Southworth & Hawes

Portrait of J.J. Hawes and self-portrait by Albert Southworth, c. 1845–1850

Southworth & Hawes was an early photographic firm in Boston, 1843–1863. Its partners, Albert Sands Southworth (1811–1894) and Josiah Johnson Hawes (1808–1901), have been hailed as the first great American masters of photography, whose work elevated photographic portraits to the level of fine art. Their images are prominent in every major book and collection of early American photography.

Southworth & Hawes worked almost exclusively in the daguerreotype process. Working in the 8 ½ x 6 ½ inch whole plate format, their images are brilliant, mirror-like, and finely detailed. Writing in the Photographic and Fine Art Journal, August 1855, the contemporary Philadelphia daguerreotypist Marcus A. Root paid them this praise: "Their style, indeed, is peculiar to themselves; presenting beautiful effects of light and shade, and giving depth and roundness together with a wonderful softness or mellowness. These traits have achieved for them a high reputation with all true artists and connoisseurs." He further noted that the firm had devoted their time chiefly to daguerreotypes, with little attention to photography on paper.

Advertisement for Southworth & Hawes, Tremont Row, Boston, 1852

History

Personal and public portraits

During their 20 years of collaboration, Southworth & Hawes catered to Boston society and the famous. Their advertisements drew a distinction between the appropriate styles for personal versus public portraiture. "A likeness for an intimate acquaintance or one’s own family should be marked by that amiability and cheerfulness, so appropriate to the social circle and the home fireside. Those for the public, of official dignitaries and celebrated characters admit of more firmness, sternness and soberness." Among their sitters were Louisa May Alcott, Lyman Beecher, Benjamin Butler, William Ellery Channing, Rufus Choate, Cassius Marcellus Clay, Charlotte Cushman, Richard Henry Dana, Jr., Dorothea Dix, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Edward Everett, William Lloyd Garrison, Grace Greenwood, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sam Houston, Thomas Starr King, Louis Kossuth, Jenny Lind, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Horace Mann, Donald McKay, Lola Montez, George Peabody, William H. Prescott, Lemuel Shaw, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Charles Sumner, Daniel Webster, John Greenleaf Whittier, and Robert C. Winthrop.

Documenting the birth of surgical anesthesia

Ether Anesthesia Delivered at Massachusetts General Hospital, Spring 1847; daguerreotype by Southworth & Hawes.

On the evening of September 30, 1846, Mr. Eben Frost, suffering from a violent toothache, called upon Dr. William Thomas Green Morton, a dentist at No. 19 Tremont Row, Boston. Dr. Morton administered nitrous oxide and extracted the tooth. Less than three weeks later, the so-called "Death of Pain" took place on October 16, when Dr. Morton administered ether to a patient before Dr. John Collins Warren, senior surgeon at the Massachusetts General Hospital, removed a tumor from his neck. Although it is believed that ether anesthesia had been administered for surgery earlier, most notably by Dr. Crawford Long in Jefferson Georgia on March 30, 1843, it had been done privately and not reported in the medical literature. Morton's public demonstration of general anesthesia was therefore historic. To commemorate this momentous event, Southworth & Hawes were asked to daguerreotype the operation; however Hawes was squeamish about the blood, and they photographed a re-enactment instead. On April 3, 1847, Southworth & Hawes were called upon to record an actual operation, again with the patient under ether. Later Dr. Warren presented his Laundy scalpel and probe, the surgical instruments he used in the first operation, to Hawes in gratitude for recording the operations.

(Three or four weeks later, they documented Dr. Warren yet again. In honor of his ether discovery, and of his distinguished career as professor of anatomy at Harvard Medical School, they arranged and composed a mock anatomy dissection, with the principal subject being Dr. Warren himself.)

Dispersion of the archives

Hawes lived until 1901, continuing to operate a studio and carefully protecting its sizeable archive. The archives were finally dispersed during the Great Depression. Most made their way into three museums (George Eastman House, Metropolitan Museum of Art and Museum of Fine Arts, Boston), while only a comparatively few have ever been privately held. However, on April 27, 1999, a previously unknown hoard of 240 Southworth & Hawes daguerreotypes appeared at Sotheby's auction from the estate of David Feigenbaum. The total sales price realized was $3.3 million.

Portrait subjects

  • Kamehameha V i.e. Prince Alexander Liholiho Iolani (1834–1863)[1]
  • Sarah P. Keyes[1]
  • Joseph Kimball[1]
  • Thomas Starr King[1]
  • Edward Norris Kirk[1]
  • Louis Kossuth[1]
  • Amos Lawrence[1]
  • Jenny Lind[1]
  • Henry Wadsworth Longfellow[1]
  • James Jackson Lowell[1]
  • John S. Lurman[1]
  • Alice Lyman[1]
  • Cornelia F. Malchett[1]
  • Theodore Malchett[1]
  • Horace Mann[1]
  • Donald McKay[1]
  • Mary Minot[1]
  • Sarah Cabot Minot[1]
  • Lola Montez[1]
  • Fannie Morey[1]
  • Commodore Charles Morris[1]
  • Rollin Heber Neale[1]
  • Edwards Amasa Park[1]
  • Francis Parkman[1]
  • John Howard Payne[1]
  • Frank Everett Peabody[1]
  • George Peabody[1]
  • Benjamin Peirce[1]
  • Wendell Phillips[1]
  • Franklin Pierce[1]
  • Mrs. G.W. Pratt[1]
  • William Gardner Prescott[1]
  • William Hickling Prescott[1]
  • Ferencz Pulszky[1]
  • Charles Francis Richardson[1]
  • Baron James Rothschild[1]
  • Truman Henry Safford[1]
  • Leverett Saltonstall[1]
  • Benjamin Seaver[1]
  • Daniel Sharp[1]
  • Lemuel Shaw[1]
  • A.L. Simpson[1]
  • William T. Smithett[1]
  • Jared Sparks[1]
  • Charles Sprague[1]
  • Calvin Ellis Stowe[1]
  • Harriet Beecher Stowe[1]
  • Charles Sumner[1]
  • Caroline Sturgis Tappan[1]
  • Zachary Taylor[1]
  • George Thompson[1]
  • Edward S. Tobey[1]
  • Elisabeth Sprague Tobey[1]
  • John L. Tucker[1]
  • Katherine Parker Tucker[1]
  • Ellen Dwight Twisleton[1]
  • Bennet Tyler[1]
  • Adrian Vandeveer[1]
  • Captain Jonathan Walker[1]
  • James Lester Wallack[1]
  • John Collins Warren[1]
  • William Warren[1]
  • Daniel Webster[1]
  • Benjamin F. White[1]
  • Robert Charles Winthrop[1]
  • John Ellis Wool[1]
  • Jeffries Wyman[1]

Museums with Southworth & Hawes collections

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 Grant B. Romer and Brian Wallis (editors) (2005). Young America: The Daguerreotypes of Southworth & Hawes. Steidl Publishing.
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Coordinates: 42°21′37.32″N 71°3′39.32″W / 42.3603667°N 71.0609222°W / 42.3603667; -71.0609222

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