Timeline of Budapest
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Budapest, Hungary.
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
Prior to 19th century
See also: Pest, Buda and Óbuda
Part of a series on the |
||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| History of Hungary | ||||||||||||||||||||
 | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
Medieval
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Early modern
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Late modern
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Contemporary
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
By topic |
||||||||||||||||||||
 Hungary portal | ||||||||||||||||||||
- B.C. - Neolithic, Chalcolithic-, bronze and iron age cultures, Celtic and Eravisci settlements on present day Budapest.
- 1st century CE - Romans found the settlements known as Aquincum, Contra-Aquincum and Campona. Aquincum becomes the largest town of the Danubian region and one of the capitals of Pannonia.[1]
- 5th century - The Age of Huns.[1] King Attila builds a city for himself here according to later chronicles. After his death, the sons of his brother Mundzuk (Hungarian: Bendegúz, Turkish: Boncuk), Attila and Bleda (Hungariahn:Buda), in control of the united Hun tribes.
- 896 - Following the foundation of Hungary, Árpád, leader of the Hungarians, settles in the "Town of Attila", usually identified as Aquincum.
- 10th century - Out of the seven to ten Hungarian tribes, four have settlements in the territory of modern Budapest: Megyer, Keszi, Jenő and Nyék.
- 1015 - Saint Stephen church established (approximate date).
- 1046 - Bishop Gerard of Csanád dies at the hands of pagans on present-day Gellért Hill.
- 1241 - Mongol invasions destroy both towns.[1]
- 1248 - King Béla IV builds the first royal castle on Castle Hill, Buda.[1] The new town adopts the name of Buda from the earlier one (present day Óbuda). Pest is surrounded by city walls.
- 1255 - Matthias Church reconstruction begins.
- 1270 - Saint Margaret of Hungary dies in a cloister on the Isle of Rabbits (present day Margaret Island).
- 1458 - The noblemen of Hungary elect Matthias Corvinus (in Latin) or Hunyadi Mátyás (in Hungarian) as king on the ice of the Danube. Under his reign Buda becomes a main hub of European Renaissance. He dies in 1490, after capturing Vienna in 1485.
- 1472 - Printing press established in Buda.[2]
- 1526 - 26 November: Buda taken by forces of Ottman Suleyman.[1][3]
- 1530 - Siege of Buda (1530).
- 1540 - Siege of Buda (1540).
- 1541
- Siege of Buda (1541).
- Buda becomes part of the Ottoman Empire.[3][4] The Turkish Pashas build multiple mosques and baths in Buda.
- Budin Eyalet established.[1]
- 1542 - Siege of Pest.[1]
- 1550 - Rudas Baths built.
- 1566 - Sokollu Mustafa Pasha becomes Pasha of Buda.[1]
- 1602 - An unsuccessful assault on Budapest under Feldmarschall Christof Hermann Graf von Rußworm (2 October - 15 November 1602).
- 1686 - Battle of Buda (1686).[1] Buda and Pest are reconquered from the Turks with Habsburg leadership. Both towns are destroyed completely in the battles.[3]
- 1690s - Resettlement, initially only a few hundred German settlers.
- 1771 - Citadel built in Buda.[5]
- 1773 - Election of the first Mayor of Pest.
- 1777 - Maria Theresa of Austria moves Nagyszombat University to Castle Hill in Buda.[5]
- 1783 - Joseph II places the acting government (Helytartótanács) and Magyar Kamara on Buda.
- 1795 - 20 May - Ignác Martinovics and other Jacobin leaders are executed on Vérmező or 'The Field of Blood'.
19th century
See also: History of Budapest in the 19th century
- 1810 - A fire in the Tabán district.
- 1811 - City Park laid out in Pest.
- 1823 - Fasori Gimnázium (school) founded.
- 1825 - Commencement of the Reform Era. Pest becomes the cultural and economic centre of the country. The first National Theatre is built, along with the Hungarian National Museum.
- 1830 - Steamboat to Vienna begins operating.[6]
- 1833 - Vigadó Concert Hall opens in Pest.
- 1836 - Pest-Buda Musical Association founded.
- 1838 - 1838 Pest flood.[7] The biggest flood in recent memory in March completely inundates Pest.
- 1839 - Industrial flour mill begins operating.[8]
- 1844 - Ganz Works iron foundry in business in Buda.
- 1846
- 1848 - 15 March - Start of the Revolution and War of Independence of 1848-49. Pest replaces Pozsony/Pressburg (Bratislava) as the new capital of Hungary and seat of the Batthyány government and the Parliament.
- 1849
- 5 January: Austrians occupy the city.[6]
- April: Hungarian Honvédsereg (Army of National Defense) reclaims city,[10] taking the fortress of Buda on May 21 after an 18-day Battle of Buda (1849).
- July: Habsburg army again captures the two towns.[6]
- 6 October - Lajos Batthyány, the first Hungarian Prime Minister is executed on the present-day Szabadság tér.[6]
- Széchenyi Lánchíd, or Széchenyi Chain Bridge, the first permanent bridge across the Danube in Budapest was opened linking Buda (West bank) and Pest (East bank).[5]
- 1853 - Budapest Philharmonic Orchestra founded.[11]
- 1857 - Pest Academy of Commerce founded.
- 1859 - Dohány Street Synagogue consecrated in Pest.[12]
- 1860 - Raitzenbad (bath) rebuilt.[13][14]
- 1864 - Vigadó Concert Hall built.[9]
- 1865
- Esterhazy Gallery of art established.[7]
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences building constructed in Pest.[5]
- 1867
- 8 June: Coronation of Franz Joseph as King of Hungary.[3]
- Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, followed by unprecedented civic development, resulting in the style of present-day Budapest.[9]
- Budapesti Közlöny government newspaper headquartered in Pest.[15]
- 1868
- Municipal council established in Pest.[16]
- Borsszem Jankó humor magazine headquartered in Pest.[15]
- Leopold Basilica built in Pest.[5]
- 1869
- János Gundel restaurant in busienss.[17]
- Margaret Island park opens.[18]
- 1870
- Közmunkatanács (metro planning entity) established.[17]
- Zagreb-Budapest railway begins operating.[8]
- Café Gerbeaud moves to Régi Színház Square.
- 1872
- Military academy built in Pest.[5]
- Rumbach Street Synagogue built.
1873–1899
- 1873
- 17 November: The former cities: Pest, Buda and Óbuda are united, and with that the Hungarian capital is established with the name of Budapest.
- Ráth Károly becomes Mayor of Budapest
- Coat of arms of Budapest design adopted.[19]
- Budapesti Szemle scholarly journal headquartered in city.[15]
- 1874
- Budapest Cog-wheel Railway service is inaugurated.
- Customhouse built.[5]
- Egyetértés newspaper headquartered in city.
- 1875
- 26 June: Storm.[3]
- Liszt Academy of Music founded.
- 1876
- Andrássy Avenue opens.
- Margaret Bridge built.[5]
- 1877
- Budapest-Nyugati Railway Terminal opens.[9]
- Országos Pedagógiai Könyvtár és Múzeum founded.[20]
- 1878
- 1881
- Budapesti Hírlap newspaper begins publication.[15][21]
- Population: 370,767 (75,794 in Buda + 294,973 in Pest).[5]
- 1884
- 1885 - Dobos torte (cake) introduced.
- 1886
- Budapest Opera Ball begins.
- Manfred Weiss Ammunition Factory begins operating near city.
- 1888 - Electric tram begins operating.[8]
- 1891 - Population: 491,938.[5]
- 1892 - Cholera epidemic.[16]
- 1893
- Electric power plant built.[8]
- Electrification of Budapest finished.
- 1894
- March: Funeral of Lajos Kossuth.[17]
- Aquincum Museum[22][23] and New York Café open.
- Nemzeti Szalon (art society) founded.
- Wampetics (later Gundel) restaurant in business.
- 1895 - Hall of Art, Budapest built.
- 1896
- Budapest Metro begins operating.[17]
- Hungary Millennium Celebrations.[3]
- Franz Joseph Bridge, Grand Boulevard, and Museum of Applied Arts[9] built.
- 1899
- Hungarian Transportation Museum opens.
- Uránia Hungarian Scientific Theatre active.[24]
- Institute of Geology built.[9]
20th century
See also: History of Budapest in the 20th century
1900–1945
- 1900
- Heroes' Square constructed, with its Millennium Memorial.
- Population: 732,222.[3]
- 1901
- 1902
- Hungarian Parliament Building constructed.[9]
- Fortuna cinema opens.[26]
- 1903
- Cifrapalota built.[25]
- Elisabeth Bridge[9] and Varosliget Picture House[26] open.
- 1904 - Thalia Theatre opens.[26]
- 1905 - Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest) built.[13]
- 1906
- István Bárczy becomes mayor.[9]
- Gresham Palace built.[25]
- 1908 - Nyugat literary magazine begins publication.[27]
- 1909
- Athletic Club of Kispest established.
- Endre Nagy cabaret active.[27][28]
- 1909–1910 - Electric public lighting expanded to the suburbs, the nearby towns villages had Electric public lighting.
- 1910
- Population: The census finds 880,000 people in Budapest and 55,000 in the largest suburb of Újpest (now part of Budapest). The religious make-up was 60.9% Catholic, 23.1% Jewish, 9.9% Calvinist and 5.0% Lutheran. Újpest was 65.9% Catholic, 18.4% Jewish, 9.7% Calvinist and 4.5% Lutheran. The percentage of ethnic Germans was 9.0% in Budapest and 5.7% in Újpest, while 2.3% of the population claimed to be Slovak.[29]
- 1913 - Bozsik Stadion (stadium) built.
- 1915 - A Tett cultural magazine begins publication.[25]
- 1916 - Helios cinema[30] and Magyar Zsidó Museum[31] open.
- 1918
- 31 October: Socialist Aster Revolution begins.[32] Revolution and the 133 days of the Hungarian Republic of Councils (March–August 1919) under the leadership of Béla Kun. It is the first Communist government to be formed in Europe after the October Revolution in Russia.
- 1919
- 21 March: City becomes capital of the Hungarian Soviet Republic.[32]
- 6 August: French-supported Romanian forces enter city.[33] The Communist government collapsed and its leaders fled. In retaliation for the Red Terror, reactionary crews now exacted revenge in a two-year wave of violent repression known today as the White Terror.
- 1 November: Budapest becomes capital of the Hungarian Democratic Republic, established by Mihály Károlyi.[33]
- 14 November: Romanian occupation ends.[33]
- 16 November: Miklós Horthy and National Army enter Budapest;[34] regency government established in 1920.
- 1921 - Magyar Írás newspaper begins publication.
- 1924 - Hungarian National Bank is founded.
- 1925 - Hungarian Radio commences broadcasting.
- 1926
- Corvin Áruház (shop) in business on Blaha Lujza tér.
- Forum Cinema active.[30]
- 1930 - Population: 1,442,869.
- 1933
- 1937 - Petőfi Bridge built.
- 1938
- Magyar Optical Works active.
- Barlang cinema opens.[30]
- 1944
- 19 March - German forces occupy Budapest. At the time of the occupation, there were 184,000 Jews and between 65,000 and 80,000 Christians of Jewish descent in the town. The Arrow Cross collaborated with the Germans in murdering Jews. Fewer than half of Budapest's Jews (approximately 119,000) survived the following 11 months.
- 3 November: Budapest Offensive by Soviet forces begins.[33]
- 26 December: Siege of Budapest begins.
- 1945
- 15–18 January: Soviet and Romanian troops besiege Budapest. The retreating Germans destroy all Danube bridges. On 18 January, the soviets complete the occupation of Pest.
- 13 February: The Buda castle falls; Siege of Budapest ends.[10][33] World War II took the lives of close to 200,000 Budapest residents and caused widespread damage to the buildings of the city.
1946–1990s
- 1946
- Kossuth Bridge built.
- Széll Kálmán Square renamed "Moscow Square."[35]
- 1947 - Liberty Statue (Budapest) erected.
- 1949 - City becomes capital of the Hungarian People's Republic.
- 1950 - Árpád Bridge opens.
- 1952 - Esti Budapest newspaper begins publication.
- 1956
- 23 October - 4 November - The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 breaks out, ending in the invasion of a large Soviet force.
- Népszabadság newspaper headquartered in city.[36]
- 1959 - Béla Balázs Studio of film established.[25]
- 1960s - Wartime damage is largely repaired.
- 1963 - Rákosi bunker built.
- 1964 - Elizabeth Bridge rebuilt, the final bridge to be repaired postwar.
- 1968
- Budapest Transport established.
- Iparterv art group active.[25]
- 1969 - Marriott hotel built.[18]
- 1970
- The first phase of the East-Western Metro begin operating.
- Population: 1,945,083.
- 1972 - Moszkva tér (Budapest Metro) opens at Moscow Square.[37]
- 1974 - Rubik's Cube invented.
- 1975 - Budapest-Déli Railway Terminal built.
- 1976
- The first phase of the North-Southern Metro begins.
- Hilton hotel built.[18]
- 1979 - Artpool founded.[25]
- 1983 - Budapest Festival Orchestra founded.[38]
- 1985 - Petőfi Csarnok youth center opens.
- 1987
- Budapest designated an UNESCO World Heritage Site.[39]
- Dimitrov Square renamed "Church Square."[19]
- 1989 - City becomes part of the Third Hungarian Republic.
- 1990
- Gábor Demszky becomes mayor.
- Budapest Stock Exchange re-established.[40]
- Population: The city is home to 2,016,100 residents.
- Gyöngyösi utca (Budapest Metro) opens.
- 1992 - Kempinski Hotel Corvinus in business.[37]
- 1995 - Rákóczi Bridge opens.
- 1996
- 1997 - Budapest Pride event begins.
- 1999 - WestEnd City Center shopping mall in business.
21st century
- 2000 - Buda Health Center established.
- 2002
- August: Flood.
- National Theatre (Budapest) rebuilt.
- Andrássy Avenue is added to the list of World heritage Sites, along with the Millennium Underground railway and Heroes' Square.
- 2004
- 1 May: Hungary joins the European Union.
- Budapest City Archives new building opens.
- 2006
- September–October: Anti-government protests in Kossuth Lajos square.[40][42]
- Budapest Fringe Festival begins.
- 200 km of the 1000 km road in capital level local government handling is reconstructed after 80 km in the former year. The world's longest trams, Siemens Combino Supras start service on Great Boulevard, by the end of the year 150 Volvo 7700 buses take part in replacing the aging BKV fleet. Reconstruction of metro line 2 finishes.
- 2008
- The Eastern part of the M0 motorway around the city with Megyeri Bridge is finished and given to public. The new Northern Railway Bridge is finished and is opened to public.
- By this year 400 km road [43] have been reconstructed due to the road reconstruction program paired with pipe (heating and water) replacements to modern, narrow and heat-conserving ones, and where needed sewer system expansion or replacement.
- 2009 - The 2007-2009 complete reconstruction of Liberty Bridge[44] finishes.
- 2010
- István Tarlós becomes mayor.
- The Central Wastewater Treatment Plant starts its normal operation. This increases biologically treated sewage from 51% to 100%.
- 2011
- The 2009-2011 complete and historical reconstruction of Margaret Bridge[45] finishes.
- Population: 1,729,040 city; 3,284,110 metro.
- 2012 - Protest related to new Constitution of Hungary.[40]
- 2014
- First phase of Line 4 (Budapest Metro) opens for use by the public.
- 2014 Hungarian Internet tax protests.[40]
- 2015 - September: Demonstration by migrants.[46]
See also
- History of Budapest
- Pasha of Buda, 1541-1686 (includes list of names)
- List of mayors of Budapest (főpolgármesterek), since 1873
- List of mayors (hu:Budapest polgármestereinek listája), since 1873
- List of city council presidents (hu:Budapest tanácselnökeinek listája), since 1950
- History of Pest (in Hungarian)
- Other names of Budapest
- List of sights and historic places in Budapest
- Other cities in Hungary
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 David 2009.
- ↑ Robert Proctor (1898). "Books Printed From Types: Austria-Hungary: Buda-Pest". Index to the Early Printed Books in the British Museum. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Company – via HathiTrust.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Haydn 1910.
- ↑ Overall 1870.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Chambers 1901.
- 1 2 3 4 Charles E. Little (1900), "Austria-Hungary", Cyclopedia of Classified Dates, New York: Funk & Wagnalls
- 1 2 Eggenberger 1870.
- 1 2 3 4 5 David Turnock (2006). Eastern European Economy, 1800-2000: Stages of Transformation in a Peripheral Region. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-67876-1.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Nemes 2009.
- 1 2 Eric Roman (2003). "Chronologies". Austria-Hungary & the Successor States: A Reference Guide. Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-7469-3.
- ↑ Colin Lawson, ed. (2003). "Orchestras Founded in the 19th Century (chronological list)". Cambridge Companion to the Orchestra. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00132-8.
- ↑ Büchler 1907.
- 1 2 Britannica 1910.
- ↑ Heksch 1895.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Albert Tezla (1970). Hungarian Authors; a Bibliographical Handbook. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-42650-4.
- 1 2 Shaw 1897.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Lukacs 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 Metro-Roland 2012.
- 1 2 3 Agata Anna Lisiak (2010). Urban Cultures in (Post)colonial Central Europe. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-573-3. (about Berlin, Budapest, Prague, Warsaw)
- ↑ Thirring Gusztáv (1908). Budapest székesfőváros statisztikai es kőzigazgatási évkönyve ... 1906 [Budapest statistical and administrative yearbook] (in Hungarian). Budapest.
- 1 2 A. de Chambure (1914). "La presse etrangere: Autriche-Hongrie". A travers la presse (in French). Paris: Fert, Albouy & cie.
- ↑ "Treasures of Budapest - 125 Years of the Budapest History Museum (timeline)". Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- ↑ Hourihane 2012.
- ↑ "History". Uránia Nemzeti Filmszínház. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Central Europe, 1900 A.D.–present: Key Events". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- 1 2 3 John Cunningham (2004). Hungarian Cinema: from Coffee House to Multiplex. Wallflower Press. ISBN 978-1-903364-79-6.
- 1 2 Fenyo 1987.
- ↑ Eugene Brogyanyi (1995). "Hungary". In Martin Banham. Cambridge Guide to Theatre. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43437-9.
- ↑ Történelmi Magyarország atlasza és adattára 1914, Budapest, 2001
- 1 2 3 "Movie Theaters in Budapest, Hungary". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- ↑ "Budapest". Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Yivo Institute for Jewish Research. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- 1 2 Nagy 2002.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Reference Sources: League of Nations Timeline". Geneva: League of Nations Archives. Retrieved 28 February 2015 – via Indiana University, Center for the Study of Global Change.
- ↑ Deák 1968.
- ↑ Bodnár 1998.
- ↑ "Budapest (Hungary) -- Newspapers". Global Resources Network. Chicago, USA: Center for Research Libraries. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- 1 2 3 Bodnár 2001.
- ↑ Colin Lawson, ed. (2003). "Orchestras Founded in the 20th Century (chronological list)". Cambridge Companion to the Orchestra. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00132-8.
- ↑ "Budapest". UNESCO. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 "Hungary Profile: Timeline". BBC News. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- ↑ Donald Kenrick (2007). "Chronology of Gypsy History". Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6440-5.
- ↑ Adrian Webb (2008). "Key Events since the Fall of Communism". Routledge Companion to Central and Eastern Europe Since 1919. Routledge. pp. 96–112. ISBN 978-1-134-06521-9.
- ↑ "Road Reconstruction Portal". Official Webpage of the Local Government of Budapest.
- ↑ "Article on Infrastructural Investments". Official Webpage of the Local Government of Budapest.
- ↑ "News on the reconstruction of Margaret Bridge". Official Webpage of the Local Government of Budapest. 2008-06-10.
- ↑ Migrants protest as Hungary shutters Budapest train station, Reuters, 1 September 2015
This article incorporates information from the Hungarian Wikipedia and German Wikipedia.
Bibliography
See also: History of Budapest § Further reading
in English
- William Henry Overall, ed. (1870). "Buda". Dictionary of Chronology. London: William Tegg – via HathiTrust.
- Albert Shaw (1897). "Budapest". Municipal government in continental Europe. New York: Century Co.
- "Pesth", Chambers's Encyclopaedia, London: W. & R. Chambers, 1901
- Alexander Büchler (1907), "Budapest", Jewish Encyclopedia, 3, New York
- "Budapest", Encyclopaedia Britannica (11th ed.), New York, 1910, OCLC 14782424
- Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Buda", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co.
- New York Public Library (1913). "Budapest". List of Works Relating to City Charters, Ordinances, and Collected Documents.
- István Deák (1968). "Budapest and the Hungarian Revolutions of 1918-1919". Slavonic and East European Review. 46. JSTOR 4205930.
- Mario D. Fenyo (1987). "Literature and Political Change: Budapest, 1908-1918". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 77. JSTOR 1006574.
- Judit Bodnár (1998). "Assembling the Square: Social Transformation in Public Space and the Broken Mirage of the Second Economy in Postsocialist Budapest". Slavic Review. 57. JSTOR 2500709.
- Judit Bodnaŕ (2001). Fin de Millénaire Budapest: Metamorphoses of Urban Life. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-0477-1.
- Zsuzsa L. Nagy (2002). Chris Wrigley, ed. Budapest and the revolutions of 1918 and 1919. Challenges of Labour: Central and Western Europe 1917-1920. Routledge. p. 72+. ISBN 978-1-134-90143-2.
- Geza David (2009). "Buda". In Gabor Agoston; Bruce Alan Masters. Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts on File. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7.
- Robert Nemes (2009). "Budapest". In Emily Gunzburger Makas; Tanja Damljanovic Conley. Capital Cities in the Aftermath of Empires: Planning in Central and Southeastern Europe. Routledge. p. 141+. ISBN 978-1-135-16725-7.
- Colum Hourihane, ed. (2012). "Budapest". Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539536-5.
- John Lukacs (2012). Budapest 1900: A Historical Portrait of a City and Its Culture. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-9421-3.
- Michelle M. Metro-Roland (2012). Tourists, Signs and the City: The Semiotics of Culture in an Urban Landscape. Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-4094-9025-8. (about Budapest)
in other languages
- Neuer und vollständiger Führer durch Pest-Ofen [New and Complete Guide to Pest-Ofen] (in German) (2nd ed.). Pest: Eggenberger'sche Buchhandlung (Hoffmann & Molnár). 1870.
- Alexander Franz Heksch (1895). Illustrirter Führer durch Budapest [Illustrated Guide to Budapest] (in German). Vienna: A. Hartleben.
External links
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Budapest. |
Hungary articles | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| History | | ||||||
| Geography |
| ||||||
| Politics |
| ||||||
| Economy | |||||||
| Society |
| ||||||
| |||||||
| Countries |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Cities | ||
| Tributaries | ||
| See also | ||
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/16/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.