Rufus Choate

Rufus Choate
United States Senator from Massachusetts
In office February 23, 1841 – March 4, 1845
Preceded by	Daniel Webster
Succeeded by	Daniel Webster
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts's 2nd district
In office March 4, 1831 – June 30, 1834
Preceded by	Benjamin W. Crowninshield
Succeeded by	Stephen C. Phillips
10th Massachusetts Attorney General
In office 1853–1854
Preceded by	John H. Clifford
Succeeded by	John H. Clifford
Member of the Massachusetts Senate
In office 1827
Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
In office 1825–1826
Personal details
Born	October 1, 1799 Ipswich, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died	July 13, 1859 (aged 59) Halifax, British Canada
Political party	Whig
Alma mater	Dartmouth College Harvard University
Profession	Law
Religion	Christian

Rufus Choate (October 1, 1799 – July 13, 1859) was an American lawyer, orator, and Congressman.

Early life and family

Rufus Choate was born in Ipswich, Massachusetts, the son of Miriam (Foster) and David Choate, a teacher and Revolutionary War veteran.^[1] He was a descendant of an English family which settled in Massachusetts in 1643.^[2] His first cousin, physician George Choate, was the father of George C. S. Choate and Joseph Hodges Choate. Rufus Choate's birthplace, Choate House, remains virtually unchanged to this day.

A precocious child, at six he is said to have been able to repeat large parts of the Bible and of Pilgrim's Progress from memory. He was elected to Phi Beta Kappa^[3] and graduated as valedictorian of his class at Dartmouth College in 1819, was a tutor there in 1819–1820, and spent a year in the law school of Harvard University, receiving the LL.D. degree in 1845. Choate studied for a like period in Washington, D.C., in the office of William Wirt, then Attorney General of the United States.

Career

Rufus Choate memorial statue by noted American sculptor Daniel Chester French, John Adams Court House, Boston, Massachusetts

He was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1823 and practiced at what was later South Danvers (now Peabody) for five years, during which time he served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives (1825–1826) and in the Massachusetts Senate (1827).

In 1828, he moved to Salem, where his successful conduct of several important lawsuits brought him prominently into public notice. In 1830 he was elected to Congress as a Whig from Salem, defeating the Jacksonian candidate for re-election, Benjamin Crowninshield, a former United States Secretary of the Navy, and in 1832 he was re-elected. His career in Congress was marked by a speech in defence of a protective tariff.

Choate lived on Winthrop Place, Boston, 1851-1859^[4]

In 1834, before the completion of his second term, he resigned and established himself in the practice of law in Boston. Already his reputation as a speaker had spread beyond New England, and he was much sought after as an orator for public occasions. For several years, he devoted himself unremittingly to his profession but, in 1841, succeeded fellow Dartmouth graduate Daniel Webster in the United States Senate. Shortly afterwards he delivered an address at the memorial services for President William Henry Harrison at Faneuil Hall.

In the Senate, he spoke on the tariff, the Oregon boundary, in favor of the Fiscal Bank Act, and in opposition to the annexation of Texas. On Webster's re-election to the Senate in 1845, Choate resumed his law practice. He later served a short term as attorney-general of Massachusetts in 1853–1854. In 1846, Choate convinced a jury that the accused, Albert Tirrell, did not cut the throat of his lover, or, if he did so, he did it while sleepwalking, under the 'insanity of sleep'.^[5] His successful use of sleepwalking as a defense against murder charges was the first time in American legal history this defense was successful in a murder prosecution.^[6] He was a faithful supporter of Webster's policy as declared in the latter's Seventh of March Speech of 1850 and labored to secure for him the presidential nomination at the Whig national convention in 1852. In 1853, he was a member of the state constitutional convention.

In 1856, he refused to follow most of his former Whig associates into the Republican Party and gave his support to Democrat James Buchanan, whom he considered the representative of a national instead of a sectional party.

Failing health led him to seek rest in a trip to Europe, but he died on July 13, 1859, at Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he had been put ashore when it was seen that he probably could not last the voyage across the Atlantic.

Works

• Works — edited, with a memoir, by S. G. Brown, and published in two volumes at Boston in 1862
• Memoir — published in 1870
• EG Parker's Reminiscences of Rufus Choate (New York, 1860)
• EP Whipple's Some Recollections of Rufus Choate (New York, 1879)
• Albany Law Review of 1877–1878
• The Political Writings of Rufus Choate (2003)

Further reading

•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Choate, Rufus". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Attribution

•  This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http://bioguide.congress.gov.

References

1. http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/us-history-biographies/rufus-choate
2. Jameson, Ephraim Orcutt. The Choates in America. 1643–1896. John Choate and His Descendants. Chebacco, Ipswich, Mass. Boston: A. Mudge & Son, printers, 1896.
3. Dartmouth to honor two valedictorians, Dartmouth Press Release, June 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
4. State Street Trust Company. Forty of Boston's historic houses. 1912.
5. "Maria Bickford". Brown University Law Library. Retrieved 2007-11-22.
6. Kappman (ed), Edward W. (1994). Great American Trials. Detroit, MI: Visible Ink Press. pp. 101–104. ISBN 0-8103-9134-1.

External links

• United States Congress. "Rufus Choate (id: C000375)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
• Reminiscences of Rufus Choate by Edward Parker, published 1860.
• The Works of Rufus Choate: With a Memoir of His Life by Samuel Gilman Brown, published 1862.
• Memories of Rufus Choate by Joseph Neilson, published 1884.