Russian presidential election, 2008

Russian presidential election, 2008

2 March 2008

Opinion polls Turnout 69.7% 5.4 pp   Nominee Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zyuganov Vladimir Zhirinovsky Party United Russia Communist Party LDPR Home state Saint Petersburg Oryol Oblast Almaty (now Kazakhstan) Popular vote 52,530,712 13,243,550 6,988,510 Percentage 71.2% 18.0% 9.5%

Constituencies won by Dmitry Medvedev

President before election Vladimir Putin Independent Elected President Dmitry Medvedev United Russia

Presidential elections were held in Russia on 2 March 2008. They resulted in the election of Dmitry Medvedev as the third President of Russia. Medvedev, whose candidacy was supported by incumbent president Vladimir Putin and five political parties (United Russia, Fair Russia, Agrarian Party, Civilian Power, Russian Ecological Party "The Greens"), received 71% of the vote, and defeated candidates from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia and the Democratic Party of Russia.^[1][2]

The fairness of the election was disputed, with official monitoring groups giving conflicting reports. Some reported that the election was free and fair, while others reported that not all candidates had equal media coverage and that Kremlin opposition was treated unfairly. Monitoring groups found a number of other irregularities.^[3] The European election monitoring group PACE characterized the election as "neither free nor fair."^[4] However, the head of the electoral commission Vladimir Churov and PACE said the results reflected the will of the people.^[5][6][7]

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) election monitoring group refused to monitor the election because of what it called "severe restrictions on its observers by the Russian government", a charge Russia vehemently rejected, calling the decision "unacceptable".^[8][9]

Сandidates

Registered candidates

Four candidates registered their nomination with the Central Electoral Commission:

• Andrey Bogdanov, leader of the Democratic Party of Russia. Registered candidate on January 24.
• Dmitry Medvedev, nonpartisan, Deputy Prime Minister since 2005. He was supported by incumbent president Vladimir Putin and nominated by the parties United Russia, Fair Russia, Agrarian Party, Russian Ecological Party "The Greens" and Civilian Power. Registered candidate on January 21.
• Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Deputy Speaker of the State Duma and leader of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia. He ran for the presidency on three prior occasions: in 1991, 1996 and 2000. His best result was third with 7.81% support. Registered candidate on December 26.^[10]
• Gennady Zyuganov, Leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and former presidential candidate, who ran for president in 1996 (when he came short just a few percent of the votes) and 2000, but not in 2004.^[11] Officially nominated on December 15, 2007 with 215 of 218 votes in favor.^[12] Registered candidate on December 26.^[13]

Boris Nemtsov, former Vice Prime Minister in Sergei Kiriyenko's Cabinet, was nominated by the Union of Rightist Forces on December 18, 2007^[14] and became a registered candidate on December 22.^[15] He withdrew his bid on December 26, 2007 and called on his supporters to vote for Kasyanov instead.^[16]

Dismissed candidates

Central Election Commission disqualified a number of candidates.

• Mikhail Kasyanov, a former Prime Minister and current leader of the People's Democratic Union, was the fifth candidate. It was not known if Kasyanov would continue his candidacy after Garry Kasparov had entered the race, but on December 8, 2007 he reaffirmed he would run in the election.^[17] Registered candidate on December 14. He had registered successfully, but later it was decided that too many of his signatures of support were forged^[18] and he was disqualified.^[19] Kasyanov appealed the decision to the Supreme Court,^[20] which rejected the appeal on February 6, 2008.^[21] Bogdanov has also had a similar criminal investigation opened against him, but it was reported that even if the accusations are proven, his candidacy will not be dismissed.^[22]
• Vladimir Bukovsky - Soviet-era dissident.^[23] On August 3, 2007 he received a new Russian passport at the Russian Embassy in London. He arrived in Moscow in October to launch his campaign. His bid was refused on the grounds that he didn't live in Russia in the last 10 years.^[24]
• Nikolai Kuryanovich - Ultra nationalist member of the State Duma; an open admirer of both Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin.^[25]
• Oleg Shenin - The leader of the small, hard line Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Shenin), which should not be confused with the larger UCP-CPSU. His bid was not registered due to bureaucratic mistakes in his documents.^[26]

Non-candidates

Many Russian politicians publicly indicated their intention to run for president in 2008, but failed to submit their nomination:

• Garry Kasparov, former World Chess Champion and United Civil Front leader. Before announcing his candidacy, he was previously inclined to endorse Viktor Gerashchenko.^[27] He failed to nominate by the deadline, citing government obstructions in finding a suitable congress venue as the reason.^[28]
• Alexander Donskoy, mayor of Arkhangelsk. He was charged with abuse of office, detained for several months and released on March 6, 2008 with a probationary sentence.^[29]
• Viktor Gerashchenko - Former head of the Central Bank and former deputy of the nationalist Rodina party who has now joined the Other Russia coalition. He was initially the favored candidate of Garry Kasparov.
• Sergei Gulyayev - Former St Petersburg Yabloko regional legislator who announced his intention to run, despite the fact that Yabloko's leader has also declared his intention to stand.^[30] Gulyayev was the fourth candidate from the Other Russia coalition to announce his candidacy.
• Gennadiy Seleznyov - Former Speaker of the Duma (in 1995-2003); former member of the CPRF; leader of the socialist Party of Russia's Rebirth.
• Grigory Yavlinsky, Leader of the Yabloko party, who also stood for the presidency in 1996 and in 2000,^[31] was widely expected to run for the presidency as a candidate of united liberal parties. However, at the Yabloko congress, on December 14, 2007, it was announced that Yavlinsky and his party would support the candidacy of Bukovsky.^[32]
• Fair Russia announced on December 7, 2007 that they would not nominate their own candidate and would support another party's candidate instead (likely United Russia's).^[33]

Campaign

Following his appointment as First Deputy Prime Minister, many political observers expected Medvedev to be nominated as Putin's successor for the 2008 presidential elections.^[34] There were other potential candidates, such as Sergey Ivanov and Viktor Zubkov, but on December 10, 2007, President Putin announced that Medvedev was his preferred successor. Four parties supporting Putin also declared Medvedev to be their candidate to the post - United Russia, Fair Russia, Agrarian Party of Russia and Civilian Power.^[35] United Russia held its party congress on December 17, 2007 where by secret ballot of the delegates, Medvedev was officially endorsed as their candidate in the 2008 presidential election.^[36] He formally registered his candidacy with the Central Election Commission on December 20, 2007 and said he would step down as chairman of Gazprom, since under the current laws, the president is not permitted to hold another post.^[37] Sources close to Gazprom and Medvedev have told the Vedomosti newspaper that Medvedev may be replaced by Putin at Gazprom.^[38] His registration was formally accepted as valid by the Russian Central Election Commission on January 21, 2008.^[39]

In January 2008, Medvedev launched his presidential campaign with stops in the regions.^[40] In his first speech since he was endorsed, Medvedev announced that, as president, he would appoint Vladimir Putin to the post of prime minister to head the Russian government.^[41] Although constitutionally barred from a third consecutive presidential term, such a role would allow Putin to continue as an influential figure in Russian politics^[42] Putin pledged that he would accept the position of prime minister should Medvedev be elected president. Election posters portrayed the pair side-by-side with the slogan "Together we will win" ("Вместе победим").^[43]

During the pre-election debates on the Star TV on February 20, Nikolai Gotsa, a representative of Bogdanov, accused Vladimir Zhirinovsky and his party of lying to and betraying their supporters. He accused them of voting in favor of government initiatives they criticize when in public. Zhirinovsky replied fiercely, insulting Gotsa and calling him a "sick man, a schizoid", "bastard", and punched him when they went off the cameras. Bogdanov and Gotsa launched a legal issue against Zhirinovsky. On February 28, in another debate, Bogdanov claimed he had a personal talk with Zhirinovsky, and that the latter had threatened his life and demanded to withdraw the issue.^[44]

Opinion polls

According to opinion polls taken prior to the election, up to 82% of people said that they would vote for Dmitry Medvedev, the candidate endorsed by Vladimir Putin as his preferred successor. The second most popular candidate was Gennady Zuganov, Leader of the Communist Party of Russia, who was expected to receive between 6% and 15% of the vote.^[45] An opinion poll by the Yury Levada Analytical Center, taken in September after Vladimir Putin announced he would head the electoral list of United Russia in the 2007 Parliamentary elections, showed a commanding lead for Sergei Ivanov and Dmitry Medvedev, with 34% and 30% of the vote respectively. Viktor Zubkov and Sergei Glazyev received only 4% of the vote each.^[46]

Conduct

The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, in its capacity as an international election standards watchdog, refused to monitor the election because of what it called severe restrictions on its observers by the Russian government.^[47] After weeks of negotiations, Russia agreed to increase the observer numbers for the ODIHR mission and extend the time frame for its visit, but the ODIHR claimed that the offer still didn't meet their requirements, insisting that it needed to send at least 50 of its observers to Russia on February 15, five days before the date proposed by Moscow, in order effectively monitor the election campaign.^[8]

Russia responded by insisting that it was complying fully with its international obligations and that its invitation for 400 monitors meets international standards. It accused the OSCE of attempting to politicize the dispute and that it suspected ODIHR's intention from the outset was to boycott the election, saying that the ODIHR had displayed "contempt for basic ethical norms ... which, it seems, indicates that ODIHR from the start was not even trying to agree on mutually acceptable conditions for monitoring."^[9]

Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov stated that

“

The Russian side consented to 25 observers arriving this week and the rest of them on February, 25. Our proposal was denied. The Office (OSCE) insisted it will not send its observers to Russia unless Moscow accepts its demands. This is an ultimatum a self-respecting country cannot accept.[48]

”

Russia's Foreign Ministry spokesman, Mikhail Kamynin, said "The ODIHR flatly rejected a compromise without providing any clear explanations for its position. We believe such actions are unacceptable." Kamynin added that Moscow "deeply regretted" the OSCE refusal, accusing the organization, which he said generally sends 10-20 experts to observe election campaigns one or two weeks ahead of polls, of political bias against Russia.^[8]

An incident arose during the election when three out of nine members of the Biysk Electoral Commission refused to sign the protocols citing widespread falsifications in their Priobsky Division. The rest of commission decided to approve the protocols as the alleged abuse was not reported during the election.^[49]

The European election monitoring group PACE characterized the election as "neither free nor fair."^[4]

Representatives from the GOLOS monitoring group stated that "the Election Day was held in a relatively quiet atmosphere in contrast to the State Duma election day. Such large-scale violations observed then as campaigning next to polling stations, transporting of voters, intimidation of voters and others were practically non-existent." They did however report irregularities in the election.^[3]

The Commonwealth of Independent States observer mission said the election was free, fair and in line with international standards. "The CIS observer mission states that the election is a major factor in the further democratization of public life in the Russian Federation, and recognizes it as free, open and transparent," said Nauryz Aidarov, head of the CIS mission.^[6]

Observers from the Shanghai Cooperation Organization said the election was free, fair and in line with international standards.^[5]

An observing group from Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe stated that the result of the election was a "reflection of the will of an electorate whose democratic potential was, unfortunately, not tapped". They said "In the elections, which had more the character of a plebiscite on the last eight years in this country, the people of Russia voted for the stability and continuity associated with the incumbent President and the candidate promoted by him. The President-elect will have a solid mandate given to him by the majority of Russians."^[50][51]

The head of Russia's electoral commission Vladimir Churov said that media coverage for the presidential election had been "fair but not equal".^[7]

The Economist reported that Medvedev has been mentioned over six times more often than his three rivals in 1,000 different news sources, according to figures from SCAN, a media database owned by Interfax, but stated that this could be due to Medvedev's high-profile job as chairman of the state-owned gas monopoly, Gazprom.^[52]

A report by the International Herald Tribune described Medvedev's election as "the culmination of Putin's efforts to consolidate control over the government, business and the news media since taking office eight years ago."^[53]

Russian Novaya Gazeta claimed that there were forged election protocols and cases when independent observers were not allowed to monitor the election process.^[54] Journalist Victor Shenderovich claims that only 3.5% of voters came to the elections in certain North Caucasus regions according to independent observers, whereas the Central Election committee reporter more than 90% turnaround.^[55]

Results

 2 March 2008 Russian presidential election results

Candidates	Nominating parties	Votes	%
Dmitry Medvedev	United Russia^1	52,530,712	71.2
Gennady Zyuganov	Communist Party	13,243,550	18.0
Vladimir Zhirinovsky	Liberal Democratic Party	6,988,510	9.5
Andrei Bogdanov	Democratic Party	968,344	1.3
Invalid/blank ballots		1,105,533	–
Total		74,746,649	100
Registered voters/turnout		107,222,016	69.7
Source: Nohlen & Stöver[56]

¹ Medvedev was also endorsed by Agrarian Party, Fair Russia, Russian Ecological Party - "The Greens" and Civilian Power, but was officially nominated as a United Russia candidate.

Reactions

According to Russia Today, many in the Western media portrayed Russia's presidential election as nothing but a farce. It reported that the claims of rigging the election were not supported by the various international election monitoring organizations in attendance.^[57]

Political analyst and United Russia member, Sergei Markov, said that the outcome of this poll was predetermined because of how much support the Russian people show for Vladimir Putin's policies. "The Russian people have seen how successful these policies have been, and they want them to continue", he says. Markov cited fears that the West would interfere and change the course of the election, like they did in Ukraine and Georgia.^[58]

See also

• Bald – hairy

References

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3. STATEMENT # 3 OF GOLOS ASSOCIATION ON THE RESULTS OF SHORT-TERM MONITORING OF PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS ON MARCH 2, 2008, The GOLOS Association, Moscow, March 3, 2008
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External links

• TrendLines Research International Election Projections Monthly Tracking chart of polling sentiment for the 3 leading contenders in next Russian presidential election.
• Official results (Russian)
• BBC NEWS Viewpoints: Russian presidential election Six Russians give their views on the election and predict the outcome.
• ; - YouTube videos of electoral officials in Moscow trying to prevent the observers from registering an election fraud (they claim the box was stuffed with pro-Medvedev ballots prior to the poll opening); electoral officials attempting to expel observers with simulated terrorist threat and air-strike sirens.