Maxilla

This article is about the maxilla in vertebrates. For arthropod maxillae, see Maxilla (arthropod mouthpart).
Maxilla

Side view. Maxilla visible at bottom left, in green.

Front view. Maxilla visible at center, in yellow.
Details
Precursor 1st branchial arch[1]
Identifiers
MeSH A02.835.232.781.324.502.645
FMA 9711

Anatomical terms of bone

The maxilla (plural: maxillae /mækˈsɪliː/)[2] is the upper jawbone formed from the fusion of two maxillary bones. The upper jaw includes the palate of the mouth.[3][4] The two maxillary bones are fused at the inter maxillary suture. This is similar to the mandible (lower jaw), which is also a fusion of two mandibular bones at the mandibular symphysis.

Sometimes as in bony fish, the maxilla is called the "upper maxilla", with the mandible being called the "lower maxilla". Conversely, in birds the upper jaw is often called the "upper mandible".

Structure

Interior surface of maxilla

Each maxillary bone consists of:

Articulations

Each maxilla articulates with nine bones:


Sometimes it articulates with the orbital surface, and sometimes with the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid.

Development

Figure 5: Anterior surface of maxilla at birth.
Figure 6: Inferior surface of maxilla at birth.

The maxilla is ossified in membrane. Mall[5] and Fawcett[6] maintain that it is ossified from two centers only, one for the maxilla proper and one for the premaxilla.

These centers appear during the sixth week of prenatal development and unite in the beginning of the third month, but the suture between the two portions persists on the palate until nearly middle life. Mall states that the frontal process is developed from both centers.

The maxillary sinus appears as a shallow groove on the nasal surface of the bone about the fourth month of development, but does not reach its full size until after the second dentition.

The maxilla was formerly described as ossifying from six centers, viz.,

Changes by age

At birth the transverse and antero-posterior diameters of the bone are each greater than the vertical.

The frontal process is well-marked and the body of the bone consists of little more than the alveolar process, the teeth sockets reaching almost to the floor of the orbit.

The maxillary sinus presents the appearance of a furrow on the lateral wall of the nose. In the adult the vertical diameter is the greatest, owing to the development of the alveolar process and the increase in size of the sinus.

Function

Fracture of the left lacrimal / maxillary bone

The alveolar process of the maxillae holds the upper teeth, and is referred to as the maxillary arch. Each maxilla attaches laterally to the zygomatic bones (cheek bones).

Each maxilla assists in forming the boundaries of three cavities:

Each maxilla also enters into the formation of two fossae: the infratemporal and pterygopalatine, and two fissures, the inferior orbital and pterygomaxillary. -When the tender bones of the upper jaw and lower nostril are severely or repetitively damaged, at any age the surrounding cartilage can begin to deteriorate just as it does after death.

Clinical significance

Maxilla fractures is a form of facial fracture caused by a fracture. A maxilla fracture is often the result of facial trauma such as violence, falls or automobile accidents. Maxilla fractures are classified according to the Le Fort classification.

In other animals

Sometimes (e.g. in bony fish), the maxilla is called "upper maxilla," with the mandible being the "lower maxilla." Conversely, in birds the upper jaw is often called "upper mandible."

In most vertebrates, the foremost part of the upper jaw, to which the incisors are attached in mammals consists of a separate pair of bones, the premaxillae. These fuse with the maxilla proper to form the bone found in humans, and some other mammals. In bony fish, amphibians, and reptiles, both maxilla and premaxilla are relatively plate-like bones, forming only the sides of the upper jaw, and part of the face, with the premaxilla also forming the lower boundary of the nostrils. However, in mammals, the bones have curved inward, creating the palatine process and thereby also forming part of the roof of the mouth.[7]

Birds do not have a maxilla in the strict sense; the corresponding part of their beaks (mainly consisting of the premaxilla) is called "upper mandible."

Cartilaginous fish, such as sharks, also lack a true maxilla. Their upper jaw is instead formed from a cartilagenous bar that is not homologous with the bone found in other vertebrates.[7]

Additional images

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maxilla.
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

  1. ↑ hednk-023—Embryo Images at University of North Carolina
  2. ↑ OED 2nd edition, 1989.
  3. ↑ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.
  4. ↑ Illustrated Anatomy of the Head and Neck, Fehrenbach and Herring, Elsevier, 2012, page 55
  5. ↑ American Journal of Anatomy, 1906, vol. v.
  6. ↑ Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, 1911, vol. xlv.
  7. 1 2 Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 217–243. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
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