Celery
| Celery | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Apiaceae |
| Genus: | Apium |
| Species: | A. graveolens |
| Binomial name | |
| Apium graveolens L. | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Celery (Apium graveolens), a marshland plant in the family Apiaceae, has been cultivated as a vegetable since antiquity. Celery has a long hairy stalk. Depending on location and cultivar, either its stalks, leaves, or hypocotyl are eaten and used in cooking.
Celery seed is also used as a spice; its extracts are used in medicines.
Description
Celery leaves are pinnate to bipinnate with rhombic leaflets 3–6 cm (1.2–2.4 in) long and 2–4 cm broad. The flowers are creamy-white, 2–3 mm in diameter, and are produced in dense compound umbels. The seeds are broad ovoid to globose, 1.5–2 mm long and wide. Modern cultivars have been selected for solid petioles, leaf stalks.[2] A celery stalk readily separates into "strings" which are bundles of angular collenchyma cells exterior to the vascular bundles.[3]
Etymology
First attested in English in 1664, the word "celery" derives from the French céleri, in turn from Italian seleri, the plural of selero, which comes from Late Latin selinon,[4] the latinisation of the Greek σέλινον (selinon), "celery".[5][6] The earliest attested form of the word is the Mycenaean Greek se-ri-no, written in Linear B syllabic script.[7]
Taxonomy
Celery was described by Carl Linnaeus in Volume One of his Species Plantarum in 1753.[8]
Wild celery, Apium graveolens var. graveolens, grows to 1 m (3.3 ft) tall.
Cultivation
The plants are raised from seed, sown either in a hot bed or in the open garden according to the season of the year, and, after one or two thinnings and transplantings, they are, on attaining a height of 15–20 cm (5.9–7.9 in), planted out in deep trenches for convenience of blanching, which is effected by earthing up to exclude light from the stems.
In the past, celery was grown as a vegetable for winter and early spring; it was perceived as a cleansing tonic, welcomed to counter the salt-sickness of a winter diet without greens based on salted meats. By the 19th century, the season for celery had been extended, to last from the beginning of September to late in April.[9]
North America
In North America, commercial production of celery is dominated by the cultivar called 'Pascal' celery.[2] Gardeners can grow a range of cultivars, many of which differ from the wild species, mainly in having stouter leaf stems. They are ranged under two classes, white and red. The stalks grow in tight, straight, parallel bunches, and are typically marketed fresh that way, without roots and just a little green leaf remaining.
The stalks are eaten raw, or as an ingredient in salads, or as a flavoring in soups, stews, and pot roasts.
Europe
In Europe, another popular variety is celeriac (also known, incorrectly, as celery root), Apium graveolens var. rapaceum, grown because its hypocotyl forms a large bulb, white on the inside. The bulb could be kept for months in winter and mostly serves as a main ingredient in soup. It can also be ground up and used in salads. The leaves are used as seasoning; the small, fibrous stalks find only marginal use.[10][11][12]
Asia
Leaf celery or Chinese celery, Apium graveolens var. secalinum, is a cultivar from East Asia.
Wild
The wild form of celery is known as "smallage". It has a furrowed stalk with wedge-shaped leaves, the whole plant having a coarse, earthy taste, and a distinctive smell. The stalks are not usually eaten (except in soups or stews in French cuisine), but the leaves may be used in salads, and its seeds are those sold as a spice.[13] With cultivation and blanching, the stalks lose their acidic qualities and assume the mild, sweetish, aromatic taste particular to celery as a salad plant.
Harvesting and storage
Harvesting occurs when the average size of celery in a field is marketable; due to extremely uniform crop growth, fields are harvested only once. The petioles and leaves are removed and harvested; celery is packed by size and quality (determined by colour, shape, straightness and thickness of petiole, stalk and midrib length and absence of disease, cracks, splits, insect damage and rot). Under optimal conditions, celery can be stored for up to seven weeks between 0 to 2 °C (32 to 36 °F). Inner stalks may continue growing if kept at temperatures above 0 °C (32 °F). Freshly cut petioles of celery are prone to decay, which can be prevented or reduced through the use of sharp blades during processing, gentle handling, and proper sanitation.[14]
Sulfites
In the past, restaurants used to store celery in a container of water with powdered vegetable preservative, but it was found that the sulfites in the preservative caused allergic reactions in some people.[15] In 1986, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned the use of sulfites on fruits and vegetables intended to be eaten raw.[16]
Uses
Celery is eaten around the world as a vegetable. In North America the crisp petiole (leaf stalk) is used. In Europe the hypocotyl is used as a root vegetable. The leaves are strongly flavoured and are used less often, either as a flavouring in soups and stews or as a dried herb. Celery, onions, and bell peppers are the "holy trinity" of Louisiana Creole and Cajun cuisine. Celery, onions, and carrots make up the French mirepoix, often used as a base for sauces and soups. Celery is a staple in many soups, such as chicken noodle soup.
Seeds
In temperate countries, celery is also grown for its seeds. Actually very small fruit, these "seeds" yield a valuable volatile oil used in the perfume and pharmaceutical industries. They contain an organic compound called apiole. Celery seeds can be used as flavouring or spice, either as whole seeds or ground.
Celery salt
The seeds can be ground and mixed with salt, to produce celery salt. Celery salt can be made from an extract of the roots or using dried leaves. Celery salt is used as a seasoning, in cocktails (notably to enhance the flavour of Bloody Mary cocktails), on the Chicago-style hot dog, and in Old Bay Seasoning.
Medicine
The use of celery seed in pills for relieving pain was described by Aulus Cornelius Celsus around AD 30.[17] Celery seeds contain a compound, 3-n-butylphthalide, that has been demonstrated to lower blood pressure in rats.[18]
Celery juice significantly reduced hypertension in 87.5% of patients (14 of 16) tested.[19] Another study showed the same effect on hypertension associated with pregnancy.[20]
Bergapten in the seeds can increase photosensitivity, so the use of essential oil externally in bright sunshine should be avoided. The oil and large doses of seeds should be avoided during pregnancy, as they can act as a uterine stimulant. Seeds intended for cultivation are not suitable for eating as they are often treated with fungicides.
Nutrition
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 12 kcal (50 kJ) |
|
2.97 g (including fibre) | |
| Sugars | 1.4 g |
| Dietary fiber | 1.83 g |
|
0.17 g | |
|
0.69g | |
| Vitamins | |
| Vitamin A equiv. |
(3%) 22 μg |
| Thiamine (B1) |
(2%) 0.021 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) |
(5%) 0.057 mg |
| Niacin (B3) |
(2%) 0.32 mg |
| Vitamin B6 |
(6%) 0.074 mg |
| Folate (B9) |
(9%) 36 μg |
| Vitamin C |
(4%) 3.1 mg |
| Vitamin E |
(2%) 0.27 mg |
| Vitamin K |
(28%) 29.3 μg |
| Minerals | |
| Calcium |
(4%) 40 mg |
| Iron |
(2%) 0.2 mg |
| Magnesium |
(3%) 11 mg |
| Phosphorus |
(3%) 24 mg |
| Potassium |
(6%) 260 mg |
| Sodium |
(5%) 80 mg |
| Zinc |
(1%) 0.13 mg |
| Other constituents | |
| Water | 95 g |
| |
| Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. | |
Celery is used in weight-loss diets, where it provides low-calorie dietary fibre bulk. Celery is often incorrectly thought to be a "negative-calorie food," the digestion of which burns more calories than the body can obtain. In fact, eating celery provides positive net calories, with digestion consuming only a small proportion of the calories taken in.[21]
Allergies
Celery is among a small group of foods (headed by peanuts) that appear to provoke the most severe allergic reactions; for people with celery allergy, exposure can cause potentially fatal anaphylactic shock.[22] The allergen does not appear to be destroyed at cooking temperatures. Celery root—commonly eaten as celeriac, or put into drinks—is known to contain more allergen than the stalk. Seeds contain the highest levels of allergen content. Exercise-induced anaphylaxis may be exacerbated. An allergic reaction also may be triggered by eating foods that have been processed with machines that have previously processed celery, making avoiding such foods difficult. In contrast with peanut allergy being most prevalent in the US, celery allergy is most prevalent in Central Europe.[23] In the European Union, foods that contain or may contain celery, even in trace amounts, must be clearly marked as such.[24]
Chemistry
Polyynes can be found in Apiaceae vegetables like celery, and their extracts show cytotoxic activities.[25][26]
Apiin and apigenin can be extracted from celery and parsley. Lunularin is a dihydrostilbenoid found in common celery.
Some aromatic compounds of celery leaves and stalks are reported as butylphthalide and Sedanolide.
History
Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf[27] note that celery leaves and inflorescences were part of the garlands found in the tomb of pharaoh Tutankhamun (died 1323 BC), and celery mericarps dated to the seventh century BC were recovered in the Heraion of Samos. However, they note "since A. graveolens grows wild in these areas, it is hard to decide whether these remains represent wild or cultivated forms." Only by classical times is it certain that celery was cultivated.
M. Fragiska mentions an archeological find of celery dating to the 9th century BC, at Kastanas; however, the literary evidence for ancient Greece is far more abundant. In Homer's Iliad, the horses of the Myrmidons graze on wild celery that grows in the marshes of Troy, and in Odyssey, there is mention of the meadows of violet and wild celery surrounding the cave of Calypso.[28]
In the Capitulary of Charlemagne, compiled ca. 800, apium appears, as does olisatum, or alexanders, among medicinal herbs and vegetables the Frankish emperor desired to see grown.[29] At some later point in medieval Europe celery displaced alexanders.
Celery's late arrival in the English kitchen is an end-product of the long tradition of seed selection needed to reduce the sap's bitterness and increase its sugars. By 1699, John Evelyn could recommend it in his Acetaria. A Discourse of Sallets: "Sellery, apium Italicum, (and of the Petroseline Family) was formerly a stranger with us (nor very long since in Italy) is an hot and more generous sort of Macedonian Persley or Smallage...and for its high and grateful Taste is ever plac'd in the middle of the Grand Sallet, at our Great Men's tables, and Praetors feasts, as the Grace of the whole Board".[30]
Celery makes a minor appearance in colonial American gardens; its culinary limitations are reflected in the observation by the author of A Treatise on Gardening, by a Citizen of Virginia that it is "one of the species of parsley."[31] Its first extended treatment in print was in Bernard M'Mahon's American Gardener's Calendar (1806).[32] After the mid-19th century, continued selections for refined crisp texture and taste brought celery to American tables, where it was served in celery vases to be salted and eaten raw.
Cultural depictions
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A chthonian symbol among the ancient Greeks, celery was said to have sprouted from the blood of Kadmilos, father of the Cabeiri, chthonian divinities celebrated in Samothrace, Lemnos, and Thebes. The spicy odour and dark leaf colour encouraged this association with the cult of death. In classical Greece, celery leaves were used as garlands for the dead, and the wreaths of the winners at the Isthmian Games were first made of celery before being replaced by crowns made of pine. According to Pliny the Elder[33] in Achaea, the garland worn by the winners of the sacred Nemean Games was also made of celery.[28] The Ancient Greek colony of Selinous (Greek: Σελινοῦς, Selinous), on Sicily, was named after wild parsley that grew abundantly there; Selinountian coins depicted a parsley leaf as the symbol of the city.
The perennial BBC television series Doctor Who featured the Fifth Doctor (played by Peter Davison, from 1981–84), who wore a sprig of celery as a corsage.
The name "celery" retraces the plant's route of successive adoption in European cooking, as the English "celery" (1664) is derived from the French céleri coming from the Lombard term, seleri, from the Latin selinon, borrowed from Greek.[34]
See also
References
- ↑ "Taxon: Apium graveolens". U.S. National Plant Germplasm System. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved March 31, 2016.
- 1 2 de Vilmorin, Roger L. (1950). "Pascal celery and its origin". Journal of the New York Botanical Garden. 51 (602): 39–41.
- ↑ Peterson, R.L.; Peterson, C.A.; Melville, L.H. (2008). Teaching Plant Anatomy Through Creative Laboratory Exercises. NRC Press. ISBN 9780660197982.
- ↑ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (eds.). "selinon". A Latin Dictionary. Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University.
- ↑ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (eds.). "σέλινον". A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University.
- ↑ "celery". Etymonline.com.
- ↑ "celery". Palaeolexicon.com.
- ↑ (Latin) Linnaeus, C (1753). Species Plantarum: Tomus I. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii).
- ↑ William Robinson and W. P. Thomson, The Vegetable Garden (3rd ed., 1920), p. 227.
- ↑ Watson, Molly. "All About Celery Root (Celeriac)". localfoods.about.com. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
- ↑ "eat celery root". eattheseasons.com. 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
- ↑ Schuchert, Wolfgang. "Celeriac (Apium graveolens L. var. rapaceum)". Crop Exhibition. Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ↑ "Smallage". Practically Edible: The World's Biggest Food Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
- ↑ Cantwell, M; Suslow, T. (2002-06-10). "Celery: Recommendations for Maintaining Postharvest Quality". Post-harvest technology research and information center. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
- ↑ Feldman D, Schwan K. How Does Aspirin Find a Headache? HarperCollins 2005, ISBN 0-06-074094-9, p. 208
- ↑ Fortin ND. Food Regulation: Law, Science, Policy and Practice. John Wiley and Sons, 2009, ISBN 0-470-12709-0, p. 288
- ↑ Celsus, de Medicina, Thayer translation
- ↑ Sui, H.X.; Yu, Q.; Zhi, Y.; Geng, G.; Xu, H.B. (2011). "Effects of apigenin on the expression of anglotensin-converting enzyme 2 in kidney in spontaneously hypertensive rats.". Journal of Hygene Research. 39 (6): 693–696.
- ↑ Somanadhan, B.; et al. (May 1999). "An ethnopharmacological survey for potential angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors from Indian medicinal plants.". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 65 (2): 103–112. doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(98)00201-3. PMID 10465650.
- ↑ Simpson, D. (1998). "Buchu—South Africa's amazing herbal remedy". Scottish Medical Journal. 43 (43): 189–191. PMID 9924759.
- ↑ Nestle, M.; Nesheim, M.C. (2012). Why Calories Count: From Science to Politics. University of California Press. p. 189. ISBN 9780520262881. Retrieved 2014-10-05.
- ↑ Celestin, J; Heiner, DC (1993). "Food-induced anaphylaxis". The Western journal of medicine. 158 (6): 610–1. PMC 1311786
. PMID 8337856. - ↑ Bublin, M.; Radauer, C; Wilson, IB; Kraft, D; Scheiner, O; Breiteneder, H; Hoffmann-Sommergruber, K (2003). "Cross-reactive N-glycans of Api g 5, a high molecular weight glycoprotein allergen from celery, are required for immunoglobulin E binding and activation of effector cells from allergic patients". The FASEB Journal. 17 (12): 1697–9. doi:10.1096/fj.02-0872fje. PMID 12958180.
- ↑ "Food labelling and packaging in international trade". General labelling standards for the UK and EU.
- ↑ Zidorn, Christian; Jöhrer, Karin; Ganzera, Markus; Schubert, Birthe; Sigmund, Elisabeth Maria; Mader, Judith; Greil, Richard; Ellmerer, Ernst P.; Stuppner, Hermann (2005). "Polyacetylenes from the Apiaceae Vegetables Carrot, Celery, Fennel, Parsley, and Parsnip and Their Cytotoxic Activities". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 53 (7): 2518–23. doi:10.1021/jf048041s. PMID 15796588.
- ↑ Minto, Robert E.; Blacklock, Brenda J "Biosynthesis and function of polyacetylenes and allied natural products" From Progress in Lipid Research 2008, vol. 47, 233-306. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2008.02.002
- ↑ D. Zohary and M. Hopf, Domestication of Plants in the Old World, (3rd ed. 2000) p.202.
- 1 2 Megaloudi, Fragiska (2005). "Wild and Cultivated Vegetables, Herbs and Spices in Greek Antiquity (900 B.C. to 400 B.C.)". Environmental Archaeology. 10 (1): 73–82. doi:10.1179/146141005790083858.
- ↑ Charlemagne's Capitulary
- ↑ Evelyn, J. (2005) [1699]. Acetaria: A Discourse of Sallets. B. Tooke; The Women's Auxiliary of Brooklyn Botanic Garden; Project Gutenberg.
- ↑ Quoted in Ann Leighton, American Gardens in the Eighteenth Century, 1976, p. 199.
- ↑ David Shields, "American Heritage Vegetables"
- ↑ Pliny, Natural History XIX.46.
- ↑ OED, s.v. "Celery".
Further reading
- El-Shinnawy, Nashwa (1 February 2013). "The therapeutic applications of celery oil seed extract on the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate toxicity" (PDF). Toxicology and Industrial Health. 31 (4): 355–366. doi:10.1177/0748233713475515. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to |
"Celery". Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 (11th ed.). 1911.- Apium graveolens in Plant Resources of Tropical Africa (PROTA)
- Quality standards (in PDF), from the USDA website