Annatto

Open fruit of the achiote tree (Bixa orellana), showing the seeds from which annatto is extracted.

Annatto (/əˈnætoʊ/ or /əˈnɑːtoʊ/) is an orange-red condiment and food coloring derived from the seeds of the achiote tree (Bixa orellana). It is often used to impart a yellow or orange color to foods, but sometimes also for its flavor and aroma. Its scent is described as "slightly peppery with a hint of nutmeg" and flavor as "slightly nutty, sweet and peppery".[1]

The color of annatto comes from various carotenoid pigments, mainly bixin and norbixin, found in the reddish waxy coating of the seeds. The condiment is typically prepared by grinding the seeds to a powder or paste. Similar effects can be obtained by extracting some of the color and flavor principles from the seeds with hot water, oil, or lard, which are then added to the food.[2]

Annatto and its extracts are now widely used in an artisanal or industrial scale as a coloring agent in many processed food products, such as cheeses, dairy spreads, butter and margarine, custards, cakes and other baked goods, potatoes, snack foods, breakfast cereals, smoked fish, sausages, and more. In these uses, annatto is a natural alternative to synthetic food coloring compounds, but it has been linked to cases of food-related allergies. Annatto is of particular commercial value in the United States because the Food and Drug Administration considers colorants derived from it to be "exempt of certification".

History

The annatto tree B. orellana is believed to originate from Brazil.[3] It was probably not initially used as a food additive, but for other purposes such as ritual and decorative body painting (still an important tradition in many Brazilian native tribes), sunscreen, and insect repellent, and for medical purposes.[4][5][6] It was used for Mexican manuscript painting in the 16th century.[7]

Annatto has been traditionally used as both a coloring and flavoring agent in Latin America, the Caribbean, and other countries where it was taken by Spanish and Portuguese explorers in the 16th century. It is also called by local names such as achiote, bija, roucou (French Guyana), koesoewe or kusuwe (Suriname), onoto (Venezuela),[8] atsuete (Philippines), or colorau (Brazil).[3] Its use has spread in historic times to other parts of the world, and it was incorporated in local culinary traditions of many countries outside the Americas.[8][9]

Culinary uses

Traditional cuisine

Ground annatto seeds, often mixed with other seeds or spices, are used in form of paste or powder for culinary use, especially in Latin American, Jamaican, Chamorro, and Filipino cuisines. Many cuisines traditionally use annatto in recipes of Spanish origin that originally call for saffron; for example, in arroz con pollo, to give the rice a yellow color. In Venezuela, annatto is used in the preparation of hallacas, perico, and other traditional dishes. Annatto seeds are also a component of some local sauces and condiments, such as recado rojo in Yucatán and sazón in Puerto Rico. Annatto paste is an important ingredient of cochinita pibil, the spicy pork dish popular in Mexico. It is also a key ingredient in the drink tascalate from Chiapas, Mexico. Elsewhere in Mexico where the annato is known as achiote, the spice is used in various cuisines. In the Philippines, where annato is popularly called atsuete, it is used for the sauce of pancit.

Cheeses

Colby cheese colored with annatto

Using annatto for color has been a traditional characteristic of Gloucester cheese since the 16th century, when producers of inferior cheese used a coloring agent to replicate the orange hue achieved by the best cheesemakers. During the summer, the high levels of carotene in the grass would have given the milk an orange tint which was carried through into the cheese. This orange hue was regarded as an indicator of the best cheese and thus the custom of adding annatto spread to other parts of the UK, with Cheshire and Red Leicester cheese, as well as colored cheddar made in Scotland, all using this natural dye.[10][11] Many cheddars are produced in both white and red (orange) varieties, with the latter being more popular despite the only difference between the two being the presence of annatto as a coloring.[12] That practice has extended to many modern processed cheese products, such as American cheese and Velveeta.

Industrial food coloring

In the European Union, annatto has the E number E160b. In the United States, annatto extract is listed as a color additive "exempt from certification" and is informally considered to be a natural coloring.[13][14] Foods colored with annatto may declare the coloring in the statement of ingredients as "colored with annatto" or "annatto color."[15]

Chemical composition

Bixin, the major apocarotenoid of annatto[16]

The yellow to orange color is produced by the chemical compounds bixin and norbixin, which are classified as carotenoids. The fat-soluble color in the crude extract is called bixin, which can then be saponified into water-soluble norbixin. This dual solubility property of annatto is rare for carotenoids.[17] The seeds contain 4.5–5.5% pigment, which consists of 70–80% bixin.[16] Unlike beta-carotene, another well-known carotenoid, annatto-based pigments are not vitamin A precursors.[18] The more norbixin in an annatto color, the more yellow it is; a higher level of bixin gives it a more orange shade.

Safety

Annatto condiments and colorants are safe for most people when used in food amounts, but they may cause allergic reactions in those who are sensitive.[19][20] In one 1978 study of 61 patients suffering from chronic hives or angioedema, 56 patients were orally provoked by annatto extract during an elimination diet. A challenge was performed with a dose equivalent to the amount used in 25 grams (0.88 oz) of butter. Twenty-six percent of the patients reacted to this color four hours after intake, worse than amaranth (9%) or synthetic dyes such as tartrazine (11%), Sunset Yellow FCF (17%), Food Red 17 (16%), Ponceau 4R (15%), erythrosine (12%) and Brilliant Blue FCF (14%).[21]

Annatto is not among the "Big Eight" substances causing hypersensitivity reactions (cow's milk, egg, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, shellfish, soy, and wheat), which are responsible for more than 90% of allergic food reactions.[22] The Food and Drug Administration and experts at the Food Allergy Research and Resource Program (FARRP) at the University of Nebraska do not include annatto in the list of major food allergens.[23]

Human research

As annatto is a source of tocotrienols, such as geranylgeraniol—compounds similar in structure and function to vitamin E—its extracts were under preliminary research as of 2015 to determine their potential biological properties in humans. In one such application, annatto geranylgeraniol is an ingredient in an experimental medical food being investigated for its effect on blood lipoproteins.[24]

References

  1. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Spices". TheEpicentre.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  2. ↑ Smith, James (2006). "Annatto Extracts" (PDF). Chemical and Technical Assessment. JECFA. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  3. 1 2 "Bija – Achiote". Indio.net. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  4. ↑ "Jamaican Annatto". GetJamaica.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  5. ↑ Smith, Nigel J.H. (2005). "Geography of Crop Plants" (pdf). Geo 3315, Lecture Notes: Part 2. Department of Geography, University of Florida.
  6. ↑ Lovera, José Rafael (2005). Food Culture in South America. Food Culture Around the World. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 51. ISBN 0-313-32752-1. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  7. ↑ "Colorants Used During Mexico's Early Colonial Period". Stanford University. 1997. Archived from the original on 20 March 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  8. 1 2 "Spice Pages: Annatto". Gernot Katzer. 19 February 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  9. ↑ "Common Spices in Modern Philippine Recipes". PhilippinesInsider.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  10. ↑ "'British Cheese Board'". BritishCheese.com. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  11. ↑ Aubrey, Allison (November 7, 2013). "How 17th Century Fraud Gave Rise To Bright Orange Cheese". The Salt. NPR.
  12. ↑ "'Sorry Ireland: 'Red cheddar' doesn't really exist'". DailyEdge.ie. Archived from the original on 25 July 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  13. ↑ "Title 21 Code of Federal Regulations part 73". U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  14. ↑ "CFR Title 21". U.S. FDA. 1 April 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  15. ↑ "21CFR101.22". Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Volume 2. FDA. 1 April 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  16. 1 2 "Executive Summary Bixin". National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. National Institutes of Health. Nov 1997. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  17. ↑ Smith, James; Wallin, Harriet (2006). "Annatto Extracts: Chemical and Technical Assessment" (PDF). FAO. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  18. ↑ Kuntz, Lynn A. (4 August 2008). "Natural Colors: A Shade More Healthy". Food Product Design. Virgo Publishing, LLC. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  19. ↑ "ANNATTO: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions and Warnings". WebMD. 30 July 1999. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  20. ↑ Magee, Elaine (9 July 2010). "What's Up With Food Dyes?". Healthy Recipe Doctor. WebMD. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  21. ↑ Mikkelsen, H; Larsen, JC; Tarding, F (1978). "Hypersensitivity reactions to food colours with special reference to the natural colour annatto extract (butter colour)". Archives of Toxicology. Supplement. Archives of Toxicology. 1 (1): 141–3. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-66896-8_16. ISBN 978-3-540-08646-8. PMID 150265.
  22. ↑ Myles, Ian A.; Beakes, Douglas (2009). "An Allergy to Goldfish? Highlighting Labeling Laws for Food Additives". World Allergy Organization Journal. 2 (12): 314–316. doi:10.1097/WOX.0b013e3181c5be33. PMC 2805955Freely accessible. PMID 20076772.
  23. ↑ "AllergenOnline Database". University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  24. ↑ Maki KC, Geohas JG, Dicklin MR, Huebner M, Udani JK (2015). "Safety and lipid-altering efficacy of a new omega-3 fatty acid and antioxidant-containing medical food in men and women with elevated triacylglycerols". Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 99: 41–6. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2015.05.002. PMID 26076828.

Further reading

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