Transcription into Japanese
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| Japanese writing |
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| Components |
| Uses |
| Romanization |
In contemporary Japanese writing, foreign-language loanwords and foreign names are normally written in the katakana script, which is one component of the Japanese writing system. As far as possible, sounds in the source language are matched to the nearest sounds in the Japanese language, and the result is transcribed using standard katakana characters, each of which represents one syllable (strictly mora). For example, America is written アメリカ (A-me-ri-ka). To accommodate various foreign-language sounds not present in Japanese, a system of extended katakana has also developed to augment standard katakana.
Katakana, like the other Japanese kana, hiragana, has a one-to-one correspondence between sounds and characters. Therefore, once the "Japanese sound" of a word is established, there is no ambiguity in its katakana spelling (unlike spelling in English, for example).
A much less common form of transcription, not covered in this article, uses kanji characters for their phonetic values. For information on this method see Ateji.
Practicalities of transcription
Syllable structure
The most conspicuous result of transcription into Japanese is the insertion of vowels, often making words significantly longer. This is because Japanese phonology has (C)V(C) syllables (optional starting consonant, vowel, optional ending consonant): it does not allow consonant clusters at the start of a syllable, and the only ending consonant is either the nasal ン, n or a geminate consonant – indeed, these closed syllables are due to ancient Chinese loanwords, and originally Japanese was strictly (C)V.
Since Japanese has few closed syllables, syllable-final consonants in the source language are often represented using the -u (or sometimes -o or -i) kanas with implicitly silent vowels – though this vowel often is pronounced in Japanese – or the syllable coda is not represented at all. For example, the name Jim is written ジム (Ji-mu). A similar principle applies to consonant clusters; for example spring would be transcribed as スプリング (su-pu-ri-n-gu).
Diphthongs
Japanese has only five native vowel sounds, each a pure vowel (monophthong) with a long and short form, and some degree of approximation is necessary when representing vowels from, for example, English. Diphthongs are represented by sequences of vowels, and pronounced with hiatus, as a sequence of discrete monophthongs, not a diphthong, as in ブラウン Bu-ra-u-n "Brown", ナイス na-i-su "nice", ディア di-a "dear/deer", レア re-a "rare". etc. The English spelling <ore> (phonologically /ɔː/ (RP) or /ɔːr/ (GA)) is usually "diphthongized" as o-a in Japanese (e.g. コア ko-a "core"), possibly because it is also pronounced as a diphthong (/oə/) in some accents of English. The English /eɪ/ is transcribed to either e-e (エース e-e-su "ace") or e-i (スペイン Su-pe-i-n "Spain"); similarly, /əʊ/ is transcribed to either o-o (ショー sho-o "show") or o-u (シャドウ sha-do-u "shadow").
Phonemes
Japanese does not have separate l and r sounds, and l- is normally transcribed using the kana that are perceived as representing r-. For example, London becomes ロンドン (Ro-n-do-n). Other sounds not present in Japanese may be converted to the nearest Japanese equivalent; for example, the name Smith is written スミス (Su-mi-su). Foreign sounds can be difficult to express in Japanese, resulting in spellings such as フルシチョフ Furushichofu (Khrushchev), アリー・ハーメネイー Arī Hāmeneī (Ali Khamenei) and イツハク・パールマン Itsuhaku Pāruman or イツァーク・パールマン Itsāku Pāruman (Itzhak Perlman).
The English voiceless labialized velar approximant /hw/ (orthographically wh), which is a distinct phoneme from /w/ in some varieties of English, can be transcribed as ho(w)-. For example, White is ホワイト Howaito, whale is ホエール hoēru.
The English /ti(ː)/ and /tɪ/ is typically transcribed to チ chi (e.g. チーム chīmu "team"), but ティ ti is also used (ティア tia "tear"). The suffix -tic can be transcribed to either チック -chikku or ティック -tikku. However, -ty is almost always transcribed to ティ(ー) -ti(i), not *チ(ー) *-chi(i) (e.g. パーティー pātī "party", インフィニティ infiniti "infinity").
The English schwa /ə/ is variously transcribed to a, e, o, depending on the English spelling. For example, デュアル dyu-a-ru "dual", デュエル dyu-e-ru "duel", テスタメント Te-su-ta-me-n-to "Testament", ロンドン Ro-n-do-n "London". There are no definite rules when it comes to the schwa, however; e.g. ランダム ra-n-da-mu "random", オープン o-o-pu-n "open", ザ za "the". The British /ə/ which is equivalent to the North American /ɚ/ is transcribed to a(-a); e.g. コンピュータ(ー) ko-n-pyu-u-ta(-a) "computer", モーター mo-o-ta-a "motor". On the other hand, the French schwa is transcribed to u or o; e.g. ソムリエ so-mu-ri-e "sommelier", ド do "de".
The English /æ/ is typically transcribed to a; e.g. マン ma-n "man", チャネル cha-ne-ru "channel". The sequences /kæ/ and /ɡæ/ are sometimes transcribed to kya and gya respectively; e.g. キャメラ kya-me-ra "camera", ギャラクシー gya-ra-ku-shi-i "galaxy".
The older English suffix -age /-ɪdʒ/ is always transcribed to -e-e-ji as if it were pronounced as /eɪdʒ/ as in "age" or "rage"; e.g. メッセージ me-s-se-e-ji "message", パッケージ pa-k-ke-e-ji "package". The more recent -age /-ɑːʒ/ is more "properly" transcribed to -a-a-ju; e.g. ミラージュ mi-ra-a-ju "mirage". However, "garage" /gəˈrɑːʒ/ is more commonly transribed to ガレージ ga-re-e-ji as it also has /ˈgærɪdʒ/ as an alternative pronunciation in British English.
The phoneme /v/ in various languages is transcribed either to b or v, although it is unknown whether there is such an equivalent phoneme /v/ in Japanese. For example ベネチア Benechia / ヴェネツィア Ve-ne-tsi-a "Venezia" (Italian for "Venice"), オーバー o-o-ba-a "over", ラブ ra-bu / ラヴ ravu "love".
Although several English dictionaries (Oxford's, Cambridge's, Longman's, etc.) do not endorse the notion of syllabic /m/, transcriptions into Japanese usually do; in other words, words with sequences /Cm/ (with C for "consonant") is transcribed as if /m/ is syllabic just like /n/ in "seven" (セブン sebun), /l/ in "battle" (バトル batoru). For example, リズム ri-zu-mu "rhythm", ファシズム fa-shi-zu-mu "fascism".
Long vowels
Long vowels are generally written with ー to indicate lengthening, as in コーラ kōra (cola), rather than writing a distinct vowel ×コウラ *koura. There are two irregularities of note here. Firstly, lengthening of the final vowel may be ambiguous, and vary over time or between users. For example, in present Japan, "computer" is generally represented as コンピューター konpyūtā (long final), but in some cases, such as the computer industry, following Japanese Industrial Standards, it is represented as コンピュータ konpyūta (short final).[1] Secondly, in modern Chinese loanwords, notably food names, in careful transcription diphthongs are represented by separate vowels, even if in Japanese they would appear to be a long vowel; this is particularly common with òu, especially in 豆 dòu "(soy) bean", usually rendered as トウ. Further, long vowels in the Japanese transcription need not reflect Chinese pronunciation. For example, the dish 東坡肉 "Dongpo pork", in pinyin dōngpōròu (dōng·pō·ròu), is represented in Japanese as ドンポーロウ donpōrou, or more commonly トンポーロウ tonpōrou. Note that in Chinese pinyin ō represents a high tone, while in Japanese ō represents a long vowel, and /d/ is pronounced differently (Chinese /d/ is similar to Japanese or English /t/). This distinction is not always followed, and varies by term: the spelling トンポーロー tonpōrō is also common; and in terms such as 回鍋肉 twice cooked pork, the spelling ホイコーロー is more common, despite representing diphthongs.
Extended katakana
In modern times, an extended katakana system has developed to cater for foreign sounds not present in Japanese. Most of these novel katakana forms are digraphs, composed of standard katakana characters, but in digraph combinations not found in native words. For example, the word photo is transcribed as フォト (fo-to), where the novel digraph フォ (fo) is made up from フ (normally fu) plus a novel small combining form of オ (normally o). In other cases novel diacritics may be applied to create new sounds, such as ヴ for vu, which consists of ウ (u) combined with a dakuten to indicate a voiced pronunciation.
Interpunct
Japanese is written without spaces between words, and, to aid understanding, foreign phrases and names are sometimes transliterated with an interpunct separating the words, called a nakaguro (中黒, middle dot); for example, ビル・ゲイツ (Bill Gates). When it is assumed that the reader knows the separate gairaigo words in the phrase, the middle dot is omitted. For example, the phrase コンピューターゲーム konpyūtā gēmu ("computer game") contains two well-known gairaigo, and therefore is not written with a middle dot.
Katakana tables
The following tables give the Hepburn romanization and an approximate IPA transcription for katakana as used in contemporary Japanese. Their use in transcription is, of course, in the inverse direction.
Standard katakana
| Monographs (gojūon) | Digraphs (yōon) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | i | u | e | o | ya | yu | yo | |
| ∅ | ア a [a] |
イ i [i] |
ウ u [u͍] |
エ e [e] |
オ o [o] |
|||
| K | カ ka [ka] |
キ ki [ki] |
ク ku [ku͍] |
ケ ke [ke] |
コ ko [ko] |
キャ kya [kʲa] |
キュ kyu [kʲu͍] |
キョ kyo [kʲo] |
| S | サ sa [sa] |
シ shi [ɕi] |
ス su [su͍] |
セ se [se] |
ソ so [so] |
シャ sha [ɕa] |
シュ shu [ɕu͍] |
ショ sho [ɕo] |
| T | タ ta [ta] |
チ chi [t͡ɕi] |
ツ tsu [t͡su͍] |
テ te [te] |
ト to [to] |
チャ cha [t͡ɕa] |
チュ chu [t͡ɕu͍] |
チョ cho [t͡ɕo] |
| N | ナ na [na] |
ニ ni [nʲi] |
ヌ nu [nu͍] |
ネ ne [ne] |
ノ no [no] |
ニャ nya [ɲa] |
ニュ nyu [ɲu͍] |
ニョ nyo [ɲo] |
| H | ハ ha [ha] |
ヒ hi [çi] |
フ fu [ɸu͍] |
ヘ he [he] |
ホ ho [ho] |
ヒャ hya [ça] |
ヒュ hyu [çu͍] |
ヒョ hyo [ço] |
| M | マ ma [ma] |
ミ mi [mi] |
ム mu [mu͍] |
メ me [me] |
モ mo [mo] |
ミャ mya [mʲa] |
ミュ myu [mʲu͍] |
ミョ myo [mʲo] |
| Y | ヤ ya [ja] |
[n 1] | ユ yu [ju͍] |
[n 1] | ヨ yo [jo] |
|||
| R | ラ ra [ɽa] |
リ ri [ɽi] |
ル ru [ɽu͍] |
レ re [ɽe] |
ロ ro [ɽo] |
リャ rya [ɽʲa] |
リュ ryu [ɽʲu͍] |
リョ ryo [ɽʲo] |
| W | ワ wa [wa] |
[n 2] | [n 1] | [n 2] | ヲ wo [wo][n 2] |
|||
| Final nasal monograph | Functional graphemes | |||||||
| ン n [n, m, ŋ, ɴ] |
ー (after long vowel) |
|||||||
| Monographs with diacritics: gojūon with (han)dakuten | Digraphs with diacritics: yōon with (han)dakuten | |||||||
| a | i | u | e | o | ya | yu | yo | |
| G | ガ ga [ɡa] |
ギ gi [ɡi] |
グ gu [ɡu͍] |
ゲ ge [ɡe] |
ゴ go [ɡo] |
ギャ gya [ɡʲa] |
ギュ gyu [ɡʲu͍] |
ギョ gyo [ɡʲo] |
| Z | ザ za [za] |
ジ ji [d͡ʑi] |
ズ zu [zu͍] |
ゼ ze [ze] |
ゾ zo [zo] |
ジャ ja [d͡ʑa] |
ジュ ju [d͡ʑu͍] |
ジョ jo [d͡ʑo] |
| D | ダ da [da] |
[n 3] | [n 3] | デ de [de] |
ド do [do] |
[n 3] | [n 3] | [n 3] |
| B | バ ba [ba] |
ビ bi [bi] |
ブ bu [bu͍] |
ベ be [be] |
ボ bo [bo] |
ビャ bya [bʲa] |
ビュ byu [bʲu͍] |
ビョ byo [bʲo] |
| P | パ pa [pa] |
ピ pi [pi] |
プ pu [pu͍] |
ペ pe [pe] |
ポ po [po] |
ピャ pya [pʲa] |
ピュ pyu [pʲu͍] |
ピョ pyo [pʲo] |
Notes
Extended katakana
The following katakana (tokushuon[2]) have been developed or proposed specifically for the purposes of transcribing foreign words. Examples such as トゥ(tu) in カートゥーン(cartoon), ティ(ti) in パーティ(party), ツァ (tsa) in モーツァルト(Mozart) are found mostly in foreign words.
| Orange | General kana combinations used for loanwords or foreign place names or personal names, set forth by the Japanese government's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT, Monbushō).[3] |
| Blue | Combinations used for more accurate transliteration of foreign sounds, again set forth by MEXT. |
| Beige | Suggestions by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI Z39.11)[4] and the British Standards Institution (BS 4812).[5] |
| Purple | Combinations that appear in the 1974 version of the Hyōjun-shiki formatting.[6] |
| a | i | u | e | o | ya | yu | ye | yo | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| K | キェ kye [kʲe] |
|||||||||
| Kw | クヮ kwa [kʷa] |
クィ kwi [kʷi] |
クェ kwe [kʷe] |
クォ kwo [kʷo] |
||||||
| G | ギェ gye [ɡʲe] |
|||||||||
| Gw | グヮ gwa [ɡʷa] |
グィ gwi [ɡʷi] |
グェ gwe [ɡʷe] |
グォ gwo [ɡʷo] |
||||||
| S | スィ si [si] |
シェ she [ɕe] |
||||||||
| Z J |
ズィ zi [zi] |
ジェ je [d͡ʑe] |
||||||||
| T | ティ ti [ti] |
トゥ tu [tu͍] |
テュ tyu [tʲu͍] |
チェ che [t͡ɕe] |
||||||
| Ts | ツァ tsa [t͡sa] |
ツィ tsi [t͡si] |
ツェ tse [t͡se] |
ツォ tso [t͡so] |
||||||
| D | ディ di [di] |
ドゥ du [du͍] |
デュ dyu [dʲu͍] |
|||||||
| N | ニェ nye [ɲe] |
|||||||||
| H | ホゥ hu [hu͍] |
ヒェ hye [çe] |
||||||||
| F | ファ fa [ɸa] |
フィ fi [ɸi] |
フェ fe [ɸe] |
フォ fo [ɸo] |
フャ fya [ɸʲa] |
フュ fyu [ɸʲu͍] |
フィェ fye [ɸʲe] |
フョ fyo [ɸʲo] | ||
| B | ビェ bye [bʲe] |
|||||||||
| P | ピェ pye [pʲe] |
|||||||||
| M | ミェ mye [mʲe] |
|||||||||
| Y | イィ yi [ji] |
イェ ye [je] |
||||||||
| R | リェ rye [ɽʲe] |
|||||||||
| W | ウィ wi [wi] |
ウゥ wu [wu͍] |
ウェ we [we] |
ウォ wo [wo] |
ウュ wyu [wʲu͍] |
|||||
| V | (ヷ) ヴァ va [va] |
(ヸ) ヴィ vi [vi] |
ヴ vu [vu͍] |
(ヹ) ヴェ ve [ve] |
(ヺ) ヴォ vo [vo] |
ヴャ vya [vʲa] |
ヴュ vyu [vʲu͍] |
ヴィェ vye [vʲe] |
ヴョ vyo [vʲo] | |
Table of transcription from English
English phonemes Common English graphemes Japanese transcription in modified Hepburn romanization Examples Received Pronunciation General American If the English consonant is followed and not preceded by any vowel If the English consonant is intervocalic If the English consonant is not followed by any vowel /æ/ ⟨a⟩ a hando "hand"; dansu "dance"
Exception: endo "and"/ɒ/ /ɑː/; /ɔː/ ⟨a⟩; ⟨o⟩; ⟨ou⟩ o; a nokku "knock"; shoppu "shop"; orakuru "oracle"; woriā "warrior"; tsumorō, tumorō "tomorrow"; sakkā "soccer"
Exception: dōru "doll"/ɑː/ /æ/; /ɑː/ ⟨a⟩; ⟨al⟩; ⟨au⟩ ā, a ānto "aunt"; hāfu "half"; basu "bath"; fasuto, fāsuto "fast"; Shikago "Chicago" /ɑː(ɹ)/ /ɑːɹ/ ⟨ar⟩; ⟨ear⟩ ā kā "car"; mākā "marker"; hāto "heart" /aɪ/ ⟨eigh⟩; ⟨i⟩; ⟨ie⟩; ⟨igh⟩; ⟨ui⟩; ⟨uy⟩; ⟨y⟩; ⟨ye⟩ ai hai "high", "hi"; raito "right", "light"; gai "guy"; gaido "guide"; sutairu "style"; haito "height" /aɪə(ɹ)/ /aɪɚ/ ⟨igher⟩; ⟨ire⟩ aia; aiā; aiyā faiā, faiyā "fire"
Exception: Airurando "Ireland"/aɪl/ /l/ ⟨ile⟩ airu misairu "missile" /aʊ/ ⟨ou⟩; ⟨ough⟩; ⟨ow⟩ au taun "town"; daun "down"; purau "plough", "plow" /aʊə(ɹ)/ /aʊɚ/ ⟨our⟩; ⟨ower⟩ awā pawā "power"; awā "hour" /b/ ⟨b⟩; ⟨bb⟩ b b; bb bu; bbu benchi "bench"; babburu "bubble"; burazā "brother"; Bureiku "Blake" /d/ ⟨d⟩; ⟨dd⟩ d d; dd do; ddo; zu; zzu dansu "dance"; beddo "bed"; Sandē "Sunday"; dūmu "doom"; doragon "dragon"; kiddo, kizzu "kid"; Ridorā "Riddler" /dju(ː)/; /djʊə(ɹ)/ /du(ː)/; /dʊɹ/ ⟨du⟩ dyū; dyu dyūku "duke"; dyuaru "dual"; dyueru "duel" /dz/ ⟨ds⟩; ⟨dds⟩ zu; zzu eizu "AIDS"; kizzu "kids"; guzzu "goods" /dʒ/ ⟨dg⟩; ⟨dge⟩; ⟨g⟩; ⟨ge⟩; ⟨j⟩ j j; jj ji; jji janpu "jump"; ejji "edge"; Jerī "Gerry"; bajetto "budget"; garēji "garage" /ð/ ⟨th⟩ z; j z; j zu za, jī "the"; mazā "mother"; arugorizumu "algorithm" /ɛ/ ⟨e⟩ e endo "end"; heddo "head" /ɛə(ɹ)/ /ɛɹ/ ⟨air⟩; ⟨are⟩; ⟨ear⟩; ⟨eir⟩ ea; eā ea, eā "air"; shea "share"; bea "bear" /ə/ ⟨a⟩ a Ākansō "Arkansas"; marigan "mulligan"; abauto "about"; konma "comma" ⟨e⟩ e tesutamento "testament"; Heren "Hellen"
Exceptions: za "the"; ōpun "open"; tōkun "token"⟨o⟩ o; u komon "common"; obu "of"; tsudē, tudē "today" /ə(ɹ)/ /ɚ/ ⟨ar⟩; ⟨er⟩; ⟨or⟩; ⟨our⟩; ⟨ure⟩ a; ā hangā "hanger", "hangar"; konpyūta, konpyūtā "computer"; Robāto "Robert"; karā "colour"; fyūchā "future" /əm/ ⟨om⟩; ⟨um⟩ amu kingudamu "kingdom"; randamu "random"; arubamu "album" /əs/ ⟨us⟩ asu bairasu, vairasu "virus" /əʊ/ /oʊ/ ⟨o⟩; ⟨oe⟩; ⟨oh⟩; ⟨ough⟩; ⟨ow⟩; ⟨owe⟩ ō; ou; o gō "go"; shō "show"; shadō, shadou "shadow"; hōmu "home"; souru "soul"; Ohaio "Ohio" /ɜː/ /ɜːɹ/ ⟨ear⟩; ⟨er⟩; ⟨ir⟩; ⟨olo⟩; ⟨ur⟩ ā āsu "earth"; Sutāringu "Sterling", "Stirling"; bācharu "virtual"; kābu "curve"; kāneru "colonel", "kernel" /eɪ/ ⟨a⟩; ⟨ai⟩; ⟨ay⟩; ⟨ei⟩; ⟨eigh⟩; ⟨ey⟩ ē; ei; e nēmu "name"; gēji "gauge"; doreiku "drake"; eito "eight"; poteto "potato"; enjeru "angel"; enshento "ancient" /f/ ⟨f⟩; ⟨ff⟩; ⟨gh⟩; ⟨ph⟩; ⟨u⟩ f; h f; ff fu; ffu fauru "foul"; furai "fry", "fly"; furawā "flower"; shaffuru "shuffle"; rafu "rough"; heddohon "headphone"; refutenanto "lieutenant" /ɡ/ ⟨g⟩; ⟨gg⟩; ⟨gh⟩ g g; gg gu; ggu gan "gun"; baggu "bag"; guraindā "grinder"; gurū "glue"; Maguru "Muggle"; gūru "ghoul" /ɡæ/ ⟨ga⟩ ga; gya gajetto "gadget"; gyarakushī "galaxy" /h/ ⟨h⟩; ⟨wh⟩ h; f hantā "hunter"; Habburu "Hubble"; fukku, hokku "hook" /ɪ/ ⟨i⟩ i; ē; e inputto "input"; messēji "message"; rimiteddo "limited"; orenji "orange"; aidea "idea" /ɪə(ɹ)/ /ɪɹ/ ⟨ear⟩; ⟨eer⟩; ⟨er⟩; ⟨ere⟩ ia; iya; īa; ī gia "gear"; mīakyatto "meerkat"; iyahon "earphone"; hīrō "hero" /i/ ⟨ee⟩; ⟨y⟩ i; ī; ē komittī "committee"; komedi, komedī "comedy"; pātī "party"; Hārē "Harley" /iː/ ⟨e⟩; ⟨ea⟩; ⟨ee⟩ ī; ē; e chīmu "team"; gurīn "green"; dēmon "demon"; haiena "hyena" /ɪ/ ⟨y⟩ y Yankī "Yankee"; yangu "young" /juː/; /ju/; /jʊə(ɹ)/; /jə/ /juː/; /ju/; /jʊɹ/; /jə/ ⟨eu(r)⟩; ⟨u(r)⟩; ⟨you(r)⟩; ⟨yu(r)⟩ yū; yu yū "you", "U"; yūro "euro"; Samyueru "Samuel"; yunion "union" /k/ ⟨c⟩; ⟨cc⟩; ⟨ch⟩; ⟨ck⟩; ⟨k⟩ k k; kk ku; kku; ki; kki kappu "cup"; kikku "kick"; teiku "take"; kēki "cake"; dekki "deck"; kuraun "clown"; sakkā "soccer", "sucker"; kuronikuru "chronicle" /kæ/ ⟨ca⟩; ⟨ka⟩ ka; kya Kanzasu "Kansas"; kyamera "camera"; kyandī "candy" /kw/ ⟨qu⟩ ku; kw kuōku, kwōku "quark"; kuīn, kwīn "queen" /l/ ⟨l⟩; ⟨ll⟩ r r ru rūpu "loop"; bōru "ball"; burī "bully" ⟨al⟩ aru puropōzaru "proposal"; raibaru "rival"; taidaru "tidal"; ofisharu "official" ⟨el⟩; ⟨le⟩ uru; oru; eru bēguru "bagel"; massuru "muscle"; tēburu "table"; saikuru "cycle"; midoru "middle"; sutēpuru "staple"; ketoru "kettle"; pazzuru "puzzle"; paneru "panel" /m/ ⟨m⟩; ⟨mm⟩ m m; nm mu; n Mei "May"; samon "summon"; gēmu "game"; ranpu "lamp", "lump", "ramp", "rump"; nanbā "number"; ganma "gamma" /n/ ⟨n⟩; ⟨nn⟩ n n; nn n; nnu nain "nine"; fan "fan"; banana "banana"; Anna "Anna"; ennu "N" ⟨ain⟩; ⟨en⟩ n; en sebun "seven"; reibun, reivun "raven"; kyaputen "captain"; Buriten "Britain" /ŋ/; /ŋɡ/ ⟨n⟩; ⟨ng⟩ ng n; ngu singā "singer"; fingā "finger"; rinku "link"; ringu "ring"; Bāmingamu, Bāminguhamu "Birmingham" /ɔː/ ⟨al⟩; ⟨au⟩; ⟨aw⟩; ⟨ough⟩ ō fōring "falling"; tōku "talk"; Ōsutoria "Austria"; kurō "claw" /ɔː(ɹ)/ /ɔːɹ/ ⟨oar⟩; ⟨or⟩; ⟨our⟩; ⟨ar⟩ ō; oru; oa bōdo "board"; kōsu "course"; fō, foa "four"; sutōmu "storm"; torunēdo "tornado"; wō "war"; oa "or"
Exception: wāpu "warp"⟨oor⟩; ⟨ore⟩ oa koa "core"; foa "fore"; doa "door"; furoa "floor" /ɔɪ/ ⟨oi⟩; ⟨oy⟩ oi koin "coin"; toi "toy"
Exception: bōi "boy"/p/ ⟨p⟩; ⟨pp⟩ p p; pp pu; ppu pakku "pack"; toppu "top"; purankuton "plankton"; purūfu "proof" /ɹ/ ⟨r⟩; ⟨rh⟩; ⟨rr⟩ r r macron; ru ramu "RAM", "rum"; terī "terry"; rizumu "rhythm"; bā "bar"; Kariforunia "California" /s/ ⟨c⟩; ⟨s⟩; ⟨sc⟩; ⟨ss⟩; ⟨st⟩ s; sh s; ss; sh; ssh su; ssu sando "sand"; shinku "sink", "cinque"; messenjā "messenger"; kēshingu "casing"; kissu "kiss"; kyassuru "castle"; sutoppu "stop"; surasshu "slash"; sento "cent"; massuru "muscle" /sjuː/ /suː/ ⟨su⟩ shū konshūmā "consumer" /ʃ/ ⟨ci⟩; ⟨sh⟩; ⟨si⟩; ⟨ti⟩ sh sh; ssh shu; sshu shippu "ship"; kurasshā "crasher", "crusher"; furasshu "flash"; shuraudo "shroud"; dimenshon "dimension"; akushon "action"; supesharu "special" /(k)ʃuəl/ ⟨sual⟩; ⟨xual⟩ (ku)sharu; (ku)shuaru konsensharu "consensual"; baisekusharu, baisekushuaru "bisexual" /t/ ⟨t⟩; ⟨th⟩; ⟨tt⟩ t; ch; ts t; tt; ts to; tto; tsu; ttsu tēpu "tape"; infiniti "infinity"; chippu "tip"; tsuā "tour"; Taitan "Titan"; sukēto "skate"; hittingu "hitting"; kātūn "cartoon"; kyatto, kyattsu "cat"; torampu "trump"; batoru "battle"; Temuzu, Tēmuzu "Thames" /tjuː/ /tuː/ ⟨tu⟩ chū chūnā "tuner" /ts/ ⟨t's⟩; ⟨ts⟩; ⟨tts⟩ tsu; ttsu kyattsu "cats"; ittsu "it's", "its" /tʃ/ ⟨ch⟩; ⟨tch⟩ ch ch; tch chi; tchi chiken, chikken "chicken"; kitchen "kitchen"; matchi "match" /tʃuəl/ ⟨tual⟩ charu; chuaru bācharu, bāchuaru "virtual" /θ/ ⟨th⟩ s; sh s; ss; sh; ssh su; ssu Sō "Thor"; shīfu "thief"; basurūmu "bathroom"; sureddo "thread" /ʊ/ ⟨oo⟩ u; ū bukku "book"; ūman "woman" /ʊə(ɹ); /ɔː(ɹ)/ /ʊɹ/ ⟨oor⟩; ⟨our⟩; ⟨ure⟩ ua; ūa; uā mūa "moor"; shua "sure"; tsuā "tour" /uː/ ⟨ew⟩; ⟨o⟩; ⟨oe⟩; ⟨oo⟩; ⟨ou⟩; ⟨ough⟩; ⟨ue⟩ ū dū "do"; kokūn "cocoon"; kurū "crew"; shū "shoe"; sūpu "soup"; surū "through" /v/ ⟨v⟩; ⟨ph⟩ b; v b; v bu; vu Baikingu, Vaikingu "Viking"; rabu, ravu "love"; Sutīvun "Stephen" /ʌ/ ⟨o⟩; ⟨oo⟩; ⟨ou⟩; ⟨u⟩ a; o mafin, maffin "muffin"; buraddo "blood"; purasu "plus"; kamingu "coming"; tonneru "tunnel"; furonto "front" /w/ ⟨w⟩ u; w; omitted Guwen "Gwen"; Suwēden "Sweden"; wōmu "warm"; wāmu "worm"; tsuin "twin"; uddo "wood" ⟨wh⟩ how; ho; u; w howaito "white"; hoēru "whale"; hoīru "wheel"; hoippu, uippu, wippu "whip"; wīto "wheat" /z/ ⟨s⟩; ⟨z⟩; ⟨zz⟩ z; j z; zz; j; jj zu; zzu zūmu "zoom"; jippā "zipper"; raijingu "rising"; kurējī "crazy"; feizu "phase"; pazzuru "puzzle"; dijī, dizī "dizzy" /ʒ/ ⟨si⟩; ⟨ti⟩ j terebijon "television"; ikuējon "equation" /ʒu/ ⟨su⟩ ju bijuaru "visual"
See also
References
- ↑ See ja:コンピューター
- ↑ Saiga
- ↑ "外来語の表記：文部科学省".
- ↑ "■米国規格(ANSI Z39.11-1972)―要約". Retrieved 2011-01-24.
- ↑ "■英国規格(BS 4812:1972)―要約". Retrieved 2011-01-24.
- ↑ ローマ字文の手ほどき: 標準式ローマ字書き日本語の書き方