Sugar Bowl Ski Resort

Sugar Bowl Resort
Location 629 Sugar Bowl Rd, Norden, CA 95724
Nearest city Norden, California
Coordinates 39°18′16″N 120°20′09″W / 39.30444°N 120.33583°W / 39.30444; -120.33583Coordinates: 39°18′16″N 120°20′09″W / 39.30444°N 120.33583°W / 39.30444; -120.33583
Top elevation 8,383 ft (2,555 m)
Base elevation 6,883 ft (2,098 m)
Skiable area 1,650 acres (670 ha)
Runs 103 total
17% beginner
45% intermediate
38% advanced
Longest run 3 mi (4.8 km)
Lift system 13 lifts (5 high speed quads, 3 quads, 2 double chairs, 1 gondola, 2 surface lifts
Lift capacity 21,740 passengers/hr
Snowfall 500 in (1,300 cm)
Website www.sugarbowl.com

Sugar Bowl is a ski and snowboard area in northern Placer County near Norden, California along the Donner Pass of the Sierra Nevada, approximately 46 mi (74 km) west of Reno, Nevada on Interstate 80, that opened on December 15, 1939.[1] Sugar Bowl is a medium sized ski area in the Lake Tahoe region, and is well known for its long history, significant advanced terrain, high annual snowfall and being one of the closest ski areas to the San Francisco Bay Area. Sugar Bowl's terrain is 17% Beginner, 45% Intermediate and 38% Advanced.[2]

Sugar Bowl was founded by Hannes Schroll and a group of individual investors and is one of the few remaining privately owned resorts in the Lake Tahoe area. Sugar Bowl was the first ski area in California to install a chairlift and the first on the west coast to install a gondola lift.[1][3][4][5]

History

Site real estate

The mountain peaks of Mt. Judah and Mt. Lincoln, that eventually became the ski slopes of the Sugar Bowl ski resort, were a part of the American pioneers route, back in the 1800s.[6] A part of the California wagon trail called Roller Pass ran between Mt. Judah and Mt. Lincoln.[6] It was one of the wagon trails through Donner Pass that was used by settlers and prospectors, on the Emigrant Trail, coming from the eastern United States across the Sierra Nevada.[6][7][8] Today the same pass can be reached by way of the Pacific Crest Trail or a new trail created by Sugar Bowl ski resort, in 1994, called the Mt. Judah Loop trail.[9][10][11][12][13]

The Central Pacific Railroad first began train services to Donner Pass in 1868 after the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad across the United States. A new tunnel constructed two-miles (3 km) through virtually solid granite, dubbed The Big Hole tunnel,[14] was later constructed through Mt. Judah in 1925,[15] offering trains better protection from snow storms on the summit. These heavy snow storms and blizzards during the winters often made even train service difficult over the years through the pass, which for a period of time was known as the Overland Route.[16][17][18]

Historian Charles F. McGlashan believed the area's economy would greatly benefit by hosting a winter carnival, and in 1894 he built the first hand-crafted Ice Palace to draw in tourists from the passenger trains.[19] Soon after, the railroad began running "Snowball Specials" to Truckee from the Oakland Pier.[4][20][21][22]

The area became more accessible to tourists in 1913 when the Lincoln Highway, the first road across the United States opened over the Donner Pass. This road was later upgraded in 1926 to U.S. Route 40, although snow plowing operations by the state of California didn't start until 1932, making travel to the area by car difficult in the winter.[20][23] In 1924 Charlie Chaplin filmed scenes, upon Mt. Lincoln for his silent movie classic The Gold Rush. Six hundred men were brought in by train from Sacramento to serve as extras for the comedy scene.[24][25][26]

The land that Sugar Bowl ski resort is built on was originally purchased in 1923 by Stephen and Jennie Pilcher. They paid $10.00 for 700 acres (2.8 km2) [19] to the Southern Pacific Railroad, who by then had taken over for the Central Pacific Railroad by lease and acquired its operations by 1885. During the early 1930s, before Sugar Bowl installed the first chair lift, skiers who wanted to ski the Donner Pass mountain peaks, like Mt. Lincoln, would have to climb up to the peaks on foot in order to get the chance to ski. By the mid thirties there were several rope tows dotting the hill sides of the Donner Pass area.[26]

In 1936, Austrian ski instructors Bill and Fred Klein opened the Klein ski school, serving the Sierra Club out of the Clair Tappaan Lodge in the area and local skiers from Sacramento and San Francisco.[19] The Klein brothers and a few other instructors they had taught, were often teaching 100 to 150 students a weekend, taking the more advanced students up to the crest of Mt. Lincoln on foot.[27][28][29] This was partly attributed to the fact that new skiers were just venturing into the mountains more and with an improved Highway made travel easier. The term "leisure" was beginning to take hold in America during this time, after the passage of the Wagner Act and other labor laws of the 1930s. There was also an interest in skiing that can be attributed to the 1932 Winter Olympics the first to be held in the US, held in Lake Placid, New York.[27][30]

Sugar Bowl

The following year in 1937, the 700 acres (2.8 km2) were put up for sale by the daughters of the Pilcher's, around Mt. Lincoln and Hemlock Peak.[19] Bill Klein contacted Hannes Schroll, a famous Austrian skiing champion and ski instructor he personally knew, who was working at Yosemite at the time, about the sale of the land. Schroll, a colorful character who would always be found yodeling when he would ski, visited the area and by March 1938 Schroll had made a deal with the Pilcher sisters for the purchase of the land for $6,740.[1][19] But when Schroll tried to retrieve funds from his home in Austria, the war had just broken out and his funds had been taken. Schroll then had to borrow the funding to buy the property from Hamilton McGaughey a local realtor and ice-skating champion George Stiles.[4][19] Schroll had also sent a wire via Western Union, to Walt Disney at the time while seeking funding to purchase the property, but Disney was out of town and did not receive the wire in time.[19] Schroll then became president of the Sugar Bowl Corporation in 1938 with the help and support of Wellington Henderson, Sherman Chickering, and Donald Gregory.[19] Shortly after Schroll began seeking other investors to help build a Slope side Tyrolean style village and ski resort, he had dreamed of, modeled after those in his home town in Kitzbühel Austria. Because they thought the fine, crystalline snow looked like sugar, Schroll and Klein decided on the name "Sugar Bowl" for the resort.[1][31]

The Southern Pacific Railroad agreed to build a facility adjacent to the Norden telegraph office to accommodate 600 people, to support the opening of Sugar Bowl.[19] Walt Disney, who had taken ski lessons from Schroll at Yosemite was approached again for funding and became a stockholder, when he gave Schroll $2,500. Schroll then changed the name of "Hemlock Peak" to "Mt. Disney" to honor Disney's support[32][33][34] and soon after others followed suit and Schroll was able to raise $75,000 by [4][19] June 1939 to help start and build the resort. Schroll also used his connections from Hollywood to convince Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to produce a film called "Snowbirds" during November 1938, before Sugar Bowl opened to the public.[4][19]

The Sugar Bowl Lodge shortly after it was built in 1939

Construction of the Sugar Bowl lodge and the first chairlift installed in California, began during the summer of 1939. The lodge was designed by William Wurster and was erected with a sloping roof, so that snow would slide off towards the back side. The chairlift was designed by Henry Howard and built by the Riblet Tramway Company.[19][35] Moore Dry Dock Company was hired to install the 13 towers, which were included in Howard's design, to span the 1,000 vertical feet up to the top of Mt. Disney.[19] Miners were brought in from Nevada City and used shovels and picks and sometimes dynamite, to clear away trees and dig footings for the towers by hand. Lava formation in the mountain was encountered during construction and some of the footings had to be set within it.[1][19] Sugar Bowl opened on December 15, 1939, but it hadn't snowed enough to go skiing yet, so a makeshift ice rink the size of a tennis court was quickly set up for everyone to enjoy. Two weeks later on January 4, 1940, a blizzard struck Sugar Bowl and the skiing at Sugar Bowl began, with train load after train load of skiers coming in unexpected numbers.[19]

After opening

Towards the end of the very first ski season at Sugar Bowl, Schroll held the inaugural Silver Belt race in April 1940.[1] The race was won by Gretchen Fraser and Friedl Pfeifer. Prior to the international World Cup ski competition, the Silver Belt race was considered one of the most challenging of that era and often attracted the top European and American skiers.[4][36][37][38] Jannette Burr was the only competitor to win the race three different times and other notable winners included Alf Engen, Tom Corcoran, Buddy Werner, Willy Favre, Jean Saubert, Barbara Cochran, Jack Reddish, Penny Pitou, Anne Heggtveit, Dick Buek, Jill Kinmont, Andrea Mead Lawrence, Gordon Wren and Cynthia Nelson, who won the last event, which was held in 1975.[19]

Because Sugar Bowl had the first chair lift in the Sierras, complete with full lodge accommodations, the resort quickly became a popular skiing destination for many notable guests and Hollywood movie stars. Storytelling, dancing on the open deck and wearing suit jackets to dinner was the norm during this colorful time.[19][30][36] Guests such as King Vidor who directed such movies as The Champ, War and Peace and the Kansas sequences in The Wizard of Oz. Other guest included Robert Stack, Norma Shearer, Margaret Sullavan, Jean Arthur, James Bryant Conant, Doris Duke, Claudette Colbert, Lowell Thomas, Leland Hayward, Errol Flynn, Sterling Hayden, Marilyn Monroe and Walt Disney.[19][23] Robert Stack who grew up in Lake Tahoe could often be found skiing down with Schroll, who could also "yodel", was considered a local. Actress Janet Leigh was actually discovered at Sugar Bowl ski resort by actress Norma Shearer. Leigh's father, Fred Morrison, the front desk clerk, had his daughter's photo sitting at the front desk when the actress checked in at the lodge. Shearer took the photo back to Hollywood and MGM soon contacted Leigh to sign a contract. She went on to star in such films as Alfred Hitchcock's 1960 thriller Psycho, The Manchurian Candidate and the Civil War drama The Romance of Rosy Ridge.[19][23] Greta Garbo's last film appearance was in the movie Two-Faced Woman filmed at Sugar Bowl in the spring of 1941, along with co-star's Melvyn Douglas, Constance Bennett, Roland Young and Ruth Gordon.[4][19] Sugar Bowl was also featured in the 1941 Disney cartoon The Art of Skiing in which Goofy goes to Sugar Bowl to learn how to ski. Schroll is noted for the yodel that goofy makes in the cartoon, that's known as the Goofy holler. [39]

But just as quickly as it all started, it came to a temporary halt when the US became involved in World War II. The resort had few guest and Schroll retired as president of Sugar Bowl in 1945 after the war and moved to San Francisco. Gone, too, were the "Snowball Specials", the Southern Pacific Railroad had decided to stop train passenger service to Donner Pass during and after the War and the Norden station became a place for storage of equipment.[19]

After the war

Klein returned to Sugar Bowl after the war, in 1946, as Sugar Bowl's ski school director and held the position until 1957. Klein believed skiing was a fashionable sport and started his own ski shop, out of the Sugar Bowl lodge, selling the latest ski equipment and clothing on the market.[19] Howard Head, who invented the first metal skis, asked Klein to test his new laminate skis he was developing at the time and then offered Klein a one-fourth interest in his ski company. Klein declined the offer at the time and remained at Sugar Bowl, but later said he regretted the decision, after Head's company became one of the leading ski manufacturers in the U.S.[19][29]

The second chairlift to be installed at Sugar Bowl was in 1950, the new lift had a double chair and was installed going up Mt. Lincoln, opening up much needed new terrain for skiers, that for years had to be hiked up to on foot.[1] Two years later in 1952 it was time to replace the original ski lift going up Mt. Disney and when Heron of Denver replaced the lift the state assigned the new lift with Permit #8. The original lift had been installed before permits were even assigned or it would have been issued permit #1 in 1939 when it was first constructed.

The Sugar Bowl Gondola that takes Guest to the Lodge & Ski area

Due to the original design plans of Sugar Bowl, it was determined by Jerome Hill and others that a Gondola would be necessary to move people better into the resort. The following year in 1953 Heron of Denver installed "The Magic Carpet", the first aerial tramway on the west coast.[19][40] The Gondola has since been rebuilt and upgraded twice since the original installation, by CTEC.[1] It takes people from a parking lot on the north side of the railroad line, crosses over the tracks just past the west portal of the Southern Pacific'sTunnel 41, and deposits people in the main village.

The Sixties would usher in a whole new era in skiing in the Sierra Nevada and Sugar Bowl after the 1960 Winter Olympics were held in nearby Squaw Valley.[40] Disney directed the Pageantry for the games, which today are better known as the Opening and Closing Ceremonies. The story goes that Alex Cushing, who co-founded Squaw Valley, was on vacation at Sugar Bowl in 1946 when he met Wayne Poulsen, who then invited him to look into opening a ski resort together.[41]

Skiing was becoming larger, more popular and better, with over 3 million skiers hitting the slopes each year and new equipment entering the market.[42][43] Filmmaker Warren Miller came to Sugar Bowl in 1963 to shoot scenes for his film "The Color Of Skiing",[19] which were later added to his film "Fifty", which included scenes from 50 year's worth of ski footage, that was released in 1999.[44][45][46] Junior Bounous who was the ski school director at Sugar Bowl in 1958 [19] and the first American born Ski School Director in the US, was also featured in over 10 Warren Miller films. Bounous would later go on to be inducted into the U.S. National Ski and Snowboard Hall of Fame in 1996.[47]

By 1964 Interstate 80 was constructed over the crest of Donner Pass to replace the older Historic U.S. 40, which today is named Donner Pass Road.

Recent history

Sugar Bowl is one of the oldest and longest running ski resorts on the west coast, having been in operation for over 70 years.[1] During the last several decades Sugar Bowl ski resort has replaced its older double chair lifts and added new quad lifts to open up new trails on its 4 mountain peaks, Mt. Judah, Mt. Lincoln, Mt. Disney and the Crows Nest Peak. A 10-year expansion of the resort began in 1992, with addition of a new parking lot and a lodge at the base of Mt. Judah, a pedestrian village and more off-slope facilities.[1][36]

Another addition came in 1999 with the founding of the Sugar Bowl Academy (SBA), a college preparatory high school for competitive skiers.[48][49][50][51] The School Academy was co-founded by Jim Hudson, Barbara Sorba and Dr. Patricia "Tricia" Hellman Gibbs, former member of the U.S. Ski Team[52] and daughter of Warren Hellman. The most notable alumni graduate from the ski academy has been Katie Hitchcock who was selected to join and train with the U.S. Ski Team.[53]

A new ski race was added at Sugar Bowl in 2004, modeled after the Silver Belt races of the past that descends down the same slopes of Mt. Lincoln, called the Silver Belt Banzai. The race differ's from the traditional Silver Belt races that were held during the 1940s, in that 4 to 6 skiers or snowboarders race down the hill at the same time, known as a skier cross-style format. 2010 Vancouver Olympic Games competitor Daron Rahlves and his sister Shannon, both won the event back to back in 2009 and 2010 for the men and women.[54]

Ski trails

Mt. Judah is named after Theodore Judah who was the railroad design engineer for the Central Pacific Railroad, who surveyed and planned the route that the rail road tracks follow through Donner Pass to Nevada.[34][55][56] Mt. Disney is named in honor of Walt Disney an initial stockholder when Sugar Bowl was being constructed.[32][55][57][58]

Klein’s Schuss is a run out area towards the bottom of Mt. Lincoln, named in honor of Bill Klein, once the ski school director and ski shop owner at Sugar Bowl ski resort. He went on the initial trip with Schroll in 1937 to look at the land and mountain peaks that would one day become the Sugar Bowl ski resort.[55]

Jerome Hill is named after Sugar Bowl stockholder Jerome E. Hill, who was responsible for paying for and installing the "The Magic Carpet" gondola at Sugar Bowl ski resort.[55]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Frohlich, Robert (January 16, 2010). "Sugar Bowl Turns 70". Moonshine Ink. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
  2. ↑ Fodor's 2013 Northern California: With Napa, Sonoma, Yosemite, San Francisco & Lake Tahoe. Fodor's. 2012. p. 540.
  3. ↑ "History of the Sierra's First Ski Resort" (Press release). California Ski Industry Association. October 10, 2005. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Lund, morten (December 2009). "The Short,Sweet Ski Life of Hannes Schroll in America". Skiing Heritage Journal. 21 (4). Retrieved May 3, 2010.
  5. ↑ Association, International Skiing History (December 2003). "Ski Biz Booms,Split Rotation Is Okay". Skiing Heritage Journal. 13 (4). Retrieved May 3, 2010.
  6. 1 2 3 "Other Trail Scenes". Trails West, Inc. Retrieved May 30, 2010.
  7. ↑ "About Tahoe's Donner Summit". SaveOurSummit.org. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
  8. ↑ McBride, Don. "Donner Pass Area Information". Don's Notes Home Page. Retrieved May 30, 2010.
  9. ↑ "Donner Peak and Railroad Tunnels" (PDF). Sierra Club. Retrieved May 30, 2010.
  10. ↑ "Placer County - Overland Emigrant Trail Study Map" (PDF). Donner Summit Area Association. Retrieved May 30, 2010.
  11. ↑ Photographer Jocelyn, Knight. "Mt Judah Loop at Donner". SmugMug. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
  12. ↑ "Mt Judah Loop Trail". Wildernet. 2010. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
  13. ↑ Schaffer, Jeffrey P. (1975). The Tahoe Sierra: A Natural History Guide to 112 Hikes in the Northern Sierra. Wilderness Press. ISBN 9780899972206. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
  14. ↑ Andersen, Ed (1997). "Central Pacific Transcontinental Railroad, Tunnel 41". National Park Service. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  15. ↑ Snyder, John (1997). "Central Pacific Transcontinental Railroad, Tunnel 41" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  16. ↑ Richards, Gordon. "Truckee Survives the Winter of 1873-74". Truckee - Donner Historical Society. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  17. ↑ Coates, Guy H. "Unforgettable Winter Storms". Truckee - Donner Historical Society. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  18. ↑ Gilliss, John R. (Jan 5, 1870). "Tunnels of the Pacific Railroad". Van Nostrand's Eclectic Engineering Magazine, Vol 2, pp418-423. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Frohlich, Robert; S.E. Humphries (1999). Skiing with Style: Sugar Bowl 60 Years. Truckee, California: Coldstream Press. ISBN 1-893057-01-1.
  20. 1 2 Richards, Gordon. "Hilltop Winter Sports Area History". Truckee - Donner Historical Society. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  21. ↑ Coates, Guy H. "The Golden Days of truckee's Glorious Winter Carnivals". Truckee - Donner Historical Society. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  22. ↑ McLaughlin, Mark (January 3, 2005). "'Snowball Express' brings first of winter tourists". Sierra Sun. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  23. 1 2 3 Pryor, Kimberly (December 2006). "Something Old, Something New at Sierra Ski Resorts". Sacramento Magazine. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
  24. ↑ "Charlie Chaplin and "The Gold Rush"". Sierra College:Snowy Range Reflections: A Journal of Sierra Nevada History and Biography. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  25. ↑ Bunker, David (April 22, 2005). "Chasing Chaplin". Sierra Sun. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  26. 1 2 "Newsletter" (PDF). Donner Summit Historical Society. March 2009. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
  27. 1 2 Lert, Wolfgang; Morten Lund (June 1999). Bill klein in Donner Pass a ski teacher from beginning to end. Skiing Heritage Journal. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  28. ↑ "Clair Tappaan Lodge". Sierra Club. Mar 6, 2010. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  29. 1 2 McLaughlin, Mark (March 18, 2010). "Bill Klein: Donner Summit ski pioneer". Sierra Sun. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  30. 1 2 Sutton, Bettye; Peggy Whitley (1999). "American Cultural History 1930 - 1939". Lone Star College - Kingwood. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
  31. ↑ Lund, Morten. "Ski History Timeline". International Skiing History Association. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
  32. 1 2 Pepper, Jeffrey (March 6, 2008). "Mount Disney: The Legacy of Walt at Sugar Bowl". 2719 Hyperion. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
  33. ↑ "Mount Disney Summit - California Mountain Peak Information". Mountain Zone.com. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
  34. 1 2 Durham, David L. (2000). Durham's place names of California's Gold Country. ISBN 1-884995-25-X. Quill Driver Book/Word Dancer Press. ISBN 9781884995255. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
  35. ↑ "Riblet History". Riblet Tramway Company. Retrieved June 1, 2010.
  36. 1 2 3 Weidel, Jeffrey (March 19, 2009). "Historic Sugar Bowl Once a favorite of Hollywood crowd". Sacramento Scoop. Retrieved June 1, 2010.
  37. ↑ Wright, Sylas (January 30, 2009). "Silver Belt: Reliving the historic race". Sierra Sun. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
  38. ↑ Masia, Seth. "Classic Races: Sugar Bowl's Silver Belt". SKIING HERITAGE. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
  39. ↑ "Trivia for The Art of Skiing". IMDb.com. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
  40. 1 2 Wernick, Robert (November 23, 1959). "West To The Sierra". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
  41. ↑ "Alex Cushing, 92". The International Skiing History Association. 2006. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
  42. ↑ "Skis Rossignol S.A.". Vol. 15. St. James Press. International Directory of Company Histories. 1996. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
  43. ↑ "The 1960s: In Like a Lamb and Out Like a Lion". The New Yorker. February 8, 1969. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
  44. ↑ "Sugar Bowl Ski Resort, Lake Tahoe, California". WordPress.com. February 12, 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
  45. ↑ "Warren Miller & His Movie List". Ski-N-Ride.com. Retrieved June 1, 2010.
  46. ↑ "Warren Miller's Fifty". Ski-N-Ride.com. Retrieved June 1, 2010.
  47. ↑ "Junior Bounous". U.S. Ski and Snowboard Hall of Fame and Museum. 1996. Retrieved June 1, 2010.
  48. ↑ Mewes, Rachel (December 14, 2009). "Skiing at Sugarbowl Ski Academy". The Campanile Palo Alto High School. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
  49. ↑ "Sugar Bowl Academy's Academic Program" (PDF). Sugar Bowl Academy. 2009–2010. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
  50. ↑ "Sugarbowl Academy: A New Option For Serious Young Nordic Skiers". FasterSkier.com. December 29, 2009. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
  51. ↑ Dreon, Nicole. "Raising a Racer". Tahoe Quarterly. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
  52. ↑ Frohlich, Robert (January 6, 2006). "Competitive Skier Tackles Life as a Black-Diamond Run". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
  53. ↑ "Sugar Bowl Ski Academy". Ski Racing Magazine. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
  54. ↑ Wright, Sylas (January 2, 2009). "Ready, set, boom: Silver Belt Banzai returning to Sugar Bowl". Sierra Sun. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
  55. 1 2 3 4 Bergmann, Ken. "What's in a Name? A brief history of Sugar Bowl runs". Sugar Bowl Ski Patrol. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
  56. ↑ Judah, T.D. (January 1, 1857). "A Practical Plan for Building the Pacific Railroad". Henry Polkinhorn printer. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
  57. ↑ "History of the Sierra's First Ski Resort". Press Release. California Ski Industry Association. October 1, 2005. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
  58. ↑ Castle, Ken. "Sugar Bowl, California: How Sweet It Is". Ski Magazine. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
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