Zhang Chengzhi

Zhang Chengzhi (张承志)
Born (1948-09-10) 10 September 1948[1]
Beijing, China
Occupation Writer
Nationality People's Republic of China
Period 1978 – present
Notable works History of the Soul (心靈史)

Zhang Chengzhi (Xiao'erjing: ﺟْﺎ ﭼْﻊ جِ , born 10 September 1948) is a contemporary Hui Chinese author. Often named as the most influential Muslim writer in China, his historical narrative History of the Soul, about the rise of the Jahriyya (哲合忍耶) Sufi order, was the second-most popular book in China in 1994.[2]

Biography

Zhang was born in Beijing in 1948 to Hui parents of Shandong origin.[3] Despite his Muslim ancestry, he was raised as an atheist. He graduated from Tsinghua University Middle School in 1967, at the height of the Cultural Revolution. According to the People's Daily, Zhang was the first person to call himself a "Red Guard"; he used it as his pen name during his student days. Then on May 29, 1966, just two weeks after the People's Daily announced the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, Zhang convinced around ten other senior-level students to use the collective name "Mao Zedong's Red Guards" in addition to their individual signatures when signing a large-character poster denouncing their school officials; three days later, they issued another large-character poster under the same collective name, entitled "We Must Resolutely Carry Out the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution to its End", with over one hundred signatures. Soon, students from all over Beijing began to call themselves "Red Guards".[4][5]

After his graduation, Zhang was "sent down" to Ujimqin Banner in Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia, where he lived for four years before returning to Beijing.[6][7] Soon after his return, he entered the archaeology department of Peking University, graduating in 1975. He began his writing career in 1978, with the publication of a poem in Mongolian entitled "Son of the People" (做人民之子/Arad-un-huu) and a Chinese-language short story "Why does the rider sing?" (骑手为什么歌唱).[8] That same year, he entered a master's program in history at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences's Department of Minority Languages, from which he graduated in 1981. In 1983, he received funding to go to Japan as an international exchange scholar, where he conducted research at Tokyo's Tōyō Bunko, the largest Asian studies library in Japan.[3] Aside from Chinese and Mongolian, Zhang also speaks Japanese, and once audited a class in Kazakh at the Central University for Nationalities.[9][10]

Zhang noted that during the Second Sino-Japanese War, Hui Muslims were suspicious of the intentions of Japanese researchers and deliberately concealed important religious information from them when interviewed.[11]

Literary career

Zhang is often identified as a representative of the so-called xungen movement ("searching for roots"), despite the fact that he himself dismisses entire concept of xungen.[12][13] His work repeatedly touches on the themes of martyrdom, everlasting tradition, and resistance to materialism and urban life.[14] Unlike many other authors who lived through the Cultural Revolution and regret the chaos it created in their lives, even Zhang's early works such as Rivers of the North and Black Steed exhibit a noticeable level of idealism about his time as a Red Guard, and clearly demonstrate his desire to rebut the presumptions of scar literature.[15][16] Analyses of Zhang's impact on Chinese literature and thought vary greatly. Zhu Xueqin expressed his admiration of Zhang for "casting off his old self" and taking a "firm stand" for idealistic values and against ethnocentrism.[17] Dru Gladney, in contrast, analysed Zhang's popularity in terms of a larger trend of consumerist exoticisation of "ethnic chic" in 1990s China.[18] Some scholars, both in China and abroad, go further in rendering harsh judgments: they denounce Zhang as "xenophobic" and criticise his continued support of Maoism even after his conversion to Islam.[19]

The early 1980s have been described as Zhang's "lyrical phase".[20] As a result of his works during this period, he has been described as one of China's first practitioners of "stream of consciousness" fiction.[14] In 1984, however, Zhang quit his job at the China Writers' Association and moved to China's Northwest, spending six years living with the Muslims of Xihaigu, Ningxia. His time there resulted not only in his conversion to Islam and, in one critic's words, his "open renunciation of Chinese culture", but also in what is easily his most famous book: History of the Soul, a work of narrative historical fiction which explores personal and religious conflicts during 172 years of development of the Jahriyya tariqah in China's northwest, interwoven with his own observations.[18][21]

Works

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ "张承志诉世纪互联通讯技术有限公司侵犯著作权纠纷案 (Zhang Chengzhi v. 21 ViaNet Communication Technology Co., Ltd.: Dispute over Infringement of Copyright)" (in Chinese). Harbin City Government.
  2. ↑ Gladney 2000
  3. 1 2 Deng 1989
  4. ↑ People's Daily 2001-04-13. Original title: "坚决把无产阶级文化大革命进行到底"
  5. ↑ Fisac 2003: 163
  6. ↑ G. Yuan 2004
  7. ↑ Ujimqin Banner is administratively divided into East Ujimqin Banner and West Ujimqin Banner; sources do not specify exactly where Zhang worked
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Xinhua 2006-05-17
  9. ↑ The Black Steed, English edition back matter
  10. ↑ Xinhua 2004-03-15
  11. ↑ Jennifer Robertson (15 April 2008). A Companion to the Anthropology of Japan. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 30–. ISBN 978-1-4051-4145-1.
  12. ↑ Wang 2004.
  13. ↑ Shi 2002.
  14. 1 2 Wu 2000: 128–29.
  15. ↑ McDougall and Louie 1997: 395–96.
  16. ↑ J. Yuan 2004.
  17. ↑ Zhu 2003: 96.
  18. 1 2 Gladney 2000.
  19. ↑ Fisac 2003: 164.
  20. ↑ Li 2000: 115.
  21. ↑ Lin 2005: 133–36.
  22. ↑ NY Times 1997-04-03

Sources

Scholarly works

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