Vladimir Vladimirovich Kara-Murza

Vladimir Vladimirovich Kara-Murza
Владимир Владимирович Кара-Мурза

A standing bearded Russian man while wearing a pink shirt and striped necktie while holding a wireless black microphone; on his right index finger is a shiny golden wedding ring.

Kara-Murza in 2005
Personal details
Born (1981-09-07) 7 September 1981
Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Political party Solidarnost (since 2008)
Russian Republican – People's Freedom (since 2012)
Alma mater Cambridge University
Religion Russian Orthodox

Vladimir Vladimirovich Kara-Murza (Russian: Влади́мир Влади́мирович Кара́-Мурза́, born 7 September 1981) is a Russian politician and journalist and, since 2012, Senior Policy Advisor at the Institute of Modern Russia. An elected member of the Coordinating Council of the Russian Opposition, he serves on the federal council of the Republican Party of Russia – People's Freedom Party and the Solidarnost pro-democracy movement. Kara-Murza holds an M.A. in history from Cambridge University.

Kara-Murza is a coordinator of Open Russia, which promotes civil society and democracy in Russia.[1][2][3]

Early life, family, and education

Vladimir Vladimirovich Kara-Murza was born in Moscow on 7 September 1981. He is the son of Russian journalist and television host Vladimir Alexeyevich Kara-Murza, an outspoken critic of Leonid Brezhnev and a supporter of reforms under Boris Yeltsin. His father is a great-grandson of Latvian revolutionary Voldemārs Bissenieks (1884–1938), and great-grand-nephew of Latvia's first Ambassador to Great Britain Georgs Bissenieks (1885-1941), both of whom were shot by the NKVD. The Latvian agronomist and publisher Jānis Bissenieks (1864-1923) was their older brother.[4]

He is also related to Sergey Kara-Murza (born 1939), a Soviet/Russian historian, chemist and philosopher. They are members of the Kara-Murza family, descendants of a Tatar aristocrat who settled in Moscow and converted to Christianity in the 15th century AD. (The name in translation means "Black Lord".)

Kara-Murza earned a B.A. and an M.A. degree in history at Cambridge University.[5] He and his wife, Yevgenia,[6] have three children.

Work as a journalist, film-maker and author

Kara-Murza became a journalist at the age of 16. He worked as London correspondent for a succession of Russian media outlets: the newspapers Novye Izvestia (1997-2000) and Kommersant (September 2000 to June 2003) and the radio station Ekho Moskvy from September 2001 to June 2003. Kara-Murza then briefly became foreign affairs correspondent of Kommersant (July 2003 to April 2004) and Washington correspondent for the BBC (December 2004 to December 2005).[7] In 2002 he was editor-in-chief of the London-based financial publication Russian Investment Review. In April 2004 he took over as the Washington bureau chief of the RTVi television network, a post he held for the next nine years. On 1 September 2012 he was dismissed from this job.

They Chose Freedom, a documentary series (2005)

In 2005 Kara-Murza produced a four-part TV documentary, "They Chose Freedom", dedicated to the history of the Soviet dissident movement. The documentary was based on interviews with prominent Russian dissidents, including Vladimir Bukovsky, Elena Bonner and Sergei Kovalev. It was first aired in October 2005.[8]

It has since been screened at various places in Europe and North America, with subtitles added in English.[9][10] On 24 March 2014, Kara-Murza, Anne Applebaum, and Vladimir Bukovsky took part in a discussion following a London screening of the film.[11]

Reform or Revolution (published 2011)

In 2011, Kara-Murza published his first book, Reform or Revolution: The Quest for Responsible Government in the First Russian State Duma (in Russian only), which recounts the unsuccessful attempt by the Cadets or Constitutional Democratic Party to form a government during the brief existence of the first Russian Parliament or Duma from April to July 1906. Based on the original 1906 parliamentary record and contemporary newspaper reports, as well as memoirs by participants of the events, the book was launched in both Moscow and Saint Petersburg.[7]

"Spotlight on Russia” blog (since 2010)

Since 2010 Kara-Murza has written a weekly blog, "Spotlight on Russia", for World Affairs Journal.[12]

In late 2014 and early 2015 he wrote about a number of negative trends in Russia. Putin, for example, had resumed the Soviet practice of stripping dissidents of their Russian citizenship.[13] In light of this and other acts, Kara-Murza urged the Council of Europe not to restore Russia's voting rights, suspended ever since the annexation of Crimea.[14] Kremlin SWAT teams, he wrote in December 2014, were breaking up opposition meetings.[15] Putin's word was therefore “void of value,” wrote Kara-Murza, citing as evidence the false statements made by the Russian President and his broken promises.[16]

"The End of Russia's Olympic Truce" (2014)

Putin had soft-pedaled his response to the opposition during the Sochi Olympics, warned Kara-Murza in an op-ed for the Wall Street Journal (26 February 2014). Now that the prestigious international event was ended the Russian president was rapidly returning to his former oppressive behavior. Only hours after the closing ceremony in Sochi a Moscow court handed prison sentences to seven of the May 2012 Bolotnaya Square protestors.

Pressure was brought to bear not only within Russia. Russia's nationwide TV had been broadcasting “hate-filled appeals to crush the protesters in Kiev” for several weeks early in 2014, noted Kara-Murza. For Putin, he explained, “maintaining the status quo in Ukraine was not primarily about preserving a post-Soviet sphere of influence or recreating a Moscow-led empire”. The Russian president feared that “a democratic, pro-European Ukraine" would set "a 'dangerous' precedent for Russia" and that it would be "only a matter of time" before Russian citizens began to demand similar levels of political and economic freedom.[17]

In the Public Eye

Left to right: Mikhail Kasyanov, Grigory Yavlinsky, Sergei Mitrokhin, Vladimir Kara-Murza, and Boris Nemtsov during an opposition rally in Moscow on March 5, 2012
Vladimir Bukovsky and Vladimir Kara-Murza in Moscow at Bukovsky's presidential campaign rally on 20 October 2007

From 1999 to 2001, Vladimir Kara-Murza was a member of the Democratic Choice of Russia party; from 2001 to 2008 he was a member of the Union of Right Forces. Between 2000 and 2003 he served as an advisor to State Duma opposition leader Boris Nemtsov. He has been in opposition to Vladimir Putin since 2000, backing liberal candidate Grigory Yavlinsky in the 2000 presidential election.

Stands for election to the State Duma (2003)

In 2003 Kara-Murza was a candidate for election to the Russian parliament or State Duma (2003 parliamentary election), running in Moscow's Chertanovsky district. His candidacy was endorsed jointly by the Union of Right Forces and Yabloko.[18] During the campaign, various underhand methods were used against Kara-Murza. The candidate from the United Russia ruling party Vladimir Gruzdev attempted to have him removed from the ballot; the lighting on Kara-Murza's campaign billboards and the sound during his televised debates were turned off; and unlawful carousel voting was discovered on election day.[19] British journalist Andrew Jack named the Chertanovsky district in south Moscow as a case of electoral manipulation in Russia's 2003 vote in his book Inside Putin's Russia.[20] According to the official results, Gruzdev received 149,069 votes (53.8 percent); Kara-Murza, 23,800 votes (8.6 percent); and Communist Party candidate Sergei Seregin, 18,992 votes (6.9 percent).[21]

Bukovsky for President, 2007-2008

In January 2004, he co-founded the Committee 2008, an umbrella opposition group led by Boris Nemtsov and Garry Kasparov. In May 2007, Vladimir Kara-Murza nominated the veteran human rights activist and writer Vladimir Bukovsky as a democratic opposition candidate for the Russian presidency in the 2008 election. “The opposition needs a candidate for president – strong, uncompromising, decisive, with irreproachable political and, more importantly, moral authority,” read the statement written by Kara-Murza on behalf of Bukovsky's campaign committee. “Russia needs its own Vaclav Havel, not a new successor from [the KGB].”.[22]

From May to December 2007, Kara-Murza chaired Bukovsky's campaign committee, which included, among others, Academician Yuri Ryzhov, writer and satirist Victor Shenderovich, columnist Andrei Piontkovsky, lawyer Yuri Schmidt,[23] human rights activist Alexander Podrabinek, and political analyst Vladimir Pribylovsky.[22][24] In October 2007, Kara-Murza was one of organizers of the "Rally of Free People" held on Moscow's Triumfalnaya Square in support of Bukovsky's presidential nomination.[25][26]

On 16 December 2007 Bukovsky was duly nominated as a presidential candidate by 823 members of a voters' assembly in Moscow (the law required at least 500 people to support such a nomination). At the same meeting, Kara-Murza was elected as Bukovsky's plenipotentiary representative to Russia's Central Electoral Commission.[27][28] On 22 December 2007 the Commission refusing to register Bukovsky as a candidate for the presidency, thereby denying Bukovsky access to the ballot.[29]

Russia's "extra-systemic" opposition

At the founding convention of Solidarnost, Russia's united democratic movement, in December 2008, Kara-Murza was elected to the movement's federal council, placing second out of 77 candidates, behind Nemtsov.[30] He was re-elected to the Solidarnost council in 2010 and 2013.

In 2012, he took part in the street protests in Moscow against Putin's rule, the largest pro-democracy demonstrations in Russia since 1991.[31]

In June 2012, Kara-Murza was elected to the federal council of the Republican Party of Russia – People's Freedom Party, co-chaired by Boris Nemtsov, Mikhail Kasyanov, and Vladimir Ryzhkov.[32] In October 2012, he was elected to the Coordinating Council of the Russian Opposition, placing 21st out of 169 candidates and receiving 20,845 votes.[33]

Institute of Modern Russia, 2012

Soon after, on 1 November 2012, Vladimir was hired by the Institute of Modern Russia as the organisation's senior policy advisor. “It is an honor for me to join this distinguished institute and contribute to its mission of keeping the spotlight on the situation in Russia and advocating for democracy, human rights, and the rule of law”, said Kara-Murza, “These values should remain at the forefront of international relations.”[34] In this capacity he took part in panel discussions about Russia's future at the Heritage Foundation in February 2013 [35] and in October 2013, with Pavel Khodorkovsky (son of the former entrepreneur and philanthropist Mikhail Khodorkovsky) and others, in a similar discussion hosted by the National Endowment for Democracy.[36]

Open Russia

Kara-Murza is a coordinator of the Open Russia Foundation, founded by Mikhail Khodorkovsky. The organization was created with the goal of promoting civil society and democracy in Russia, while revoking Putin's grip on power. Launched in 2014, Open Russia has been instrumental in educating Russian citizens on western democracy, whilst bringing opposition groups and activists in contact with support from the west. Kara-Murza is deputy chairman and heads Open elections project designed to promote free and fair elections in Russia; a task he has noted is exceedingly difficult given the government's ability to silence opposition and manipulate elections. He also frequently addresses international stages to promote further cooperation and discussion among nations.[1][2][3][37][38][39]

Kara-Murza and the 2012 U.S. Magnitsky Act

Main article: Magnitsky Act

As a journalist and public figure, who was fluent in English and based partly in the USA, Vladimir Kara-Murza Jr played a notable part in the events that led, in 2012, to the passing of the "Magnitsky" Act by the US Congress.

In July 2012 Kara-Murza reported that he had been denied access a few days earlier to the Russian Embassy in Washington, D.C. This decision was taken on the orders of the ambassador himself, on the grounds that Kara-Murza was “no longer a journalist”. Yet it was not until 1 September that Kara-Murza's dismissal as Washington bureau chief of RTVi was made public. According to several sources he was now on a “blacklist” and could not be employed as a journalist by any Russian media outlets. The reason for this ban was his advocacy of the Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act, then being considered by the US Congress.[40]

The draft law was named after Sergei Magnitsky, a Moscow lawyer who uncovered a massive tax-fraud scheme involving several law-enforcement officials and who died in custody of those same officials in 2009 after being tortured and denied medical care. Its purpose was to prevent the issuing of U.S. visas to persons “responsible for the detention, abuse, or death of Sergei Magnitsky”, (and for “extrajudicial killings, torture, or other gross violations of internationally recognized human rights” in Russia) and to freeze access to any U.S.-based assets those persons might hold. The law also extended to cover Russian officials involved in broader acts of corruption and in violations of basic civil liberties.[41] Kara-Murza explained his support for the law by saying that “The prospect of losing access to the West and its financial systems...may well be, for now, the only serious disincentive to corruption and human rights violations by Russian officials.”[40]

Writing in the National Interest Mark Adomanis warned that the Magnitsky law came with a cost. It had “potential downsides,” and was worsening “Russia’s already precarious human-rights situation”, driving “some of the ever-dwindling number of effective opposition journalists" from the country. In particular he cited the firing of Kara-Murza, although the journalist's employers described his dismissal as part of “a long-planned reorganization”. Opposition leader Boris Nemtsov, reported Adomanis, “suggested the decision to fire Kara-Murza may have come from an extremely high-ranking official: Alexei Gromov, the deputy head of the presidential administration.”[42] An article in July by Peter Baker of the New York Times was devoted largely to the arguments of the law's critics. He did quote Kara-Murza's comment that the bill would hit corrupt officials and human-rights violators “where it hurts, closing access to their ill-gotten gains in the West.”[43]

On 25 July 2012, Kara-Murza testified before the Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission of the U.S. Congress about human-rights abuses in Russia and described the proposed Magnitsky Law as “a pro-Russian bill which provides a much-needed measure of accountability for those who continue to violate the rights and freedoms of Russian citizens.” He added: “The Kremlin’s reaction to this legislation shows that it hits them precisely where it hurts. I want to take this opportunity to thank Co-Chairmen McGovern and Wolf for their leadership on this issue. I hope the Magnitsky Act is signed into law before the end of this year.”[44] In a December 2012 article co-written with Nemtsov, Kara-Murza reiterated his support for the Magnitsky Act which he and Nemtsov called “a pro-Russian law that strikes at the heart of the Kremlin’s mafia-like system”, adding that “Russian opposition and civil society leaders and cultural figures, as well as a plurality of Russian citizens, are in favour of the Magnitsky law.”

Appeals for Canada and the EU to follow suit

Kara-Murza and Nemtsov called on Canada to pass a similar piece of legislation, then under consideration by the International Human Rights Subcommittee of the Canadian parliament's House of Commons.[41] Writing for Macleans in December 2012, Michael Petrou reported Kara-Murza's visit to Ottawa to urge the passage of the proposed Canadian version of the Magnitsky law, a private member’s bill introduced by Liberal MP Irwin Cotler: while it was the task of Russian opposition leaders, not foreigners, “to bring democratic change to Russia,” Kara-Murza said, Western democracies could still help the cause of Russian democracy through legislation. Those in Russia who had abused and tormented Magnitsky “rule in the style of Zimbabwe or Belarus,” wrote Petrou, paraphrasing Kara-Murza, “but prefer the West as a safe place to store their money, buy second homes, and send their children to school. And it is in the West where they are most vulnerable.”[45]

In June 2013, in an interview with France 24 television, Kara-Murza discussed the proposed version of the Magnitsky law then being debated in the European Parliament. He spoke in favour of such laws, and noted that the list of persons covered by the U.S. law was being expanded. He distinguished between those in the European Parliament who were “friends of Russia” and those who were “friends of Putin”.[46]

In March 2014, noting that the average Russian opposes intervention in Ukraine by the Putin government, Kara-Murza stated that the world “should respond to Putin’s aggression" by imposing sanctions against its perpetrators. He called for the list of Russian human-rights abusers who were already banned, under the Sergei Magnitsky Act, from traveling to the United States and keeping assets there to “be dramatically expanded to include senior Kremlin officials responsible for the attack on Ukraine and the crackdown against Russian citizens.” He also expressed the hope that “the European Union would soon follow with its own version of the Magnitsky sanctions.” “Those who commit acts of aggression and abuse the rights of their own citizens should not be entitled to the privileges and comfort of the democratic West,” he said.[47]

The "Nemtsov List", April 2015

In late April 2015 Vladimir V. Kara-Murza and Mikhail Kasyanov presented a list of eight names to members of the House of Representatives and the Senate of the US Congress. These were the TV presenters and other State-employed journalists and commentators who, Kara-Murza and Kasyanov explained, had created an atmosphere of "hatred, intolerance and violence" around the figure of opposition leader Boris Nemtsov in the months leading up to his murder one hundred yards from the Kremlin. Specifically, the named individuals had stated on nationwide television that Nemtsov was a traitor, an enemy of Russia, part of a Fifth Column within the country, and that he would have welcomed the invading German forces outside Moscow in 1941.[48]

Kara-Murza explained the appeal to US legislators by saying that Russia's law-enforcement agencies, unfortunately, had declined to investigate these recorded and documented statements although incitement to harm an individual was also a crime according to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. These eight names, Kara-Murza hoped, would now be added to those already on the Magnitsky List.[48] The eight names were listed in the Kommersant daily newspaper.[49]

On 18 May 2015 the daily newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda reported that Yevgeny Alexeyevich Fyodorov, a State Duma deputy for United Russia, had requested the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation to assess whether Mikhail Kasyanov and Vladimir Kara-Murza had not committed an act of treason, under Article 275 of the RF Criminal Code, by submitting the above list of eight names to members of the US Congress. When approached by the newspaper the Investigative Committee would not pass comment on deputy Fyodorov's statement.[50]

Illness, May–June 2015

On 26 May 2015, Kara-Murza was suddenly taken ill in Moscow during a meeting.[51] He had eaten lunch at a restaurant and then had a two-hour meeting, during which he consumed nothing and felt normal, before becoming ill rapidly over a ten to fifteen minute period, leading to vomiting.[52] At first he was thought to be having heart difficulties, but treatment at a specialized cardiac clinic did nothing to arrest the symptoms. He was then diagnosed with poisoning and taken to the First City Hospital.[1][2][3][38][53]

Coming after the murder of his colleague Boris Nemtsov on 27 February 2015, and mindful of other cases of poisoning, both in Russia (journalist and Duma deputy Yuri Shchekochikhin in 2003, the attempted murder of Anna Politkovskaya in 2004) and abroad (Alexander Litvinenko in October 2006) there was great concern on the part of friends and family.[54] His wife Yevgenia urged that he be evacuated from Russia for examination and treatment abroad.[6] On 2 June it was announced by a spokesman for the Republican Party of Russia – People's Freedom Party that Kara-Murza had emerged from his coma and recognized his wife, who was now by his bedside.[55] The cause of Vladimir's sudden illness remained a mystery, but in an interview with the BBC his father commented, "if someone did want to frighten us, then they succeeded."[56]

After his release from the hospital, Kara-Murza stated that it was difficult to "believe this was an accident", suspecting it was an intentional poisoning, but noted there was no way to be certain.[57] On August 15, 2015 Mikhail Khodorkovsky commented with delight that Kara-Murza had returned to work coordinating the Open Elections project.[58] Kara-Murza is working to provide free and fair elections for the Duma.[57]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Luhn, Alec (May 27, 2015). "Russian opposition activist Vladimir Kara-Murza in hospital after falling ill". The Guardian.
  2. 1 2 3 Porter, Tom (May 27, 2015). "Russia: Anti-Kremlin activist Vladimir Kara-Murza in hospital after 'poisoning'". International Business Times.
  3. 1 2 3 Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle (May 31, 2015). "Opposition Activist Remains in Critical Condition". Moscow Times.
  4. ↑ Information from Russian Wikipedia entry on Georgs Bissenieks.
  5. ↑ "Vladimir Kara-Murza", World Affairs Journal
  6. 1 2 Schreck, Carl (28 May 2015). "Wife Of Hospitalized Russian Opposition Activist Urges His Evacuation". Radio Free Europe.
  7. ↑ "In Russia, the first documentary film about the dissident movement". News RU. Oct 20, 2005.
  8. ↑ "They Chose Freedom: The Story of Soviet Dissidents" film screening at Columbia Harriman Institute, 11 February 2014.
  9. ↑ "They Chose Freedom: The Story of Soviet Dissidents", film screeing at Freedom House, 13 February 2014.
  10. ↑ Film Screening and Discussion with Vladimir Bukovsky at Institute of Modern Russia, 24 March 2014
  11. ↑ http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/
  12. ↑ "Kremlin Returns to Soviet Practice of Stripping Citizenship". World Affairs. 10 November 2014.
  13. ↑ "Europe: Deny the Vote to Putin's Outlaw Regime". World Affairs. 25 November 2014.
  14. ↑ "Party Crashers: Kremlin SWAT Teams Attack Opposition Meetings". World Affairs. 22 December 2014.
  15. ↑ "Mr. Putin's Word is Void of Value". World Affairs. 14 January 2015.
  16. ↑ "The end of Russia's Olympic truce on dissent: Ukraine's uprising fans Putin's fears of losing control over Russia". The Wall Street Journal. 26 February 2014.
  17. ↑ "An isolated example of such unity", Novaya gazeta («Единство» — в одном экземпляре, «Новая газета») 27 November 2003.
  18. ↑ Kara-Murza blog "A conscience-stricken Gruzdev", Echo Moskvy radio station (Совестливый Груздев, «Эхо Москвы»), 18 August 2011.
  19. ↑ Andrew Jack, Inside Putin’s Russia:Can There Be Reform without Democracy? Oxford University Press, 2004.
  20. ↑ "The preferences of voters were counted to within 0.001%", Rossiiskaya gazeta-Nedelya (Симпатии электората подсчитаны до сотой доли процента, «РГ-Неделя», № 3375), 27 December 2003.
  21. 1 2 "Action Group announces proposal of Vladimir Bukovsky as a presidential candidate in 2008" (Заявление Инициативной группы по выдвижению В. К. Буковского кандидатом в президенты РФ), Kasparov.ru, 28 May 2007.
  22. ↑ Schmidt [Shmidt], 1937-2013, in Soviet times was close to dissident circles in Leningrad; served as senior attorney on Mikhail Khodorkovsky's legal team at his two trials, in 2005 and 2011.
  23. ↑ Инициативная группа по выдвижению Буковского Action Group website, 21 December 2007
  24. ↑ На Триумфальной площади в Москве прошел митинг в поддержку кандидатуры В. К. Буковского на президентских выборах 2008 г. Memorial, 22 October 2007.
  25. ↑ Rally of Free People, 20 October 2007. Flickr.com
  26. ↑ "A group of voters support Bukovsky's nomination as a candidate for the presidency of the Russian Federation", The Action Group website (Группа избирателей в поддержку выдвижения Владимира Буковского на должность Президента Российской Федерации, Сайт Инициативной группы), 21 December 2007.
  27. ↑ "823 people supported Bukovsky's nomination for the presidency of the Russian Federation", The Action Group website (823 человека поддержали выдвижение Владимира Буковского на должность Президента Российской Федерации, Сайт Инициативной группы), 17 December 2007.
  28. ↑ "Central Electoral Commission refuses to register Bukovsky", Grani.ru news website (ЦИК отказал Буковскому в регистрации) Grani.ru, 22 December 2007.
  29. ↑ Российская «Солидарность» учредилась "Russian Solidarity' has been set up", Panorama, No 64, April 2009 (in Russian).
  30. ↑ "Muscovites take to the streets as Putin declares ‘Victory’", World Affairs, 5 March 2012.
  31. ↑ Сопредседателями партии РПР-ПАРНАС стали Немцов, Касьянов и Рыжков "Nemtsov, Kasyanov and Ryzhkov become co-chairmen of RPR-RFP", RIA Novosti, 16 June 2012 (in Russian).
  32. ↑ Результаты голосования по выборам в КС оппозиции "Results of voting for the Coordinating Council of the opposition", TsVK, 22 October 2012 (in Russian). Alexei Navalny placed first.
  33. ↑ "Vladimir Kara-Murza Joins IMR as Senior Policy Advisor". Institute of Modern Russia. 1 November 2012.
  34. ↑ "Vladimir Kara-Murza: 2013 a Big Year for Russia Because of the 10th Anniversary of Khodorkovsky's Arrest". Khodorkovsky.com. 25 February 2013.
  35. ↑ "Russia: A Postmodern Dictatorship?". National Endowment for Democracy. 15 October 2013.
  36. ↑ "A mysterious illness hits a Russian activist". Washington Post.
  37. 1 2 "Putin's Russia: Don't Walk, Don't Eat, and Don't Drink". New Yorker.
  38. ↑ "Former PM Kasyanov becomes only leader of PARNAS party, voices presidential plans". Russian Times.
  39. 1 2 Vladimir Kara-Murza, "Putin’s regime takes 'retaliatory' measures against supporters of Magnitsky legislation", Winnipeg Free Press, 27 August 2012.
  40. 1 2 "Boris Nemtsov & Vladimir Kara-Murza: Standing up for freedom in Russia". National Post. 11 December 2012.
  41. ↑ Adomanis, Mark (20 July 2012). "When Human-Rights Legislation Goes Wrong". The National Interest.
  42. ↑ Baker, Peter (17 July 2012). "In Trade Deal With Russia, U.S. Plans Sanctions for Human Rights Abuses". New York Times.
  43. ↑ Testimony of Vladimir V. Kara-Murza, "Worldwide Threats to Media Freedom", Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission, 25 July 2012.
  44. ↑ Petrou, Michael (13 December 2012). "Hitting Russia's 'crooks and abusers' where it hurts — in Canada". Macleans.
  45. ↑ "Vladimir Kara-Murza, Member of the Coordinating Council of the Russian Opposition". France 24. 12 June 2013.
  46. ↑ "Ukraine is Putin's, not Russia's, war". Washington Post. 4 March 2014.
  47. 1 2 Interview with Kara-Murza on Voice of America TV, 30 April 2015 (in Russian).
  48. ↑ "The "Nemtsov List" has been presented to the Congress", Kommersant, 24 April 2015.
  49. ↑ Vladimir Demchenko, "The RF Investigative Committee declines to comment on the deputy's statement about treason committed by the oppositionists Kasyanov and Kara-Murza", Komsomolskaya pravda, 18 May 2015.
  50. ↑ "On the state of health of the coordinator of Open Russia, Vladimir Kara-Murza". Open Russia. 5 July 2015.
  51. ↑ Schreck, Carl (15 January 2016). "Poison Puzzle: A Search For Answers In Kremlin Critic's Mysterious Illness". Radio Free Europe.
  52. ↑ "Condition of opposition journalist Kara-Murza remains ‘critical’", The Interpreter, 28 May 2015.
  53. ↑ Robert van Voren, "Is Putin Poisoning his Opponents?", Rights in Russia website, 1 June 2015.
  54. ↑ "Vladimir Kara-Murza Jr has emerged from his coma", Vesti.ru, 2 June 2015 (report in Russian).
  55. ↑ "Russian activist's sudden illness fuels poisoning suspicion", BBC News, Moscow, 4 June 2015.
  56. 1 2 "Russia Update: Vladimir Kara-Murza, Jr. Gives First Interview Since Hospitalization". The Interpreter. Aug 19, 2015.
  57. ↑ "OUR TASK IS TO HELP ORGANIZE LARGE SCALE AND HIGH QUALITY ELECTIONS MONITORING". Khodorkovsky. August 14, 2015.

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