in the 2002. The party finished first only in the three provinces Edirne, Tekirdağ, Kırklareli and two provinces on the Aegean coast which were İzmir and Muğla). With these results, 112 candidates (13 of these MPs are DSP affiliates) were elected to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey from the CHP electoral sheet compared to 178 in 2002.
CHP increased its vote share from 20.9% to 23.1% in the 2009 municipal elections. The party gained considerable ground by winning over Antalya, Giresun, Zonguldak, Sinop, Tekirdağ, and Aydin despite losing Trabzon municipality. In 20 provinces of Turkey, the party received less than 3% of the votes.[8]
At the general elections held on June 2011, CHP was able to increase the number and the percentage of voters to 11,155,972 & 25,98% respectively. At the 2014 Municipal Elections, however, CHP's votes went down to 10,835,876. CHP-backed candidate, Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu, was able to get only 38.44% of the votes during the Presidential Elections five months later. The Republican People's Party has not won overall against AKP in nine elections since 2002.
History
Atatürk period (1923–1938)
During the War of Independence, 1919–1922, the parliament in Ankara was composed by different types of deputies. To have a harmony among his followers, Mustafa Kemal and his colleagues formed Müdafaa-ı Hukuk grubu (the "group of Defence of the Law"). The opposition to Mustafa Kemal or to the commissars elected by the parliament united under the name of "second group of Defence of the Law", often shortened simply to "second group" (the Mustafa Kemal followers were later called "first group"). Although the second group was always in the minority, it could create active opposition within the parliament. In January 1923, Mustafa Kemal Pasha announced that first group would be transformed to a Party named Halk Fırkası (People's Party). In May 1923, the parliament called a bill for new elections, most probably because Mustafa Kemal and his colleagues wanted to guarantee the peace treaty's, held in Lausanne, approval by a more unanimous parliament. The People's Party was officially founded only after the 1923 elections. The 1923 elections were definitely the victory of the forthcoming Party, because of the its leaders reputation after the military victory of the War of Independence and it was the liquidation of second group. Thanks to this unanimity of this second parliament, the republic was proclaimed, the Treaty of Lausanne was accepted and the Caliphate was abolished.
However, in 1924, after the short-period of a one-party rule, many of Mustafa Kemal's ex-colleagues, for many reasons (their growing loss of power, their opposition to the short period of a one-party rule's revolutionary activities, etc.), including Rauf Orbay, Kâzım Karabekir, Ali Fuat Cebesoy and many others founded an opposition party called Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası (Progressive Republican Party). After the foundation of an opposition party, the People's Party changed its name to "Republican People's Party". The life of the Progressive Republicans Party was short. In 1925, the Sheikh Said rebellion was sparked in the east of Turkey. The party was shut down because of allegations of involvement with rebellion and assassination attempts against Mustafa Kemal. The party was closed on 5 June by the government. As a consequence, Karabekir and many members of the party were court-martialled and imprisoned. Karabekir was released after being found innocent. From 1925 until 1946, Turkey was under one-party rule, with one interruption; Serbest Fırka (Liberal Party) which was actually founded by Atatürk himself, and its leader was one of his closest friends, Ali Fethi Okyar. This party was closed down by its founders shortly after the İzmir meeting, which was a huge demonstration against the Republican People's Party. In the period of 1925–1930, the Republican People's Party introduced measures transforming Turkey into a modern state. In the period of 1930–1939, the party transformed itself and tried to broaden its ideology (for instance, the '6 arrows' were adopted in 1930).
The day after Atatürk's death, İsmet İnönü was elected the second president and assumed the leadership of CHP. During the general nationwide congress of CHP on 26 December 1938, İsmet İnönü was elected as the "everlasting CHP leader". The delegates awarded Atatürk the title "eternal chief", and awarded İnönü the title "national chief".
During the 1940s, CHP established the Village Institutes, which was an enlightenment project developed in order to reduce the huge gap that existed between urban and rural areas. Various scientists, writers, teachers, and doctors graduated from Village Institutes; and supported Turkey's modernization efforts.
İnönü period, (1938–1972)
Soon after being elected as President, İsmet İnönü adopted a policy of neutrality despite attempts by the Allies and the Axis powers to bring Turkey into World War II. A General election were held in Turkey on 21 July 1946, the first multi-party elections in the country's history. The result was a victory for the Republican People's Party, which won 395 of the 465 seats, amid criticism that the election did not live up to democratic standards. However, four years later, Turkey's first free general election was held on 14 May 1950 and led to the CHP losing power to the Democrat Party led by Celal Bayar. İnönü presided over a peaceful transition of power, after which Bayar became the 3rd President of Turkey while Adnan Menderes became Prime Minister. The election of 1950 marked the end of the CHP's last ever majority government, with the party having never been able to regain a parliamentary majority in any subsequent election to date.
On 26 November 1951, during the ninth Congress of CHP, the youth branch and the women's branch of CHP were formed. On 22 June 1953, the establishment of trade unions and vocational chambers was proposed, and the right to strike for workers was added to the party program. On 2 May 1954, the CHP lost a second consecutive general election to the Democrats, gaining only 31 seats with 35.4% of the total vote. The DP captured 505 seats with 57.6% vote, due to the winner-take-all system. Following this defeat, the CHP began intensifying its opposition tactics and increased its share of the votes to 41%, gaining 178 seats, in the 27 October 1957 elections. The DP gained 424 seats with 47.9% vote amid growing concerns about the DP's authoritarian tendencies in government.
Following the military coup of 1960, a "National Unity Committee" was formed by upper-class soldiers led by Cemal Gürsel. The National Unity Committee abolished the Democratic Party and started trials to punish Democratic Party leaders for their alleged dictatorial regime. As a result, on 16 and 17 September 1961, ousted Prime Minister Adnan Menderes, Foreign Minister Fatin Rüştü Zorlu, and Finance Minister Hasan Polatkan were hanged in İmralı island prison. President Celal Bayar was forgiven due to his old age, but sentenced to life imprisonment. CHP leader İsmet İnönü sent a letter to Gürsel raising concerns regarding the legal process, calling on the death sentences of the ousted government ministers to be commuted in order to calm social tensions following the coup. Nevertheless, right-wing parties have since continuously attacked the CHP for being involved in the hanging of Adnan Menderes.[9]
In 1961, the Justice Party (AP) was established, claiming to be the successor to the Democratic Party. In the meantime, the National Unity Committee established an interim House of Representatives instead of the TBMM, in order to prepare a new constitution for Turkey. In the new constitution, the Constitutional Court was to be established, to prevent the government from violating the constitution. The 1961 constitution is accepted to be the most liberal and democratic constitution in Turkish history. Also, the winner-take-all electoral system was immediately abolished, and a proportional representation system was introduced. The new constitution brought Turkey a bicameral parliament, composed of the Senate of the Republic as the upper chamber, and National Assembly as the lower chamber. The National Unity Committee chairman General Cemal Gürsel was elected as the fourth president of Turkey.
The CHP emerged as the first party in the general election of 1961, gaining 173 seats with the 36.7% of the vote. The AP gained 158 seats with 34.8% of the vote. CHP leader İsmet İnönü formed a grand coalition with the Justice Party (AP) and became Prime Minister for a third and final time. This was the first coalition government in Turkey, lasting until 1962 when a split between the CHP and the AP on the issue of amnesty for former DP members resulted in the government's dissolution. İnönü formed a three-party coalition government with the New Turkey Party (YTP) and the Republican Villagers Nation Party (CKMP), though the loss of support for the two junior parties in the 1963 local elections resulted in the government being disbanded in 1963. İnönü was forced to form a fragile minority government supported by Independents, though the government was able to survive a vote of confidence due to outside support from the YTP. The government was overthrown in February 1965 after the opposition parties in parliament united to block the CHP's budget, causing İnönü to resign as Prime Minister. The 29th government of Turkey was formed by Independent MP Suat Hayri Ürgüplü, who had the support of the AP, YTP, CKMP and the Nation Party (MP). Ürgüplü's government presided over the 1965 general election, in which the AP won a parliamentary majority.
İnönü remained as Leader of the Opposition and as the Leader of the CHP until 8 May 1972, losing a second general election in 1969 to the AP. He was succeeded as leader by Bülent Ecevit and died a year later in 1973. He is the most recent President of Turkey to have served as an active member of the CHP during his term.
Ecevit period (1972–1980)
In 1971, the army brought down the AP government of Süleyman Demirel. The secretary general of CHP Bülent Ecevit protested against military intervention and resigned from his post. He also criticized İnönü for not criticizing the intervention. By his quick and energetic reactions, he gained support from the intellectuals and in 1972, he succeeded İsmet İnönü as the leader of the party. Following some interim governments, CHP won 1973 elections with 33% of the vote and formed a coalition with National Salvation Party (MSP) of Necmettin Erbakan. Bülent Ecevit began to take on a distinct left wing role in politics and, although remaining staunchly nationalist, tried to implement socialism into the ideology of CHP. The support of the party also increased after Turkish intervention in Cyprus following a coup which had been staged by the Cypriot National Guard led by Nikos Sampson.
CHP and MSP had however very diverged ideologies, especially on secularity and in 1975 a new coalition government led by Süleyman Demirel was formed by four parties. Nevertheless, CHP was still the most popular party. CHP won 1977 elections with 41% of the vote, which is a record in CHP history. But CHP couldn't gain the majority of seats and from 1977 to 1979, the CHP was the main party of two brief coalition governments. But in 1980, the AP returned with Demirel. The political switching between the CHP and the AP came to an end when the military performed a coup and banned all political parties.
Recovery period (1980–1992)
After the 1980 military coup, the name of "Republican People's Party" and the abbreviation CHP were banned from use by the military regime. Until 1998, Turkey was ruled by the centre-right Motherland Party (ANAP) and the True Path Party (DYP), unofficial successors of the Democrat Party.
CHP followers also tried to establish parties. But they were not allowed to use the name CHP and were not allowed to elect the well known pre-1980 politicians to party posts. So they had to introduce new politicians.
The three parties of CHP followers were People's Party (Turkish: Halkçı Parti, HP) of Necdet Calp, Social Democracy Party (Turkish: Sosyal Demokrasi Partisi, SODEP) of Erdal İnönü and Democratic Left Party (Turkish: Democratit Sol Parti, DSP) of Rahşan Ecevit. These names were chosen to remind people of CHP. Necdet Calp was İsmet İnönü's secretary when İnönü was prime minister. Erdal İnönü was İsmet İnönü's son and Rahşan Ecevit was Bülent Ecevit's wife.
The ban on pre-1980 politicians was lifted in 1987 and on pre-1980 parties was lifted in 1992. Both of these normalization steps were largely due to Erdal İnönü's efforts. He also tried to unify the three parties; SODEP and HP merged in 1985 to form the Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP), but DSP remained apart.
Baykal period (1992–2010)
CHP was re-established after the 1987 referendum and a legislation in 1993 which allowed the re-establishment of older parties.
In 1991, since Turkey's election system had two large election thresholds (10% nationwide and 15% local thresholds) and since centre-left was divided into two parties (SHP and DSP), social democrats and democratic left groups had little power in the parliament. Between 1991 and 1995, Turkey was ruled by the coalition of centre-right DYP and center-left SHP (Social Democratic Populist Party) (later, the SHP joined CHP). The Islamists returned with a new party, Refah, while the nationalist MHP took advantage of the disillusionment felt by former supporters of the Refah Party and the constantly bickering ANAP and DYP.
In 1995, the Islamic Welfare Party (Refah Partisi) entered Parliament, and the CHP's share of the vote dropped to 10% and it received only 49 of the 550 deputies. It now seemed as if the CHP had been replaced as the main left-wing party.
But the Welfare Party was banned in 1998, and during the 1990s the Democratic Left Party (DSP), led by former CHP leader Bülent Ecevit, gained popular support (the DSP was established by the Ecevit family in 1985). In 1998, after the resignation of RP-DYP coalition following the "February 28" post-modern and soft military coup, ANAP formed a coalition government with DSP and the small centre-right party DTP (Democratic Turkey Party), along with the support of CHP.
However, due to big scandals, corruption and some illegal actions of this coalition, CHP withdrew its support from the coalition and helped bring down the government with a "no confidence" vote. Just before the elections of 1999, DSP formed an interim minority government with the support of DYP and ANAP; and the PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan was captured in Kenya during the Ecevit rule.
Therefore, in the elections of 1999, CHP failed to pass the 10% threshold (8.7% vote), winning no seats in Parliament. Baykal resigned in 1999, Altan Öymen became the leader. But one year later, Baykal became the leader of the party again.
About a month after the general elections of 1999, a coalition government between DSP-MHP and ANAP was formed under the leadership of DSP. This government passed many important laws, including banking reform, unemployment insurance, a law to ensure the autonomy of the Central Bank, qualified industrial zones, tender law, employment incentive law, to name a few. The government also changed 34 articles of the Constitution to widen fundamental rights and freedoms, and did this with the approval of all the parties in Parliament. Turkey became a candidate country to the European Union (without any political preconditions and with equal treatment as all other candidate countries). Three major EU harmonisation packages were passed during this government, including the most comprehensive package of 3 August 2002, which included the removal of the death penalty and many changes in fundamental rights and freedoms. An economic crisis which resulted from long overdue problems from previous governments caused a drop in the currency in February 2001. But 2 months later, the government passed a series of very comprehensive economic reforms which enabled the high growth of 2002–2007.
Because DSP opposed the US invasion of Iraq, a campaign to divide the DSP and force a change of government in Turkey was started. When its coalition partner MHP called for early elections in the summer of 2002, it faced the electorate before the results of economic reforms could be felt. As a result, none of the coalition parties were able to pass the 10% national threshold.
In the 2002 Parliamentary elections, the CHP won 178 seats in Parliament, and only it and the AKP (Justice and Development Party) entered Parliament. The CHP became the main opposition party again and Turkey's second largest party. It had begun the long road to recovery.
It must be understood however, that this had very little to do with voters supporting CHP. Many were former DSP supporters who were angry at the economic crisis that many blamed on the Ecevit government. Also many DSP and ANAP supporters left these parties for AKP as did many MHP and Fazilet (now Saadet party) members.
Many on the left are still very critical of the leadership of CHP especially Deniz Baykal, who they complain is stifling the party of young blood thus turning away the young who turn either to apathy or even to vote for AKP. While AKP boast of a young leadership who have lived through many of the difficulties of many in Turkey CHP are seen as an 'old guard' that do not represent modern Turkey. The leftists also are very critical of the party's continuous opposition to the removal of Article 301 of Turkish penal code; which caused people to be prosecuted for "insulting Turkishness" including Nobel Winner author Orhan Pamuk, Elif Şafak, and the conviction of Turkish-Armenian journalist Hrant Dink, its attitude towards the minorities in Turkey, as well as its Cyprus policy.
Despite this recovery, since the dramatic General Election of 2002, the CHP has been racked by internal power struggles, and has been outclassed by the AKP government of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. In the local elections of 2004, its overall share of the vote held, largely through mopping up anti-Erdoğan votes among former supporters of smaller left-wing and secular right-wing parties, but was badly beaten by the AKP across the country, losing former strongholds such as Antalya.
Much of the blame was put on the leader of CHP Deniz Baykal. After the local elections CHP was racked by defections of several key members of the party all claiming a lack of democratic structure within the party and the increasingly authoritarian way in which Deniz Baykal runs the party. Even those who support Deniz Baykal would admit that the party would be much more successful with a different leader.
In October 2004, New Turkey Party (Yeni Türkiye Partisi, YTP) merged into the CHP. Lately Baykal is bidding for fusing the DSP and CHP together under one roof, namely CHP, under his leadership.
In order to present a strong alternative to the AKP in the 2007 national elections, the DSP showed a sacrifice and entered the elections together with the CHP. The CHP and DSP alliance received 20.9% of the votes and entered the Parliament with 112 Members of Parliament.
During the 2009 local elections, the party tried to attract the conservative and devout Muslims to the party by allowing women who wear the chador to become party members including promises to introduce Koran courses if requested in every district.[10] However, the allowing of women wearing hijab into the party was received with a severe blow when a normally non-headscarved member of CHP (Kıymet Özgür) committed a provocation by wearing a black hijab and trying to get into an election bus in Istanbul. The incident raised questions about CHP's initiatives in favor of religious freedoms.[11] The new initiatives introduced were surprising inside and outside the party, including military leaders, which the party itself is a major defender of Kemalist principles.
On 10 May 2010, Deniz Baykal announced his resignation as leader of the Republican People's Party after a clandestinely made video tape of him, sitting on a bed where a woman is also eminent, who is identified as Nesrin Baytok, his former private secretary and a member of parliament, was leaked to the media.[12]
Although Baykal has stepped down from the chair of his party leadership, he is still active in politics for CHP as a parliament member, and will be running for a seat in parliament from his hometown, Antalya in 2011 elections as well.
Kılıçdaroğlu period (2010–present)
On May 22, 2010, the party convention of the Republican People's Party elected Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu to be the new party leader. Kılıçdaroğlu set about immediately to reform the party and many critics of the day commented positively how the Kılıçdaroğlu period would see the People's Republican Party move more to the left as in the time of Bülent Ecevit, in contrast to the Baykal period which had moved CHP more closer to centre politics to such an extent that left-wing intellectuals had started to claim how the CHP was becoming a right-wing party. Kılıçdaroğlu has seen an immense rise in popularity and support throughout the country and for the first time in twenty years, the party has become directly active in the eastern parts of the Republic. In late 2010, the party held a Great Election where the Party Leader's cabinet was reformed. It marked the end of the 'Baykal – Onder Sav' era completely where all opposition to the changing policy of the CHP was swiftly removed.
Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu efforts seemed to work since elections held on June 12, 2011, CHP was able to increase the number & the percentage of voters to 11,155,972 and 25.98% respectively.
Yet, in 2012, Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu faced an attempt for rebellion by the old guard in his own party, reportedly supported by Baykal. However, the attempt failed and at the Congress held in 2012, Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu remained the CHP Leader. This paved the way for him into following his plans for what he considers renovating the party to becoming a social democratic party in the European context.
Electorate
The CHP usually draw much of their support from secular and liberal religious voters with a stable electorate from voters of big cities, coastal regions, professional middle-class, and minority groups such as Alevis. According to The Economist, "to the dismay of its own leadership the CHP’s core constituency, as well as most of its MPs, are Alevis."[13]
The party's strongholds are the Aegean region (İzmir, Aydın, Muğla), the Thrace region (Edirne, Kırklareli, Tekirdağ) and the college town Eskişehir.
Historical leaders
| No. | Name (Born–Died) |
Portrait | Term in Office | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938) |  | 9 September 1923 | 10 November 1938 |
| 2 | İsmet İnönü (1884–1973) |  | 26 December 1938 | 8 May 1972 |
| 3 | Bülent Ecevit (1925–2006) | .jpg) | 14 May 1972 | 30 October 1980 |
| Party closed down following the 12 September 1980 coup d'état | ||||
| 4 | Deniz Baykal (1938–) |  | 9 September 1992 | 18 February 1995 |
| 5 | Hikmet Çetin (1937–) |  | 18 February 1995 | 9 September 1995 |
| (4) | Deniz Baykal (1938–) | | 9 September 1995 | 23 May 1999 |
| 6 | Altan Öymen (1932–) | .jpg) | 23 May 1999 | 30 September 2000 |
| (4) | Deniz Baykal (1938–) | | 30 September 2000 | 10 May 2010 |
| 7 | Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu (1948–) |  | 22 May 2010 | Incumbent |
Election results
General elections
| General election record of the Republican People's Party (CHP) 0–10% 10–20% 20–30% 30–40% 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Election | Leader | Vote | Seats | Result | Outcome | Map | ||||
| 5 June 1977 | Bülent Ecevit |  6,136,171 |  213 / 450 (  28) | 41.38% 8.09 pp | #1st Minority government |  | ||||
| 6 November 1983 | Party closed during the 1980 Turkish coup d'état and succeeded by the Populist Party (1983–85), the Social Democracy Party (1983-85) and the Social Democratic Populist Party in 1985 after the latter two parties merged. The CHP was refounded in 1992 by dissident SHP members after banned political parties were allowed to reestablish, with the SHP merging with the CHP in 1995. | |||||||||
| 29 October 1987 | ||||||||||
| 20 October 1991 | ||||||||||
| 24 December 1995 | Deniz Baykal |  3,011,076 |  49 / 550 ( 49) | 10.71% 10.71 pp | #5th In opposition |  | ||||
| 18 April 1999 | Deniz Baykal |  2,716,094 |  0 / 550 (  49) | 8.71% 2.00 pp | #6th Not in parliament |  | ||||
| 3 November 2002 | Deniz Baykal |  6,113,352 |  178 / 550 ( 178) | 19.39% 10.68 pp | #2nd Main opposition |  | ||||
| 22 July 2007 | Deniz Baykal |  7,317,808 |  112 / 550 ( 66) | 20.88% 1.50 pp | #2nd Main opposition |  | ||||
| 12 June 2011 | Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu |  11,155,972 |  135 / 550 ( 23) | 25.98% 5.10 pp | #2nd Main opposition |  | ||||
| 7 June 2015 | Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu |  11,518,139 |  132 / 550 ( 3) | 24.95% 1.03 pp | #2nd Main opposition |  | ||||
| 1 November 2015 | Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu |  12,111,812 |  134 / 550 ( 2) | 25.32% 0.37 pp | #2nd Main opposition | .png) | ||||
Senate elections
| Election date | Party leader | Number of votes received | Percentage of votes | Number of senators |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1961 | İsmet İnönü | 3,734,285 | 36,1% | 36 |
| 1964 | İsmet İnönü | 1,125,783 | 40,8% | 19 |
| 1966 | İsmet İnönü | 877,066 | 29,6% | 13 |
| 1968 | İsmet İnönü | 899,444 | 27,1% | 13 |
| 1973 | Bülent Ecevit | 1,412,051 | 33,6% | 25 |
| 1975 | Bülent Ecevit | 2,281,470 | 43,4% | 25 |
| 1977 | Bülent Ecevit | 2,037,875 | 42,4% | 28 |
| 1979 | Bülent Ecevit | 1,378,224 | 29,1% | 12 |
Local elections
| Election date | Party leader | Provincial council votes | Percentage of votes | Number of municipalities |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1963 | İsmet İnönü | 3,458,972 | 36,22% | No data |
| 1968 | İsmet İnönü | 2,542,644 | 27,90% | No data |
| 1973 | Bülent Ecevit | 3,708,687 | 37,09% | No data |
| 1977 | Bülent Ecevit | 5,161,426 | 41,73% | No data |
| 1994 | Deniz Baykal | 1,297,371 | 4,61% | 64 |
| 1999 | Deniz Baykal | 3,487,483 | 11,08% | 373 |
| 2004 | Deniz Baykal | 5,848,180 | 18,38% | 392 |
| 2009 | Deniz Baykal | 9,233,662 | 23,11% | 499[14] |
| 2014 | Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu | 10,938,262 | 26.34% | 232 |
See also
- List of political parties in Turkey
- Independent Group (Turkey)
- SODEP
- Ulus (newspaper)
- Left of Center (Turkey)
References
- ↑ "CUMHURİYET HALK PARTİSİ". Retrieved 7 June 2015.
- ↑ Liza Mügge (2013). "Brussels Calling: The European organisation of migrants from Turkey". In Dirk Halm; Zeynep Sezgin. Migration and Organized Civil Society: Rethinking National Policy. Routledge. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-136-24650-0.
- ↑ "Participants". Retrieved 7 June 2015.
- ↑ "Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Milletvekilleri Dağılımı" (in Turkish). Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ↑ Seçim Bildirgesi (Election Manifesto), Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi, page 4. (Turkish) Archived April 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Ciddi, Sinan (2009). Kemalism in Turkish Politics: The Republican People's Party, Secularism and Nationalism. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-47504-4.
- ↑ Socialist International – List of member parties Archived August 7, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "ntvmsnbc seçim 2009". Retrieved 7 June 2015.
- ↑ "İnönü'nün MBK'ye gönderdiği Menderes mektubu". Ensonhaber. 24 September 2012.
- ↑ CHP criticized on every aspect of 'Koran courses' elections strategy. Hürriyet Daily News.
- ↑ CHP members’ attack on chador-wearing woman suspicious. Today's Zaman.
- ↑ "Turkish opposition leader quits over 'sex tape'". BBC News. May 10, 2010.
- ↑ "Identity: Proud to be a Turk: But what does it mean?". The Economist. 6 February 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
- ↑ Seçim 2005, ntvmsnbc
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