Transaxle
In the automotive field, a transaxle is a major mechanical component that combines the functionality of the transmission, the differential, and associated components of the driven axle into one integrated assembly.
Transaxles are near universal in all automobile configurations that have the engine placed at the same end of the car as the driven wheels: the front-engine, front-wheel drive layout; rear-engine, rear-wheel drive layout; and rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive layout arrangements.
Many mid- and rear-engined vehicles use a transverse engine and transaxle, similar to a front wheel drive unit. Others use a longitudinal engine and transaxle like Ferrari's 1989 Mondial t which used a "t" arrangement with a longitudinal engine connected to a transverse transaxle, a design the company continues to this day. Front-wheel drive versions of modern Audis, from the A4 upwards, along with their related marques from the Volkswagen Group (which share the same automobile layout) also use a similar layout, but with the transaxle also mounted longitudinally.
Front-engine, rear-wheel drive transaxles
Front-engine, rear-wheel drive vehicles tend to have the transmission up front just after the engine, but sometimes a front engine drives a rear-mounted transaxle. This is generally done for reasons of weight distribution, and is therefore common on sports cars. Another advantage is that as the driveshaft spins at engine speed it only has to endure the torque of the engine, instead of that torque multiplied by the 1st gear ratio. This design was pioneered in the 1934 Škoda Popular, and then in the 1950 Lancia Aurelia, designed by Vittorio Jano.
Since this placement of the gearbox is unsuitable for a live axle (due to excessive unsprung weight), the rear suspension is either independent, or uses a de Dion tube (notably in Alfa Romeos). Rare exceptions to this rule were the Bugatti T46 and T50 which had a three speed gearbox on a live axle.
The Nissan GT-R is unique in that it uses a rear transaxle with an AWD layout, the transaxle in this case also contains the differential sending power back to the front wheels via a separate driveshaft.
Notable Front-engine, rear-wheel drive layout vehicles with a transaxle design include:
- 1898–1910 De Dion Bouton
- 1914–1939 Stutz Bearcat
- 1929–1936 Bugatti Type 46
- 1934–1944 Škoda Popular
- 1950–1958 Lancia Aurelia
- 1951–1956 Pegaso Z-102
- 1957–1970 Lancia Flaminia
- 1959–1963 DAF 600
- 1961–1963 Pontiac Tempest
- 1964–1968 Ferrari 275
- 1963–1968 Ferrari 330
- 1968–1973 Ferrari 365 GTB/4 "Daytona"
- 1972–1987 Alfa Romeo Alfetta, GTV and GTV6
- 1976–1988 Porsche 924
- 1976–1991 Volvo 300 series
- 1977–1985 Alfa Romeo Giulietta
- 1978–1995 Porsche 928
- 1982–1995 Porsche 944 and Porsche 968
- 1984–1987 Alfa Romeo 90
- 1985–1992 Alfa Romeo 75
- 1989–1991 Alfa Romeo SZ/RZ
- 1992–2003 Ferrari 456
- 1996–2005 Ferrari 550/575M
- 1997–2004 Chevrolet Corvette C5
- 1997–1999 Panoz Esperante GTR-1
- 1997–2002 Plymouth Prowler
- 1998–2005 Shelby Series 1
- 2003–date Aston Martin DB9
- 2004–2009 Cadillac XLR
- 2004–2013 Chevrolet Corvette C6
- 2004–2011 Ferrari 612 Scaglietti
- 2004–2012 Maserati Quattroporte
- 2005–date Aston Martin V8 Vantage
- 2006–2012 Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano
- 2007–2010 Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione
- 2007–date Maserati GranTurismo/GranCabrio
- 2008–date Ferrari California/California T
- 2009–2012 Lexus LF-A
- 2010–date Aston Martin Rapide
- 2010–2013 Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG
- 2011–date Ferrari FF
- 2012–date Aston Martin Vanquish
- 2012–date Ferrari F12berlinetta
- 2013–date V8 Supercars [1]
- 2014–date Chevrolet Corvette C7
- 2014–date Mercedes-AMG GT
Rear-engine, rear-wheel drive transaxles
Volkswagen and later Porsche made extensive use of transaxles in their rear (and mid) engined vehicles, including:
- 1921–1925 Rumpler Tropfenwagen
- 1938–2003 Volkswagen Beetle
- 1940–1945 Volkswagen Kübelwagen (Type 82)
- 1941–1944 Volkswagen Schwimmwagen (Type 166)
- 1948–1965 Porsche 356
- 1950–1990 Volkswagen Type 2 T1-T3
- 1955–1974 Volkswagen Karmann Ghia
- 1960–1969 Chevrolet Corvair [2]
- 1961–1973 Volkswagen Type 3
- 1963–present Porsche 911
- 1964–1969 Škoda 1000 MB
- 1965–1969, 1976 Porsche 912
- 1968–1974 Volkswagen Type 4
- 1969–1976 Porsche 914 (mid-engined)
- 1969–1980 Škoda 100, Škoda 110 R
- 1971-1978 Maserati Bora
- 1971-1992 De Tomaso Pantera
- 1975–1989 Porsche 930
- 1976–1990 Škoda 105, Škoda 120, Škoda 130, Škoda Garde, Škoda Rapid (1984)
- 1981–1982 DeLorean DMC-12
- 1984-1988 Pontiac Fiero (mid-engined)
- 1984-2007 Toyota MR2 (mid-engined)*2013–present Praga R1 (mid-engined)
Four-wheel drive
All Audi cars with longitudinal engines and their 'trademark' quattro four-wheel drive (4WD) system, along with their related marques from the Volkswagen Group which share the same layout, utilise a transaxle. This is mounted immediately behind the front-mounted engine (again, longitudinally) and contains the 'gearbox' (manual, automatic, DSG, or CVT), along with both the centre differential, and the front differential and final drive unit.
Other 4WD applications include:
- 1984–1986 Ford RS200 – mid-engined, with the gearbox in the front;
- 1989-2001 Mitsubishi 3000GT - front engined, gearbox (transmission, front and centre diff) in the front;
- 2007–on Nissan GT-R – front-engined, with the gearbox in the rear.
