Władysław Sikorski's death controversy

Sikorski atop the Rock of Gibraltar, surveying the fortifications.

Władysław Sikorski's death controversy revolves around the death of the commander-in-chief of the Polish Army and Prime Minister of the Polish government in exile, General Władysław Sikorski, in the 1943 B-24 crash in Gibraltar. Sikorski's Liberator II crashed off Gibraltar almost immediately after take off, with the plane's pilot being the only survivor. The catastrophe, while officially classified as an accident, has led to several conspiracy theories that persist to this day, and often propose that the crash was an assassination, which has variously been blamed on the Soviets, British, Nazis or even a dissenting Polish faction. The incident is still described by some historians as mysterious, and since 2008 it has been under an investigation by the Polish Institute of National Remembrance, ongoing as of July 2013.[1]

Death of Sikorski

Sikorski's Liberator, lying on its back in the sea just off Gibraltar following the crash
Sikorski's body being carried onto a ship at the Gibraltar Naval Base after his funeral

In late May 1943, Sikorski went to inspect Polish forces stationed in the Middle East.[2] He was inspecting the forces and raising morale of the Polish troops there. He was also occupied with political matters; around that time, a conflict was growing between him and general Władysław Anders. The main reason for this was that Sikorski was still open to some normalization of Polish-Soviet relations, to which Anders vehemently objected.[2]

On 4 July 1943, while returning from the Middle East, Sikorski perished, together with his daughter, his Chief of Staff, Tadeusz Klimecki, and seven others, when his aircraft, a Consolidated Liberator II, serial number AL523, crashed into the sea 16 seconds after takeoff from Gibraltar Airport at 23:07 hours.[2][3]

Investigation and controversy

Memorial plaque dedicated to Sikorski located at the end of the Great Siege Tunnels in Gibraltar. The plaque notes that "the cause of this mysterious accident has never been ascertained; a fact which has given rise to many speculations, doubts and rumours."

A British Court of Inquiry convened on July 7 that year investigated the crash of Sikorski's Liberator II serial AL 523, but was unable to determine the cause, finding only that it was an accident and "due to jamming of elevator controls", noting that "it has not been possible to determine how the jamming occurred but it has been established that there was no sabotage."[4] The Polish government refused to endorse the report, due to the contradiction about the cause not being determined but sabotage being ruled out, and pursued its own investigation, which suggested that the cause of the accident cannot be easily determined.[5] The political context of the event, coupled with a variety of circumstances, immediately gave rise to numerous speculation that Sikorski's death had been no accident, and may have been the direct result of a German, Soviet, British, or even Polish conspiracy.[2][6][7][8][9][10]

Some of the earliest suggestions of a conspiracy were popularized by Nazi propaganda, which suggested that Sikorski's death was the result of a British-Soviet conspiracy.[6] Some modern sources still note that the accident is not fully explained; for example Jerzy Jan Lerski in his Historical Dictionary of Poland (1996), entry on the "Gibraltar, Catastrophe of", notes that "there are several theories explaining the event, but the mystery was never fully solved."[11] As Roman Wapiński noted in his biographical entry on Sikorski in the Polish Biographical Dictionary in 1997, no conclusive evidence of any wrongdoing has been found, and Sikorski's death is officially classified as an accident.[2] The unresolved questions surrounding his death have led to a number of publications, in historical and mainstream press, in Poland and abroad.[6] Commenting on them in 2009, Polish historian Andrzej Garlicki, building on a similar argument by historian Marian Kukiel, stated that all conspiracy theories about Sikorski's deaths are irresponsible fiction.[6]

In 2008, the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) began an official inquiry into the incident.[1] Sikorski was exhumed and his remains were examined by Polish scientists, who in 2009 concluded that he died due to injuries consistent with an air crash, and that there was no evidence that Sikorski was murdered, ruling out theories that he was shot or strangled before the incident; however they did not rule out the possibility of sabotage, which is still being investigated by the Institute of National Remembrance.[12][13][14][15] The investigation was ongoing as of July 2013.[16] One of the IPN historians, Maciej Korkuć, has stated that "many facts suggest an assassination", although another, Andrzej Chwalba, notes that there is insufficient evidence to support this claim.[16] He also complains that some British and Spanish documents still remain classified, hindering the investigation.[16]

Alternative explanations and conspiracy theories

Since the day of the accident, there was uncertainty about who boarded the plane and about the exact cargo manifest—all leading to uncertainty as to the identity of the bodies recovered from the crash site; some bodies, including that of Sikorski's daughter, Zofia, were never recovered.[17] Since several bodies were never found and the bodies of several members of Sikorski's entourage were never positively identified, some conspiracy theorists such as journalist and amateur historian Dariusz Baliszewski postulate that some might have been murdered on the ground[18] while others might have been abducted to the Soviet Union.[17][19]

Baliszewski and Tadeusz Kisielewski are among those who point out the opportunity the Soviets had at Gibraltar.[18][19] At about the same time that Sikorski's plane was left unguarded at the Gibraltar airfield, a Soviet plane was parked nearby; it carried Soviet ambassador Ivan Maisky, giving the Soviets an officially confirmed presence at the site of the accident.[20][21][22][23] The head of the British Secret Intelligence Service's counterintelligence for the Iberian Peninsula from 1941 to 1944 was Kim Philby, the Soviet double agent who would defect in 1963 and later claim to have been a double agent since the 1940s. Before 1941, Philby had served as an instructor with the Special Operations Executive, an organization specializing in sabotage and diversion behind enemy lines.[21][22][24]

Among the rumoured kidnap victims a prominent role is given to Sikorski's daughter, Zofia Leśniowska,[25] who was reported in 1945 to have been spotted in a Soviet Gulag by a member of the elite Polish commandos (Cichociemni), Tadeusz Kobyliński.[17] Kobyliński attempted in 1945 or 1946 to gather Armia Krajowa personnel for a mission to rescue Leśniowska.

Another controversy surrounds the sole survivor of the flight, a Czech officer, Eduard Prchal.[6] Prchal, like many pilots who did not wish to tempt fate was known for never wearing his Mae West life jacket — but on this occasion, when rescued from the sea, he was wearing one.[24] During the inquiry he denied this, and later blamed the inconsistency on post-crash shock affecting his actions and memory – essentially, on amnesia.[24] Later he explained that he must have instinctively put the vest on when he realised the plane was in trouble.[24] Polish aviation expert Jerzy Maryniak created a simulation of the crash, in which he concluded that the plane must have been under control up until the very moment of the crash.[26] Kisielewski argues that the plane was likely under the control of the second pilot, who died in the crash.[3]

Other conspiracy theories point to the British, the German Abwehr intelligence agency or the Poles themselves, some of whom (especially under the command of General Anders) had shown animosity toward Sikorski for, at least from their point of view, his policy of "colluding" with Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, which reached new heights by the Germans' April 1943 discovery of mass graves filled with thousands of Polish prisoners of war murdered by the Soviets at Katyn Forest in 1940.[7] Most notably though, in 1967 the controversial British historical writer David Irving published a book dedicated to this incident, and suggesting British complicity in the incident.[27] Meanwhile, it seems unlikely to some that the Nazis — dedicated adversaries of Sikorski and vice versa — who had secret agents of the Abwehr just across the border in neutral Spain, would have wanted to murder Sikorski, as he was worth more to them alive instead of dead.

In his book Disasters in the Air, former KLM pilot and one-time IFALPA president Jan Bartelski, of Polish origin, suggests that the crash of the Liberator that carried Gen. Sikorski was caused by a half-empty mail bag jammed between the horizontal stabilizer and the elevator, thus "freezing" the controls and preventing F/Lt Prchal from gaining altitude after takeoff. The mail bag was in the cargo compartment and was blown out of the aircraft through the side hatch (which in normally configured Liberators would have served to protect the machine gun position) by a strong airflow rushing through the nose gear door.[28]

In other media

The crash of Sikorski's Liberator is portrayed in the 1958 film The Silent Enemy, in which the team of Royal Navy divers charged with retrieving Sikorski's briefcase from the wrecked aircraft is led by Lionel "Buster" Crabb, himself later to disappear in 1956 in mysterious circumstances while diving in the vicinity of a visiting Soviet warship.[29]

In 1968, the play Soldaten. Nekrolog auf Genf (Soldiers, An obituary for Geneva) by German writer Rolf Hochhuth debuted in London. The play partially drew on the work of David Irving and contained the sensational allegation that Winston Churchill had been in on the plot.[2][30] In Hochhuth's play, Sikorski and other passengers were murdered by axe-wielding British commandos.[6] Hochhuth, unaware that the plane's pilot Eduard Prchal was still alive, accused him of participating in the plot. Prchal won a libel case that seriously affected the London theater which staged the play.[31] Hochhuth never paid the 50,000 British pounds imposed on him by the court and subsequently avoided returning to the UK.[32] In 2011, he revealed his source for Churchill's involvement as Jane Ledig-Rowohlt, the British wife of his publisher Heinrich Maria Ledig-Rowohlt[33] (née Jane Scatcherd). According to Hochhuth's biographer Birgit Lahann, these rumors relayed by Jane Ledig-Rowohlt had been the sole source for the allegations in the play.[32]

In 2009 a Polish movie, Generał. Zamach na Gibraltarze was filmed, focusing on a plot to assassinate Sikorski.[34]

References

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  1. 1 2 "Instytut PamiÄ™ci Narodowej | Ĺšledztwo w sprawie Ĺ"mierci generaĹ‚a WĹ‚adysĹ‚awa Sikorskiego". Ipn.gov.pl. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Roman Wapiński, Władysław Sikorski, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, zeszyt 154 (T. XXXVII/3), 1997, p. 475
  3. 1 2 Tadeusz A. Kisielewski (January 2005). Zamach: Tropem zabójców Generała Sikorskiego. Rebis. pp. 169–170. ISBN 978-83-7301-767-2. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  4. ↑ Michael Alfred Peszke (2005). The Polish Underground Army, The Western Allies, And The Failure Of Strategic Unity in World War II. McFarland. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-7864-2009-4. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  5. ↑ Michael Alfred Peszke (2005). The Polish Underground Army, The Western Allies, And The Failure Of Strategic Unity in World War II. McFarland. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-7864-2009-4. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Mitomani i maniacy". Polityka.pl. 2012-10-08. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
  7. 1 2 (Polish) Stanczyk, Zbigniew L. "Tajemnica gen. Sikorskiego", Przegląd Polski Online", December 7, 2002. Retrieved on August 2, 2005
  8. ↑ Thom Burnett (November 2006). Conspiracy Encyclopedia. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-84340-381-4. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  9. ↑ Nicholas Atkin; Michael Biddiss; Frank Tallett (8 March 2011). The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789. John Wiley & Sons. p. 389. ISBN 978-1-4051-8922-4. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  10. ↑ Professor Norman Davies (26 August 2008). No Simple Victory: World War II in Europe, 1939–1945. Penguin. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-14-311409-3. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  11. ↑ Jerzy Jan Lerski (1996). Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-313-26007-0. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  12. ↑ "IPN ujawnił jak zginął Sikorski". Tvn24.pl. 2009-01-29. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
  13. ↑ "Śledztwo ws. śmierci gen. Sikorskiego przeniesione z Katowic do Warszawy". Wiadomosci.gazeta.pl. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
  14. ↑ Poland exhumes wartime leader Sikorski The Daily Telegraphy
  15. ↑ Easton, Adam (2008-11-10). "Probe into Poland WWII PM death". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
  16. 1 2 3 "Śledztwo IPN nie rozwikłało zagadki śmierci gen. Sikorskiego". Gazetakrakowska.pl. 2013-07-04. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
  17. 1 2 3 (Polish) Baliszewski, Dawid, "Bransoletka Zofii" ("Zofia's Bracelet"), Tygodnik Wprost, no. 1152 (December 31, 2004) Retrieved on March 24, 2005.
  18. 1 2 Dariusz Baliszewski. "Tajemnica Hieny – WPROST". Wprost.pl. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
  19. 1 2 Tadeusz A. Kisielewski (January 2005). Zamach: Tropem zabójców Generała Sikorskiego. Rebis. pp. 225–226, 241–243. ISBN 978-83-7301-767-2. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  20. ↑ (Polish) Adam Dobroński. Biogram. Biuletyn „Kombatant” nr specjalny (148) czerwiec 2003. (Biography. Special Edition of Kombatant Bulletin No.148 6/2003 on the occasion of the Year of General Sikorski. Official publication of the Polish government Agency of Combatants and Repressed)
  21. 1 2 Aled Mawgan. Tinker, Tailor's Secret Spy – A Cold War Clown at the Circus?. Don Hale. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-4657-1267-7. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  22. 1 2 Harry de Quetteville in Berlin 1:50AM BST 01 Jul 2008 (2008-07-01). "Did British double agent Kim Philby murder Polish war hero General Sikorski?". Telegraph. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
  23. ↑ No evidence Polish hero murdered. BBC News, January 29, 2009. Retrieved on 2009-01-29
  24. 1 2 3 4 (Polish) Mac, Jerzy Sławomir, "Gibraltarski łącznik," Tygodnik Wprost, no. 923 (August 6 2000). Retrieved on March 24, 2005.
  25. ↑ "Kto porwał córkę Sikorskiego | rp.pl | strona 3". rp.pl. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
  26. ↑ Tadeusz A. Kisielewski (January 2005). Zamach: Tropem zabójców Generała Sikorskiego. Rebis. pp. 50, 65. ISBN 978-83-7301-767-2. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  27. ↑ History on Trial. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-192844-4. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  28. ↑ Jan Bartelski (2001). Disasters in the Air: Mysterious Air Disasters Explained. Airlife Publishing Limited. pp. 26–57. ISBN 978-1-84037-204-5.
  29. ↑ 28 Aug 2012 (2012-08-28). "Sydney Knowles". Telegraph. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
  30. ↑ "A Charge of Murder," TIME, October 20, 1967. Retrieved on March 15, 2005.
  31. ↑ "The End of the Pius Wars", Joseph Bottum, First Things Magazine, April 2004, retrieved 1 July 2009
  32. 1 2 Naumann, Michael (2016-07-23). "Rolf Hochhuth: Immobilien-Wessi". Die Zeit (in German). Retrieved 2016-07-24.
  33. ↑ "Hochhuth benennt Zeugen für Mord an Sikorski" (in German). Märkische Oderzeitung / dpa. 2011-04-28. Retrieved 2016-07-24.
  34. ↑ "Generał – zamach na Gibraltarze (2009) – Filmweb" (in Polish). Filmweb.pl. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
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