Denial of the Holodomor

Denial of the Holodomor (Ukrainian: Заперечення Голодомору, Russian: Отрицание Голодомора) is the assertion that the 1932–1933 Holodomor, a man-made[1] famine in Soviet Ukraine,[2] did not occur[3][4][5][6] or diminishing the scale and significance of the famine.[7] This denial and suppression of information about the famine was made in official Soviet propaganda from the very beginning until the 1980s. It was supported by some Western journalists and intellectuals.[4][8][9][10] It was echoed at the time of the famine by some prominent Western journalists, including Walter Duranty and Louis Fischer. The denial of the man-made famine was a highly successful and well orchestrated disinformation campaign by the Soviet government.[3][4][5] According to Robert Conquest, it was the first major instance of Soviet authorities adopting the Big Lie propaganda technique to sway world opinion, to be followed by similar campaigns over the Moscow Trials and denial of the Gulag labor camp system.[11]

Only in the post Soviet era, independent Ukraine has officially condemned the Holodomor as an act of genocide against the Ukrainian people. The causes, nature, and extent of the Holodomor remain topics of controversy and active scholarship, including the debate over whether or not it constitutes genocide.

Soviet Union

Cover-up of the famine

The Soviet leadership undertook extensive efforts to prevent the spread of any information about the famine by keeping state communications top secret and taking other measures to prevent word of the famine from spreading. When Ukrainian peasants traveled north to Russia seeking bread, Joseph Stalin and Vyacheslav Molotov sent a secret telegram to the party and provincial police chiefs with instructions to turn them back,[12] alleging Polish agents were attempting to create a famine scare. OGPU chairman Genrikh Yagoda subsequently reported that over 200,000 peasants had been turned back.

Stalin's wife, Nadezhda Allilueva, learned about the famine from Ukrainian students at the technical school she was attending. They described acts of cannibalism[13] and bands of orphaned children. Allilueva complained to Stalin, who then ordered the OGPU to purge all the college students who had taken part in collectivization.[14]

Soviet head-of-state Mikhail Kalinin responded to Western offers of food by telling of "political cheats who offer to help the starving Ukraine," and commented, "Only the most decadent classes are capable of producing such cynical elements."[6][15]

In an interview with Gareth Jones in March 1933, Soviet Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov stated, "Well, there is no famine", and went on to say, "You must take a longer view. The present hunger is temporary. In writing books you must have a longer view. It would be difficult to describe it as hunger."[16]

On instructions from Litvinov, Boris Skvirsky, embassy counselor of the recently opened Soviet Embassy in the United States, published a letter on January 3, 1934, in response to a pamphlet about the famine.[17] In his letter, Skvirsky stated that the idea that the Soviet government was "deliberately killing the population of the Ukraine" "wholly grotesque." He claimed that the Ukrainian population had been increasing at an annual rate of 2 percent during the preceding five years and asserted that the death rate in Ukraine "was the lowest of that of any of the constituent republics composing the Soviet Union", concluding that it "was about 35 percent lower than the pre-war death rate of tsarist days."[18]

Mention of the famine was criminalized, punishable with a five-year term in the Gulag labor camps. Blaming the authorities was punishable by death.[6]

Falsification and suppression of evidence

The true number of dead was concealed. At the Kiev Medical Inspectorate, for example, the actual number of corpses, 9,472, was recorded as only 3,997. The GPU was directly involved in the deliberate destruction of actual birth and death records, as well as the fabrication of false information to cover up information regarding the causes and scale of death in Ukraine.[19] Similar falsifications of official records were widespread.[6]

The January 1937 census, the first in 11 years, was intended to reflect the achievements of Stalin's rule. It became evident that population growth particularly in Ukraine failed to meet official targets—evidence of the mortality resulting from the famine and from associated indirect demographic losses. Those collecting the data, senior statisticians with decades of experience, were arrested and executed, including three successive heads of the Soviet Central Statistical Administration. The census data itself was locked away for half a century in the Russian State Archive of the Economy.[20][21]

The subsequent 1939 census was organized in a manner that certainly inflated data on population numbers. It showed a population figure of 170.6 million people, manipulated so as to match the numbers stated by Joseph Stalin in his report to the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party that March. No other census in the Soviet Union was conducted until 1959.

Soviet campaign in 1980s

The Soviet Union denied existence of the famine until its 50th anniversary, in 1983, when the worldwide Ukrainian community coordinated famine remembrance. The Ukrainian diaspora exerted significant pressure on the media and various governments, including the United States and Canada, to raise the issue of the famine with the government of the Soviet Union.

While the Soviet government admitted that some peasantry died, it also sought to launch a disinformation campaign, in February 1983, to blame drought. The head of the directorate for relations with foreign countries for the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), A. Merkulov, charged Leonid Kravchuk, the chief ideologue for the Communist Party in Ukraine, with finding rainfall evidence for the Great famine. This new evidence was to be sent to the Novosti press centers in the U.S. and Canada, denouncing the "antidemocratic base of the Ukrainian bourgeois Nationalists, the collaboration of the Banderists and the Hitlerite Fascists during the Second World War."[22] Kravchuk's inquiry into the rainfalls for the 1932-1933 period found that they were within normal parameters.[23] Nevertheless, the official position regarding drought did not change.

In February 1983, Alexander Yakovlev, the Soviet Ambassador to Canada, in a secret analysis "Some thoughts regarding the advertising of the Ukrainian SSR Pavilion held at the International Exposition "Man and the world" held in Canada" put forward a prognosis for a campaign being prepared to bring international attention to the Ukrainian Holodomor which was spearheaded by the Ukrainian nationalist community. Yakovlev proposed a list of concrete proposals to "neutralise the enemy ideological actions of the Ukrainian bourgeoise nationalists".[24]

By April 1983, the bureau of the Soviet Novosti Press Agency had prepared and sent out a special press release denying the occurrence of the 1933 famine in Ukraine. This press release was sent to every major newspaper, radio and television station as well as University in Canada. It was also sent out to all members of the Canadian parliament.[25]

A Holodomor monument in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

On July 5, 1983 the Soviet Embassy issued an official note of protest regarding the planned opening of a monument in memory of the victims of the Holodomor in Edmonton[26] attempting to smear the opening of the monument.

In October 1983, the World Congress of Ukrainians led by V-Yu Danyliv attempted to launch an international tribunal to judge the facts regarding the Holodomor. At the 4th World Congress of Ukrainians held in December 1983, a resolution was passed to form such an international tribunal.[27]

Former Ukrainian president Leonid Kravchuk recalled that he was responsible for countering the Ukrainian Diaspora's public education campaign of the 1980s, marking 50 years of the Soviet terror famine in 1983: " In the early 1980s many publications began appearing in the Western press on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of one of the most horrific tragedies in the history of our people. A counter-propaganda machine was put into motion, and I was one of its wheels." First book on the famine was published in Ukraine only in 1989, after a major shake-up that occurred in the Communist Party of Ukraine when Volodymyr Ivashko replaced Volodymyr Shcherbytsky and the Political Bureau decided that such book can be published. However, even in this book, "the most terrifying photographs were not approved for print, and their number was reduced from 1,500 to around 350."[28]

The United States Congress created the Commission on the Ukraine famine in 1986. Soviet authorities were correct in their expectation that the commission would lay responsibility for the famine on the Soviet state.[29]

Ultimately, as President of Ukraine, Kravchuk exposed the official cover-up attempts and came out in support of recognizing the famine, named the "Holodomor,"[30] as genocide.[23]

Denial outside of the USSR

Walter Duranty

According to Patrick Wright,[31] Robert C. Tucker,[32] Eugene Lyons,[33] Mona Charen[34] and Thomas Woods [35] one of the first Western Holodomor deniers was Walter Duranty, the winner of the 1932 Pulitzer prize in journalism in the category of correspondence, for his dispatches on Soviet Union (called incorrectly Russia) and the working out of the Five Year Plan.[36] While the famine was raging, he wrote in the pages of The New York Times that "any report of a famine in Russia is today an exaggeration or malignant propaganda", and that "there is no actual starvation or deaths from starvation, but there is widespread mortality from diseases due to malnutrition."[33]

Duranty was well aware of the famine. He told in private to Eugene Lyons and reported to the British Embassy that the population of Ukraine and Lower Volga had "decreased" by six to seven million.[37] However, in his reports, Duranty downplayed the impact of food shortages in Ukraine. As Duranty wrote in a dispatch from Moscow in March 1933, "Conditions are bad, but there is no famine... But—to put it brutally—you can't make an omelet without breaking eggs."[38]

Duranty also wrote denunciations of those who wrote about the famine, accusing them of being reactionaries and anti-Bolshevik propagandists. In August 1933, Cardinal Theodor Innitzer of Vienna called for relief efforts, stating that the Ukrainian famine was claiming lives "likely... numbered... by the millions" and driving those still alive to infanticide and cannibalism. The New York Times, August 20, 1933, reported Innitzer's charge and published an official Soviet denial: "in the Soviet Union we have neither cannibals nor cardinals". The next day, the Times added Duranty's own denial.

British journalist Malcolm Muggeridge (who went hopefully to live in the New Civilization in 1932, but soon became disillusioned) said of Duranty that he "always enjoyed his company; there was something vigorous, vivacious, preposterous, about his unscrupulousness which made his persistent lying somehow absorbing."[39] Muggeridge characterised Duranty as "the greatest liar of any journalist I have met in 50 years of journalism."[40] Others have characterized Duranty as "the number one Useful Idiot for Lenin first, and later for Stalin."[41]

Campaigns were launched in 1986 for the retraction of the Pulitzer Prize given to The New York Times. The newspaper, however, declined to relinquish it, arguing that Duranty received the prize for his reporting several years before the occurrence of the famine.[42] While conceding that Duranty's coverage of the famine has since been "largely discredited", the Times noted that: "Duranty's cabled dispatches had to pass Soviet censorship, and Stalin's propaganda machine was powerful and omnipresent. Duranty's analyses relied on official sources as his primary source of information, accounting for the most significant flaw in his coverage - his consistent underestimation of Stalin's brutality."

Some historians consider Duranty's reports from Moscow to be crucial in the decision taken by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to grant the Soviet Union diplomatic recognition in 1933.[43] Bolshevik Karl Radek said that was indeed the case.[4]

Holodomor denial by prominent visitors to the USSR

Prominent British writers who visited the Soviet Union in 1934, such as George Bernard Shaw and H. G. Wells, are also on record as denying the existence of the famine in Ukraine.[5][44]

In 1934 the British Foreign Office in the House of Lords stated that there was no evidence to support the allegations against the Soviet government regarding the famine in Ukraine, based on the testimony of Sir John Maynard, a renowned famine expert who visited Ukraine in the summer of 1933 and rejected "tales of famine-genocide propagated by the Ukrainian Nationalists".

The height of denial was reached during a visit to Ukraine carried out between August 26 and September 9, 1933, by French Prime Minister Édouard Herriot, who denied accounts of the famine and said that Soviet Ukraine was "like a garden in full bloom".[3] The day before his arrival, all beggars, homeless children and starving people were removed from the streets. Shop windows in local stores were filled with food, but purchases were forbidden, and anyone coming too close to the stores was arrested. The streets were washed. Just like all other Western visitors, Herriot met fake "peasants", all selected Communists or Komsomol members, who showed him healthy cattle.[45] Herriot declared to the press that there was no famine in Ukraine, that he did not see any trace of it, and that this showed adversaries of the Soviet Union were spreading the rumour. "When one believes that the Ukraine is devastated by famine, allow me to shrug my shoulders", he declared. The September 13, 1933 issue of Pravda was able to write that Herriot "categorically contradicted the lies of the bourgeoisie press in connection with a famine in the USSR."[46]

The lack of knowledge of the famine was observed by English writer George Orwell, who commented that "huge events like the Ukraine famine of 1933, involving the deaths of millions of people, have actually escaped the attention of the majority of English Russophiles".[47] In 1945, Orwell wrote, "[I]t was considered equally proper to publicise famines when they happened in India and to conceal them when they happened in the Ukraine. And if this was true before the war, the intellectual atmosphere is certainly no better now.[48] Nigel Colley has written on the influence of the Ukrainian famine, and the Holodomor denial of Duranty, on Orwell's book Animal Farm.[48]

Douglas Tottle

In 1980s Soviet Communist Party approached the Canadian Communist Party to engage journalist Douglas Tottle to prepare counter-propaganda materials under the title "Fraud, Famine and Ukrainian Fascism". Before final publication, the official reviewers of the tome in Kiev suggested that the name of the book be changed, as stated in their explanation "Ukrainian fascism never existed".[26][49]

In 1987, the Canadian trade-unionist and activist Douglas Tottle, published the controversial book Fraud, Famine, and Fascism: the Ukrainian Genocide Myth from Hitler to Harvard, in which he asserts that claims the Holodomor was an intentional genocide are "fraudulent", and "a creation of Nazi propagandists".[50] His book, published by Progress Publishers in Toronto, appeared around the same time Ukrainian Communist party leader Volodymyr Shcherbytsky publicly acknowledged the famine, in December 1987. As a result, the book was subsequently withdrawn from circulation.[51] In a review of Tottle's book in the Ukrainian Canadian Magazine, published by the pro-Communist Association of United Ukrainian Canadians, Wilfred Szczesny wrote: "Members of the general public who want to know about the famine, its extent and causes, and about the motives and techniques of those who would make this tragedy into something other than what it was will find Tottle's work invaluable" (The Ukrainian Canadian, April 1988, p. 24).[52] Some of Tottle's material appeared in a 1988 article in the Village Voice, "In Search of a Soviet Holocaust: A 55-Year-Old Famine Feeds the Right".[53]

In 1988 the International Commission of Inquiry Into the 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine, private Ukrainian nationalist group with no official powers or governmental recognition, was set up to establish whether the famine existed and its cause. Tottle was invited by the commission to attend the hearings, however he ignored the request. While the commission was organized along judicial lines, it had no judicial power to compel witnesses to attend or testify. However Tottle's book was examined during the Brussels sitting of the commission,[54] held between May 23–27, 1988, with testimony from various expert witnesses. The commission president Professor Jacob Sundberg subsequently concluded that Tottle was not alone in his enterprise to deny the famine on the basis that material included in his book could not have been available to a private person without official Soviet assistance.[55]

Holodomor denial in modern politics

Background

The issue of the Holodomor has been a point of contention between Russia and Ukraine, as well as within Ukrainian politics. According to opinion polls, Russia has experienced an increase in pro-Stalin sentiments in since the year 2000,[56] with over half viewing Stalin favourably in 2015.[57] There has also been steady increase in the number of Ukrainians viewing the Holodomor as an act of genocide, from 61% in 2010 to 80% in 2015.[58] Since independence, Ukrainian governments have passed a number of laws dealing with the Holodomor and the Soviet past, with the latest being the "Decommunization laws" of 2015.[59] The Russian government does not recognize the famine as an act of genocide against Ukrainians, viewing it rather as a "tragedy" that affected the Soviet Union as a whole. A 2008 letter from Russian president Dmitry Medvedev to Ukrainian president Viktor Yushchenko asserted that the famine "was not targeted at exterminating of any single nation", and accused Ukraine of exploiting it for political ends.[60] In November 2010 a leaked confidential U.S. diplomatic cable revealed that Russia had allegedly pressured its neighbors not to support the designation of Holodomor as a genocide at the United Nations.[61] According to another leaked document, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov described Israel's recognition of the Holodomor as "historical revisionism".[62]

Denial Literature

In 2006, the All-Ukrainian Public Association “Intelligentsia of Ukraine for Socialism” published a pamphlet titled "The Myth of the Holodomor" by G. S. Tkachenko. The pamphlet claimed that Ukrainian Nationalists and the US government were responsible for creating the "myth." Russian publicist Yuri Mukhin has a published a book titled "Hysterical Women of the Holodomor", dismissing Holodomor as "Russophobia" and "a trump card of the Ukrainian Nazis." Sigizmund Mironin’s “Holodomor in the Rus” argued that the cause of the famine was not Stalin's policies, but rather the chaos engendered by the New Economic Policy.[63] Russian state media ran several articles denying the severity and causes of the Ukrainian famine.[64] In an article on Russia Today, Boris Borisov attempted to equate the Soviet famine of 1932-33 to the Great Depression in the United States, which he claimed killed 7.5 million people.[65] The claim was featured on several websites devoted to conspiracy theory.[66]. Sputnik News ran two articles on the "Holodomor Hoax", promoting the view that the Holodomor was a product of Nazi and Cold War propaganda. One of the articles cited Nikolai Starikov's claim that the famine was caused by a Western "gold blockade", which forced the USSR to pay for machinery with grain.[67][68]

Holodomor Denial in Ukrainian Law

On November 28, 2006, Ukraine's parliament, the Verkhovna Rada, passed a law recognizing the 1932–1933 Holodomor as an act of genocide against the Ukrainian people. The voting figures were as follows: supporting the bill were BYuT—118 deputies, NSNU—79 deputies, Socialists—30 deputies, 4 independent deputies, and the Party of Regions—2 deputies (200 deputies did not cast a vote). The Communist Party of Ukraine voted against the bill. In all, 233 deputies supported the bill—more than the minimum of 226 votes required to pass it into law.[69][70]

A draft law "On Amendments to the Criminal and the Procedural Criminal Codes of Ukraine" was submitted by President Viktor Yushchenko for consideration by the Ukrainian Parliament. The draft law envisaged prosecution for public denial of the Holodomor Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine as a fact of genocide of the Ukrainian people, and of the Holocaust as the fact of genocide of the Jewish people. The draft law foresaw that public denial as well as production and dissemination of materials denying the above shall be punished by a fine of 100 to 300 untaxed minimum salaries, or imprisonment of up to two years.[71] The draft law, however, failed to receive support from incoming President Viktor Yanukovych, who, following his inauguration in 2010, declared: “it would be wrong and unfair to recognize the Holodomor as an act of genocide against one nation”—this among a number of actions seen as his pursuing a more Russocentric policy.[72] However, in 2011 he stated: "Terrible years of totalitarianism have been a spiritual catastrophe: numerous churches were demolished, hundreds of thousands of peasants, workers, and intellectuals were physically eliminated or sent to the Gulag camps, almost every Ukrainian family suffered," and in 2012 affirmed: "This crime has changed the history of Ukrainian people forever. It has been one of the severest challenges of Ukrainians. Holodomor not only killed people, but also had the purpose of causing fear and obedience."[73]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Robert J. Sternberg; Karin Sternberg (28 April 2008). The Nature of Hate. Cambridge University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-521-89698-6. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  2. ↑ Execution by Hunger: The Hidden Holocaust pp xv By Miron Dolot Published by W. W. Norton & Company, 1985 ISBN 0-393-30416-7, ISBN 978-0-393-30416-9
  3. 1 2 3 Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, Stéphane Courtois, The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-674-07608-7, pages 159-160
  4. 1 2 3 4 Richard Pipes Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, Vintage books, Random House Inc., New York, 1995, ISBN 0-394-50242-6, pages 232-236.
  5. 1 2 3 Edvard Radzinsky Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives, Anchor, (1997) ISBN 0-385-47954-9, pages 256-259. According to Radzinsky, Stalin "had achieved the impossible: he had silenced all the talk of hunger... Millions were dying, but the nation hymned the praises of collectivization".
  6. 1 2 3 4 Robert Conquest Reflections on a Ravaged Century (2000) ISBN 0-393-04818-7, p. 96
  7. ↑ Library of Congress Subject Headings. Library of Congress. 2012. p. 8. Retrieved 5 November 2015. According to US Library of Congress subject headings, the "Holodomor denial" literature includes works that "diminish the scale and significance of the Ukrainian famine of 1932-1933 or assert that it did not occur"
  8. ↑ "Famine denial". The Ukrainian Weekly. 14 July 2002. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  9. ↑ Dinah Shelton (2005). Encyclopedia of genocide and crimes against humanity. Macmillan Reference. p. 1055. ISBN 978-0-02-865850-6. Retrieved 5 November 2015. The Soviet Union dismissed all references to the famine as anti-Soviet propaganda. Denial of the terror-famine declined after the Communist Party lost power and the Soviet empire disintegrated.
  10. ↑ Samuel Totten; William S. Parsons; Israel W. Charny (2004). Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. Psychology Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-415-94430-4. After over half a century of denial, in January 1990 the Communist Party of Ukraine adopted a special resolution admitting that the Ukrainian famine had indeed occurred, cost millions of lives...
  11. ↑ Robert Conquest (1987). The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-famine. Oxford University Press. p. 308. ISBN 978-0-19-505180-3.
  12. ↑ Robert Conquest The Dragons of Expectation. Reality and Delusion in the Course of History, W.W. Norton and Company (2004), ISBN 0-393-05933-2, page 102.
  13. ↑ There were numerous incidents of cannibalism, both killing people to eat them and the consumption of the already dead. Davies & Wheatcroft. The Years of Hunger, p 421.
  14. ↑ (Harvest of Sorrow, page 325)
  15. ↑ Conquest, Robert (30 July 1999). "How Liberals Funked It". Hoover Digest (3). Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  16. ↑ Gareth Jones, Interview with Maxim Litvinov, March 1933
  17. ↑ Marco Carynnyk, "The New York Times and the Great Famine", The Ukrainian Weekly, September 25, 1983, No. 39, Vol. LI
  18. ↑ New York Times, as quoted in James E. Mace, "Collaboration in the suppression of the Ukrainian famine" (paper delivered at a conference on "Recognition and Denial of Genocide and Mass Killing in the 20th Century", held in New York City on November 13, 1987), The Ukrainian Weekly, January 10, 1988, No. 2, Vol. LVI
  19. ↑ Boriak, Hennadii (Fall 2001). "The publication of sources on the history of the 1932-1933 famine-genocide: history, current state, and prospects". Harvard Ukrainian Studies 25 (3-4): 167–186.
  20. ↑ Lisa Shymko, "The Politics of Genocide", The American Spectator, November 14, 2007
  21. ↑ Catherine Merridale, "The 1937 Census and the Limits of Stalinist Rule" Historical Journal 39, 1996
  22. ↑ ЦГАООУ. Ф.1. Оп. 25 Д. 2719. Л.27-28. Подлинник.
  23. 1 2 Stephen Bandera, "Holodomor as a source of national unity", Ukrainian Echo, February 5, 2007
  24. ↑ Сергійчук В. Як нас морили Голодом 1932-1933 - Київський Національний Університет, Київ, 2006 с.322 (In Ukrainian) Serhiychuk, V. How we were tired by Famine 1932-33 - Kiev University, Kiev, 2006 page 322
  25. ↑ Сергійчук В. Як нас морили Голодом 1932-1933 - Київський Національний Університет, Київ, 2006 с.323 (In Ukrainian) Serhiychuk, V. How we were tired by Famine 1932-33 - Kiev University, Kiev, 2006 page 323
  26. 1 2 Сергійчук В. Як нас морили Голодом 1932-1933 - Київський Національний Університет, Київ, 2006 с.324 (In Ukrainian) Serhiychuk, V. How we were tired by Famine 1932-33 - Kiev University, Kiev, 2006 page 324
  27. ↑ Сергійчук В. Як нас морили Голодом 1932-1933 - Київський Національний Університет, Київ, 2006 с.325 (In Ukrainian) Serhiychuk, V. How we were tired by Famine 1932-33 - Kiev University, Kiev, 2006 page 324
  28. ↑ Kravchuk, Leonid Mayemo te, shcho mayemo: spohady i rozdumy, Kiev, 2002, Stolittya (392 p.) ISBN 966-95952-8-2, pp. 44-46,
  29. ↑ Michael Lawriwsky (22 October 2003). "The Great Famine of 1932-33 A Symposium" (PDF). National Europe Centre at the Australian National University and the Australian Federation of Ukrainian Organisations. pp. 4–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2004.
  30. ↑ Oleksa Musienko first used the term Holodomor on February 18, 1988. retrieved February 29, 2008
  31. ↑ Wright, Patrick (2007). Iron Curtain. Oxford University Press. pp. 306, 307. ISBN 0-19-923150-8. He (Duranty) had become creatures of the Soviet censors
  32. ↑ Tucker, Robert (1992). Stalin in Power. Norton & Company. p. 191. ISBN 0-393-30869-3.
  33. 1 2 Lyons, Eugene (1991). "The Press Corps Conceals a Famine". Assignment in Utopia. Transaction Publishers. pp. 572, 573. ISBN 0-88738-856-6.
  34. ↑ Charen, Mona (2004). Useful Idiots. HarperCollins. p. 87. ISBN 0-06-057941-2.
  35. ↑ Woods, Thomas (2004). "The New York Reporter who covered up Stalin's crimes". The Politically Incorrect Guide to American History. Regnery Publishing. p. 165. ISBN 0-89526-047-6.
  36. ↑ "Correspondence between Markian Pelech and the Board of the Pulitzer Prizes regarding Walter Duranty's 1932 Pulitzer Prize" (December 30, 2002–April 28, 2003)
  37. ↑ Embassy dispatch dated 30 September 1933 included the following: "According to Mr. Duranty the population of North Caucasus and the Lower Volga had decreased in the past year by three million, and the population of Ukraine by four to five million" (cited from "Reflections on the ravaged century", p. 123)
  38. ↑ "New York Times Statement About 1932 Pulitzer Prize Awarded to Walter Duranty". The New York Times Company. 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
  39. ↑ Muggeridge, Malcolm: The Green Stick: Chronicles of Wasted Time Volume I Chapter 5 (1972).
  40. ↑ Robert Conquest. The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine Oxford University Press (1987), ISBN 0-19-505180-7, page 320.
  41. ↑ Mark Y. Herring, "Useful Idiot" (a review of Stalin's apologist: Walter Duranty, the New York Times man in Moscow, by S.J. Taylor), Contra Mundum, nr. 15, 1995
  42. ↑ Markian Pelech (2003). "Correspondence between Markian Pelech and the Board of Pulitzer Prizes regarding Walter Duranty's 1932 Pulitzer Prize (December 30, 2002 – April 28, 2003)" (PDF). Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  43. ↑ John Berlau, "Duranty's Deception", Insight, July 22, 2003
  44. ↑ "Stalin-Wells talk / the verbatim record and a discussion by G.B. Shaw, H.G. Wells, J.M. Keynes, E. Toller and others". Monash University. 2007. Archived from the original on 2 September 2007.
  45. ↑ Reflections, p. 122
  46. ↑ Etienne Thevenin (29 June 2005). "France, Germany and Austria: Facing the famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine" (PDF). colley.co.uk. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  47. ↑ George Orwell, "Notes on Nationalism" in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell (London, 1968), Vol. 3, p. 370.
  48. 1 2 Nigel Linsan Colley (10 March 2004). "Was Gareth Jones's name behind Orwell's naming of 'Farmer Jones' in Animal Farm?". colley.co.uk. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  49. ↑ In his book, Searching for place, Lubomyr Luciuk commented: "For a particularly base example of famine-denial literature, see Tottle, Fraud, famine, and fascism...", see Lubomyr Luciuk, Searching for place: Ukrainian displaced persons, Canada, and the migration of memory, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000, p. 413. ISBN 0-8020-4245-7
  50. ↑ Douglas Tottle (1987). Fraud, famine, and fascism: the Ukrainian genocide myth from Hitler to Harvard. Toronto: Progress Books. ISBN 0-919396-51-8. Retrieved 2015-12-11.
  51. ↑ Michael Pugliese (7 September 2003). "Fwd: Douglas Tottle, Fraud, Famine and Fascism (link to letter from David R. Marples)". lbo-talk.org.
  52. ↑ Roman Serbyn (1989). "The Last Stand of the Ukrainian Famine-Genocide Deniers". infoukes.com. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  53. ↑ Serbyn, Roman. "Competing Memories of Communist and Nazi Crimes in Ukraine" (PDF). Chair of Ukrainian Studies, University of Ottawa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  54. ↑ Jacob W.F. Sundberg (10 May 1990). "International Commission of Inquiry Into the 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine. The Final Report (1990)". ioir.se. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  55. ↑ A.J.Hobbins, Daniel Boyer, Seeking Historical Truth: the International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932-33 Famine in the Ukraine, Dalhousie Law Journal, 2001, Vol 24, page 166
  56. ↑ Monaghan, Jennifer (31 March 2015). "Was Stalin's Terror Justified? Poll Shows More Russians Think It Was". Moscow Times. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  57. ↑ "More Than Half of Russians See Stalin in a Positive Light". Moscow Times. January 20, 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  58. ↑ "Динаміка ставлення до Голодомору. Листопад 2015" (PDF). ratinggroup.ua. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  59. ↑ Hyde, Lily (20 April 2015). "Ukraine to rewrite Soviet history with controversial 'decommunisation' laws". The Guardian.
  60. ↑ "Medvedev slams Ukraine's Great Famine stunt". RT. 14 November 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  61. ↑ "Candid discussion with Prince Andrew on the Kyrgyz economy and the 'Great Game'". WikiLeaks. November 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2016. He [Prince Andrew, Duke of York] stated the following story related to him recently by Azerbaijan's President Aliyev. Aliyev had received a letter from President Medvedev telling him that if Azerbaijan supported the designation of the Bolshevik artificial famine in Ukraine as 'genocide' at the United Nations, 'then you can forget about seeing Nagorno-Karabakh ever again.' Prince Andrew added that every single other regional President had told him of receiving similar 'directive' letters from Medvedev except for [Kyrgyz president] Bakiyev.
  62. ↑ "Israeli FM Lieberman in Moscow". Wikileaks. Retrieved 1 October 2016. The FMs discussed expanding bilateral economic ties, and Lavrov raised Russian concern that Israel was partaking in 'historical revisionism' that sought to blame Russia for the Ukrainian famine of the 1930s.
  63. ↑ Dobczansky, Jurij (2009). "Affirmation and Denial: Holodomor-related Resources Recently Acquired by the Library of Congress". Holodomor Studies. 1, No. 2 (Summer-Autumn 2009).
  64. ↑ Young, Cathy (31 October 2015). "Russia Denies Stalin's Killer Famine". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  65. ↑ "Interview with Boris Borisov". Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  66. ↑ "Researcher: Famine Killed 7 Million in U.S. During "Great Depression" » Alex Jones' Infowars: There's a war on for your mind!". www.infowars.com.
  67. ↑ "Holodomor Hoax: Joseph Stalin's Crime That Never Took Place". sputniknews.com. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  68. ↑ "Holodomor Hoax: West's 'Golden Embargo' and Soviet Famine of 1932-33". sputniknews.com. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  69. ↑ "Holodomor and Holocaust denial to be a criminal offense", 3 April 2007
  70. ↑ "What the Verkhovna Rada actually passed", February 28, 2007
  71. ↑ "Public denial of Holodomor Famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine as genocide of Ukrainian people to be prosecuted", December 12, 2007
  72. ↑ Alexander J. Motyl (October 2010). "Deleting the Holodomor: Ukraine Unmakes Itself". World Affairs Journal. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
  73. ↑ Alexander J. Motyl (29 November 2012). "Yanukovych and Stalin's Genocide". World Affairs Journal. Retrieved 1 November 2015.

Additional reading

Video resources

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 12/2/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.