Cotonou

Cotonou

Port of Cotonou
Cotonou

Location of Cotonou in Benin

Coordinates: 6°22′N 2°26′E / 6.367°N 2.433°E / 6.367; 2.433Coordinates: 6°22′N 2°26′E / 6.367°N 2.433°E / 6.367; 2.433
Country  Benin
Department Littoral Department
Government
 • Mayor Nicéphore Soglo (2008–2014)
Area
 • Total 79 km2 (31 sq mi)
Elevation 51 m (167 ft)
Population (2012)[1]
 • Total 779,314
 • Density 9,900/km2 (26,000/sq mi)

Cotonou (French pronunciation: ​[kɔtɔˈnu]), formerly Kutonu,[2] is the largest city and economic centre of Benin.

Its official population count was 761,137 inhabitants in 2006; however, some estimates indicate its population to be as high as 1.2 million; the population in 1960 was only 70,000. The urban area continues to expand, notably towards the west. The city lies in the southeast of the country, between the Atlantic Ocean and Lake Nokoué.[3]

In addition to being Benin's largest city, it is also the seat of government (even though Porto-Novo is the official capital); it is home to most of the country's government buildings and diplomatic services. The city is a major port, and is also home to an airport and a railway that links to Parakou. Other features of Cotonou include Cotonou Friendship Stadium, Cotonou Cathedral, Cotonou Central Mosque, the Ancien Pont Bridge and the 20-hectare Dantokpa Market, which has a commercial turnover of over one billion CFA Francs a day. Another familiar feature of the city is the motorcycle-taxis known as Zémidjans.

History

The name "Cotonou" means "by the river of death" in the Fon language. At the beginning of the 19th century, Cotonou (then spelled "Kutonou") was a small fishing village. Though originally ruled by the Kingdom of Dahomey, in 1851 the French made a treaty with the Dahomean King Ghezo that allowed them to establish a trading post at Cotonou. During the reign of Glele, his successor (1858–89), the territory was ceded to France by a treaty signed on May 19, 1868. In 1883, the French navy occupied the city to prevent British conquest of the area. After Glele's death in 1889, his son Béhanzin tried, unsuccessfully, to challenge the treaty. From then on, the town developed quickly to become the largest harbour in the region.

Geography

The Oueme River as it flows into the Atlantic Ocean at Cotonou.

Cotonou is located on the coastal strip between Lake Nokoué and the Atlantic Ocean. The city is cut in two by a canal, the lagoon of Cotonou, dug by the French in 1855. Three bridges are located in this area. The Oueme River flows into the Atlantic Ocean at Cotonou.

The city has established transportation infrastructure including air, sea, river, (to Porto Novo) and land routes that facilitate trade with its neighbors Nigeria, Niger, Burkina Faso, and Togo.

The erosion of the coast has noted for several decades. It worsened in 1961 following the major work undertaken in Benin with the construction of the Nangbéto dam and deep-water port of Cotonou, in Ghana with the Akosombo Dam and in Togo at the port of Lomé. Houssou Paul, a pilot project funded by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) revealed that in 40 years, the coast to the east of Cotonou fell by 400 meters.[4] This erosion has led many people to leave their homes built along the coast. The Beninese state has decided to prohibit the pumping of sea and sand for the construction of protective dikes.

Climate

Climate

Under Köppen's climate classification, Cotonou features a tropical wet and dry climate, alternating with two rainy seasons (April – July and September – October, 800 to 1,200 mm (47 in) of rain per year) and two dry seasons. In December and January, the city is affected by harmattan winds. Temperatures are relatively constant throughout the course of the year, with the average high temperatures hovering around 30 °C (86 °F), and average low temperatures at around 25 °C (77 °F).

Climate data for Cotonou (1961–1990, extremes 1910–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 36.1
(97)		 38.6
(101.5)		 36.0
(96.8)		 35.4
(95.7)		 39.0
(102.2)		 33.0
(91.4)		 33.5
(92.3)		 31.8
(89.2)		 31.6
(88.9)		 33.4
(92.1)		 35.4
(95.7)		 36.6
(97.9)		 39.0
(102.2)
Average high °C (°F) 30.8
(87.4)		 31.6
(88.9)		 31.9
(89.4)		 31.6
(88.9)		 31.0
(87.8)		 29.2
(84.6)		 28.0
(82.4)		 27.8
(82)		 28.4
(83.1)		 29.6
(85.3)		 30.9
(87.6)		 30.8
(87.4)		 30.1
(86.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 27.3
(81.1)		 28.5
(83.3)		 28.9
(84)		 28.6
(83.5)		 27.8
(82)		 26.5
(79.7)		 25.8
(78.4)		 25.6
(78.1)		 26.0
(78.8)		 26.7
(80.1)		 27.6
(81.7)		 27.3
(81.1)		 27.2
(81)
Average low °C (°F) 23.8
(74.8)		 25.4
(77.7)		 25.9
(78.6)		 25.6
(78.1)		 24.6
(76.3)		 23.7
(74.7)		 23.7
(74.7)		 23.4
(74.1)		 23.6
(74.5)		 23.8
(74.8)		 24.3
(75.7)		 23.8
(74.8)		 24.3
(75.7)
Record low °C (°F) 17.0
(62.6)		 17.9
(64.2)		 18.5
(65.3)		 20.7
(69.3)		 19.6
(67.3)		 20.0
(68)		 18.8
(65.8)		 19.8
(67.6)		 20.0
(68)		 19.1
(66.4)		 21.0
(69.8)		 17.9
(64.2)		 17.0
(62.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 9.2
(0.362)		 36.8
(1.449)		 73.8
(2.906)		 137.0
(5.394)		 196.9
(7.752)		 356.0
(14.016)		 147.0
(5.787)		 64.9
(2.555)		 99.0
(3.898)		 126.7
(4.988)		 41.4
(1.63)		 19.6
(0.772)		 1,308.3
(51.508)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 1 2 4 7 11 15 8 5 8 8 4 2 75
Average relative humidity (%) 82 82 80 82 83 87 86 86 86 86 85 83 84
Mean monthly sunshine hours 213.9 210.0 223.2 219.0 213.9 141.0 136.4 148.8 165.0 207.7 243.0 223.2 2,345.1
Source #1: NOAA[5]
Source #2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1951–1967),[6] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[7]

Demographics

Cotonou women

Besides French, the official language of Benin, the main languages spoken in Cotonou include Fon, Mina, Aja and Yoruba.

Transport

Further information: Transport in Benin
Boulevard Saint Michel de Cotonou.
Street scene in Cotonou

The Autonomous Port of Cotonou is one of the largest ports in West Africa. The city is connected to Parakou in the north of the country by the Benin-Niger railway. Cotonou International Airport provides service to the capitals of the region and to France, as well as the major cities of Benin: Parakou, Kandi, Natitingou, Djougou, and Savé. There are also road connections to several neighboring countries: Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Togo. A prevalent mode of transport in the city is the motorcycle-taxi, Zémidjan.

In 2015 a suburban passenger railway line is being developed between Cotonou and Pahou.[8]

Economy

Because of its status as a transport hub, Cotonou has become a crossroads of West African commerce, with much trade moving here from Abidjan because of the Ivorian Civil War. The city is a so-called "market town," enabling trade with the countries of the African interior, such as Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger. In addition to the port, there is a free trade zone in the interior of the city for use by the landlocked Saharan states. However, the city is rife with corruption and illegal trade, especially with neighboring Nigeria. It can be considered the economic capital as it houses two-thirds of Benin's industries and is the headquarters of the nation's major enterprises and banks.

Important manufactured goods include palm oil and cake, brewing, textiles, and cement. Motor vehicles and bicycles are assembled, and there are also sawmills in the city. Petroleum products, bauxite, and iron are major exports. There are also offshore platforms drilling for oil. The city is also a center for the automotive trade, with European brands being sold from vast open-air parking lots. In the past, Citroën assembled cars (for instance, the Citroën 2CV and Ami 8) locally.[9]

By 2012, Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea had significantly decreased trade at the port of Cotonou.[10]

In the Missebo area, Cotonou is a textile market of African Print mainly handled by Indian wholesalers and retailers.

Main sights

Cotonou Cathedral.
Ancien Pont Bridge.

Media

The headquarters in Cotonou of the ORTB.

Environment

The city is threatened by the rising waters from the Gulf of Guinea.[11]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "World Gazetteer".
  2. ↑ "Dahomey" in the Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed., Vol. 7. 1911.
  3. ↑ GNS: Country Files Archived May 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. Earth-info.nga.mil. Retrieved on 2011-06-15.
  4. ↑ IRIN Humanitarian News. BENIN: Coastal erosion threatening to wipe out parts of Cotonou. Available:http://www.irinnews.org/report/80126/benin-coastal-erosion-threatening-to-wipe-out-parts-of-cotonou
  5. ↑ "Cotonou, Benin Climate Normals 1961-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
  6. ↑ "Klimatafel von Cotonou, Prov. Atlantique (Süd) / Benin" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  7. ↑ "Station Cotonou" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  8. ↑
  9. ↑ World Cars 1972. Automobile Club of Italy/Herald Books, New York: 1972. p. 403, ISBN 0-910714-04-5
  10. ↑ Associated Press (2012-02-27). "UN says piracy off Africa's west coast is increasing, becoming more violent". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2012-02-29.
  11. ↑ Benin's Cotonou – a city slowly swallowed by waves The Terra Daily, 25 January 2008
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