USS Guardfish (SS-217)

For other ships with the same name, see USS Guardfish.
History
United States
Builder: Electric Boat Company, Groton, Connecticut[1]
Laid down: 1 April 1941[1]
Launched: 20 January 1942[1]
Sponsored by: Mrs. Edward J. Marquart
Commissioned: 8 May 1942[1]
Decommissioned: 25 May 1946[1]
Struck: 1 June 1960[1]
Fate: Sunk as a target off Block Island, 10 October 1961[2]
General characteristics
Class and type: Gato-class diesel-electric submarine[2]
Displacement:
  • 1,525 long tons (1,549 t) surfaced[2]
  • 2,424 long tons (2,463 t) submerged[2]
Length: 311 ft 9 in (95.02 m)[2]
Beam: 27 ft 3 in (8.31 m)[2]
Draft: 17 ft (5.2 m) maximum[2]
Propulsion:
Speed:
  • 21 knots (39 km/h) surfaced[6]
  • 9 kn (17 km/h) submerged[6]
Range: 11,000 nautical miles (20,000 km) surfaced at 10 kn (19 km/h)[6]
Endurance:
  • 48 hours at 2 kn (4 km/h) submerged[6]
  • 75 days on patrol
Test depth: 300 ft (90 m)[6]
Complement: 6 officers, 54 enlisted[6]
Armament:

USS Guardfish (SS-217), a Gato-class submarine, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the guardfish, a voracious green and silvery fish with elongated pike-like body and long narrow jaws.

Guardfish was laid down by the Electric Boat Company at Groton, Connecticut. She was launched there on 20 January 1942 (sponsored by Mrs. Edward J. Marquart), and commissioned at New London, Conn., 8 May 1942, Lt. Comdr. Thomas B. Klakring in command.

First and second war patrols, August – November 1942

After conducting shakedown out of New London, Guardfish departed that base 28 June 1942 for Pearl Harbor via the Panama Canal, and arrived there 25 July to prepare for her first cruise. Her first war patrol was in the hitherto unpatrolled waters off northeast Honshū. Guardfish departed Pearl Harbor 6 August 1942, sank a trawler 22 August, and two days later sank 3,114 ton cargo ship Seikai Maru off Kinkasan Harbor. Evading escort vessels, she proceeded up the coast and found a convoy 2 September. Guardfish attacked the next day, sinking 5,253 ton Kaimei Maru and 1,118 ton cargo ship Tenyu Maru. Chita Maru, a 2,376 ton freighter, retreated into the harbor and anchored, but a remarkable long-range shot from Guardfish left her resting in the mud. Guardfish returned from her spectacularly successful first patrol to Midway for refit 15 September 1942.

Guardfish departed Midway on her second war patrol 30 September and headed for the East China Sea. Surviving a violent attack by patrolling aircraft 19 October, Guardfish closed a seven-ship convoy 21 October, sinking a 4,000-ton freighter and 6,362 ton Nichiho Maru north of Formosa as the convoy scattered. After evading pursuing aircraft and surface ships, Guardfish returned to Pearl Harbor 28 November 1942. For her outstanding success on these first two war patrols, Guardfish received a Presidential Unit Citation.

Third, fourth, and fifth war patrols, January – August 1943

Moving her base of operations to the Truk area, Guardfish departed Pearl Harbor 2 January 1943 to patrol off the Japanese stronghold. She sank a Japanese patrol vessel (Patrol Boat No.1, the ex-destroyer Shimakaze)12 January west of Kavieng, and a 1,300 ton cargo ship the next day. Attacked by destroyer Hakaze 23 January, Guardfish sent her to the bottom with a well-placed torpedo. Moving south toward Rabaul, slip attacked a largo convoy near Simpson Harbor, but was driven off by concentrated shore fire and escort attacks. Guardfish ended her third patrol by arriving at Brisbane, Australia, 15 February 1943.

Her fourth war patrol was conducted in the Bismarcks, Solomons, and New Guinea area, and Guardfish recorded no kills during this cruise, 9 March to 30 April 1943.

Departing Brisbane for the same waters 25 May 1943, Guardfish sank 201 ton freighter Suzuya Maru and damaged another before being forced to dive by aircraft 13 June. She picked up a surveying party on the west coast of Bougainville 14 July and returned to Brisbane for refit 2 August 1943.

Sixth and seventh war patrols, August 1943 – February 1944

Guardfish departed Brisbane for her sixth war patrol 24 August 1943, landing a reconnoitering party on Bougainville and then moving into cruising waters. She sank 5,460 ton Kasha Maru 8 October and subsequently spent two days as lifeguard ship during the air strikes on Rabaul. Guardfish embarked another reconnoitering party 19 October at Tulagi, landed them on Bougainville, and took vital soundings in Empress Augusta Bay before re-embarking the Marine party 28 October. These important missions were carried out a scant two days before the American landings at Bougainville. Guardfish reached Brisbane, closing out her sixth patrol, 3 November 1943.

On 3 December 1943 Guardfish was damaged in a collision with an unknown tanker.[7]

Turning to the shipping lanes between Truk and Guadalcanal, Guardfish began her seventh war patrol 27 December 1943, sinking 10,024 ton oiler Kenyo Maru 14 January 1944. She then closed Truk and sank destroyer Umikaze 1 February during an attack on a convoy. After serving briefly as lifeguard ship off Truk she arrived at Pearl Harbor 18 February and from there returned to San Francisco for repairs nine days later.

Eighth and ninth war patrols, June – October 1944

Guardfish again put to sea from San Francisco and arrived at Pearl Harbor 1 June. She then joined submarines Thresher, Piranha, and Apogon to form the famous coordinated attack group known as the "Mickey Finns", commanded by Captain W. V. O'Regan in Guardfish. The submarines patrolled the shipping lanes around Formosa with spectacular success, Guardfish sinking 5,863 ton auxiliary Mantai Maru, 2,838 ton cargo ship Hizan Maru, and 5,215 ton cargo ship Jinsan Maru southwest of Formosa 17 July. After damaging another freighter 18 July, Guardfish sank 5,872 ton Teiryu Maru the next day, barely escaping the attacks of her escort vessels. She arrived at Midway for refit 31 July 1944, and for her outstanding performance on the eighth patrol was awarded a second Presidential Unit Citation.

Putting to sea as a member of another wolf pack 23 August 1944, Guardfish and the other submarines, Thresher and Sunfish, had a 40-minute surface gun battle with sampans 2 September. On 25 September Guardfish attacked and sank 873 ton cargo ship Miyakawa Maru #2 in the Sea of Japan, her cruising ground for this patrol. Guardfish returned to Pearl Harbor 24 October 1944.

Tenth, eleventh, and twelfth war patrols, November 1944 – June 1945

Guardfish departed 26 November for her 10th war patrol to cruise in the "Convoy College" area of the South China Sea, with yet another wolf pack. She recorded no sinkings during this cruise, but nearing Guam in the early morning darkness of 24 January she mistook the American salvage ship Extractor (ARS-15), for a Japanese I class submarine and torpedoed her. Guardfish succeeded in rescuing all but 6 of her crew of 79 from the sea, and terminated her patrol at Guam 26 January 1945.

Guardfish's 11th war patrol was spent watching for enemy fleet units attempting to escape from the Inland Sea of Japan by way of the Kii Suido between Shikoku and Honshū. Departing Saipan on this duty 27 February, she found no ships but rescued two downed aviators 19 March before returning to Midway 11 April 1945.

Guardfish departed Midway 8 May 1945 on her 12th and last war patrol, and was assigned lifeguard station for the ever-increasing air attacks on the Japanese mainland. She sank a small trawler with gunfire 16 June, and arrived back at Pearl Harbor 26 June 1945.

Post-war service

The veteran submarine served with the training command after her return to Hawaii, helping to train surface ships in the newest antisubmarine warfare tactics until 25 August 1945. She then sailed for the United States, transiting the Panama Canal 12 September and arriving at New Orleans 16 September. Guardfish arrived at New London 6 November and decommissioned there 25 May 1946.

Guardfish remained inactive until 18 June 1948, when she was placed "in service" for duty as a Naval Reserve Training Ship at New London. Declared surplus to Navy needs, she was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register 1 June 1960. Appropriately, this ship, one of the most successful of World War II submarines, performed her last service as a target ship for a new submarine torpedo. Apogon and Blenny sank her with the newly developed torpedoes off New London 10 October 1961.

Awards

Guardfish earned 11 battle stars for her World War II service. Her first, second, third, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and eleventh war patrols (all except for the fourth and tenth) were designated successful. Guardfish also earned one Presidential Unit Citation for her first and second war patrols, and a second for her eighth patrol.[8]

In the media

Guardfish was the subject of an article in the December 14th, 1942 edition of TIME magazine. The article, titled Battle of the Pacific: A Day at the Races [9] and written by an embedded Times staff writer (Clay Blair ?), describes the Guardfish, either the 1st or 2nd war patrol and Commander Klakring's famed sneak into Tokyo Bay; Close enough to watch the horse races through the periscope.

Excerpt from article - It was a Sunday afternoon. Lieut. Commander Thomas Burton Klakring had run his submarine smack up to Japan's shore. Klakring raised his periscope. There was a big seaside town, a race track and a race, which "the whole town" had turned out to see. Klakring & crew placed some bets, "but we were just a little too far away to be sure which horse won." Anyhow, they were there to provide more exciting diversion for the people of Japan.

Guardfish life on patrol was predominately displayed in the much longer article, featured in the March 15th, 1943 publication of LIFE magazine.[10] The article is titled West to Japan. US sub patrols the Japanese Coast, watches Horse-races and sinks 70,000 tons of Japanese shipping. By John Field. The article is over 4,000 words and depicts life aboard a submarine, both exciting and mundane. Byline: "This story has 50 heros and one heroine. The heros are the officers and men of an American submarine. The heroine is the ship herself. More than 300 ft. long, with ten torpedo tubes and a surface speed of better than 20 knots, she was commissioned about a year ago. Since that day, she has led an exciting and secret life. On one cruise, to the shores of Japan itself, she sank 70,000 tons of (enemy) shipping. This is the story of that cruise." [10]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Friedman, Norman (1995). U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. pp. 285–304. ISBN 1-55750-263-3.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bauer, K. Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991). Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 271–273. ISBN 0-313-26202-0.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Bauer, K. Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991). Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 275–280. ISBN 978-0-313-26202-9.
  4. ↑ U.S. Submarines Through 1945 p. 261
  5. 1 2 3 U.S. Submarines Through 1945 pp. 305–311
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 U.S. Submarines Through 1945 pp. 305-311
  7. ↑ Cressman, Robert (2000). "Chapter V: 1943". The official chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-149-3. OCLC 41977179. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
  8. ↑ Roscoe, Theodore (1949). United States Submarine Operations in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. p. 500.
  9. ↑ Time Magazine Archives
  10. 1 2 LIFE magazine archives

This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.

((http://content.time.com/time/archive/ Dec. 14, 1942)) ((http://life.time.com/ March 15, 1943))

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