2010 Ecuador crisis

Ecuador
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Ecuador

The 2010 Ecuador crisis took place on 30 September 2010, when elements of the National Police blockaded highways, occupied the National Parliament, blocked the Mariscal Sucre International Airport in Quito[1] and the José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport in Guayaquil,[2] and took over TV Ecuador's station,[3] in what they claimed was a strike to oppose a government-sponsored law that supposedly reduced their benefits.[4] Unrest and looting was reported in seven provincial capitals of the country due to the lack of law enforcement.[5]

President Rafael Correa went to the police headquarters in Quito despite the recommendations from his own security personnel not to attend and make things worse, he was ill-received, he made a harsh speech in which he accused the police ranks of treason to the people and the country, and dared them to kill him.[6] After he was pelted by the police ranks[4] and a tear gas canister went off,[6][7] Correa was escorted to a hospital in the same compound. According to El País,[8] the New York Times,[9] El Correo[10] and Correa himself, the policemen then surrounded the building and prevented him from leaving.[4] From the hospital, Correa declared a state of emergency and said that a "coup d'état was taking place",[11] and attributed responsibility to the government's opposition.[5] According to state news agency ANDES, police radio recordings from the night of 30 September revealed that the police intended to kill Correa. Thousands of civilians came out to support Correa and gathered around the hospital in which he was held hostage.[12] Clashes occurred between rebellious police forces and loyal army and police forces,[13] who successfully rescued Correa after he had allegedly been held for 10 hours at the hospital.[14]

Ecuador's Health Minister said the events had left eight dead and 274 people wounded.[15] Of the casualties, it is known that one was a university student, and that a police officer and two military personnel involved in the rescue operation were also among those killed.[16]

The Union of South American Nations (UNASUR),[17] the Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero,[18] and the Secretary-General of the Organization of American States, José Miguel Insulza[19] referred to the events as an attempted coup d'état.

Background

Ecuador's recent history has been characterized by institutional instability.[20] Between 1997 and 2007, Ecuador has had eight presidents,[8] and two of them had been overthrown in political unrest: Jamil Mahuad in 2000 and Lucio Gutiérrez in 2005. Since then, Correa's PAIS alliance has won five consecutive elections, including two Presidential elections (2006 and 2009), a referendum to modify the Constitution and a referendum to approve the new Constitution. A poll published on 15 September 2010 showed Correa had a 67% approval rating in Quito and 59% in Guayaquil.[7]

Public Service Organic Law

The Public Service Organic Law was drafted by the executive, and was perceived by the armed forces and law enforcement as introducing cuts to their benefits.[5] The draft generated much controversy during parliamentary debates.[21] However, it passed through first, second and plenary rounds of parliamentary votes in the National Assembly. On 3 September, President Correa made a partial objection to the law proposal.[22] According to an Ecuavisa report, government sources indicated that Correa considered dissolving parliament and calling for new elections due to disagreements within his own party with respect to his concerns over the new legislation.[23][24] As of 30 September, after fifteen months of debate, the law proposal had not yet been finalised by the Assembly.[25][26] It was argued by some that the police were ill informed of the new measures, which were not meant to cut benefits; rather the benefits were intended to be provided by other means.[27]

As the events developed officials, and the Latin America media, as well as Correa supporters, expressed concern that they could follow the same course as the 2009 Honduran coup d'état[28][29][30] in which another left-leaning Latin American president, Manuel Zelaya, was overthrown by the military during a constitutional crisis.[31] (Correa is known as, and describes himself as, "left-wing".[32]) The ruling government in Honduras sent a message of support for Correa after news of the crisis in Ecuador broke.[33]

Attack on the president

"If you want to kill the president, here he is. Kill me, if you want to. Kill me if you are brave enough!"[5]", President Rafael Correa shouted at the policemen.[34]

On the morning of 30 September, members of the Ecuadorian Armed Forces and National Police occupied several barracks and set up road blocks[4] in nine of the country's provincial capitals to demand that special bonuses paid to the police and military.[5] These police and armed forces occupied the National Assembly building. The Ecuadorian Air Force shut down Mariscal Sucre International Airport in Quito and José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport in Guayaquil,[2] forcing their closure for several hours. Police also blocked roads in Guayaquil, the largest city of Ecuador, and reported unrest in 2 other cities. Looters also ransacked banks, supermarkets and shopping malls in the port city of Guayaquil.[4]

President Correa went to the police barracks in Quito where he arrived at 11:00 A.M. (GMT+5); after being ill-received – an honor guard was not assembled – he first tried to have a dialogue with the police and criticized their actions as treason to "the people and the country",[35] but after hearing hostile police chant "Lucio presidente, Lucio presidente" he screamed "'If you want to kill the president, here he is. Kill me, if you want to. Kill me if you are brave enough!"[6][7] After Correa had left the barracks, he was attacked by the police with a tear gas canister that almost hit Correa's head. Demonstrators tried to kick his knee that had recently been operated on. Correa was walking with a cane because of the operation.[36]

Correa was escorted to a hospital in the same compound. Police forces outside the hospital building surrounded it and kept him from leaving;[4][8][9][10] a helicopter tried to evacuate him and his entourage but was prevented from landing by obstacles in the landing pad.[33] They also arrested one member of his close protection team.[37] La Hora Nacional however reported that two hospital employees denied it was a hostage situation,[38] El País reported recorded dialogues between the policemen, in which they announce their intentions to kill him or put him out of office.[39] Correa said that the police had tried to break into his room at the hospital, but police still loyal to the president secured the floor.[40]

From the hospital, Correa declared a state of emergency, after he accused the opposition and security forces of an attempted coup[5] and orchestrating the protests. He stated that he was declaring a five-day state of emergency in an attempt to restore order.[11] This measure forces all radio and television stations to integrate as an Emergency Broadcast System for a country wide live broadcast of the events. He later spoke to national radio from the hospital. He said he would not negotiate until the protests were called off and added that he would leave either as president or as a corpse and called on the organisers of the protest to be punished.[41]

Reports indicated the armed forces remained loyal to the constitutional order.[42] Correa said that a rescue operation had been ready for a few hours, but was postponed so as to avoid more bloodshed.[21] Correa's supporters, as well, urged by the country's foreign minister to rescue "their president,"[42] were stopped from meeting the president, and clashed with the police around Quito.[30] They reportedly chanted "This is not Honduras," in reference to the 2009 coup in that country.[30] Hundreds of Correa supporters gathered outside the National Assembly, which was seized by striking police, while Interior Minister Gustavo Jahlk met with representatives of the rebellious police.[43]

By afternoon, teleSUR reported that the police, accompanied by former president Lucio Gutiérrez's lawyer Pablo Guerrero, attacked Ecuadoran state television,[3] and took abrupt control of the channels.[44] Many attacks on journalists and photojournalists by rebellious police, have been denounced in Quito and other cities.[45] Workers and equipment of Ecuador TV, Radio Pública, Ecuavisa, Teleamazonas, and El Comercio, were object of aggression, several ecuatorian journalists being wounded.[45] International journalists, from AFP and teleSUR have also been attacked.[45]

Rescue operation

In the late hours of the evening, three teams of special police and army teams (GIR, GOE and army paratroopers) and elite army troops part of a force of around 500 uniformed personnel[37] loyal to their allegiance rescued him after clashes with rebellious police forces inside and outside the hospital building.[13] The rescue from the hospital,[7] was shown live on Ecuadorean television.[46][47][48] Bullets hit his room during the rescue operation.[49] Venezuelan-American lawyer Eva Golinger stated that investigators "concluded [that] coup forces were attempting to assassinate him before he could be rescued."[49] As Correa was rescued, his armoured car was hit by four bullets[50] but the investigation shows that the car, a Nissan Patrol, that had been used to rescue the president didn't have any impacts, and it is still unclear where was the black armoured vehicle (Ford) when it was hit.[51]

Correa was then taken to the Presidential Palace,[52] where he gave a "fiery speech"[37] to the public thanking those who supported him and came to Quito to support[53][54] the "citizen's revolution and democracy in our country" and the members of the government who risked their lives in support of him. He also thanked UNASUR and the other Latin American countries that supported him.[55]

He criticized those who attempted the coup saying: "How could they call themselves police after acting like this against the people?", and said there would not be any immunity for the perpetrators nor would there be any "negotiation under duress".[55] He called the attackers "cowards" and claimed to have spoken to officers who were holding him hostage at the hospital and asked them two questions: Have you ever been paid this well? and have you read the law? He claimed they said they had never been better treated than through his administration and that they had not read the controversial law. When the protesters asked him to revoke the law, he answered that he did not have the power to do so and that he would leave as president or as a corpse, and in the end he left with his "head held high".[56] He asserted that the "law would not be repealed" because he said "everything can be done through negotiation but not by force." He concluded his speech saying "history would judge them" and with "greater courage we will ensure that our citizen's revolution would not be stopped by anything. Until victory, always!"

His criticism included statements saying his administration had supported the police and were "stabbed in the back" by those who "bring shame to the national police," even though it was only a few members of the police who acted only for financial reasons and for medals and honours, out of ignorance of the real content of the law.[56]

Alleged perpetrators

President Correa said that "the uprising was incited for political motives" and accused former President Lucio Gutiérrez and other opposition politicians for "attempting to instigate a coup".[57] He said that there were infiltrates from "well-known political parties" among the rebellious police. Police were also heard chanting "Lucio Gutiérrez president" while Correa spoke to them.[27][57] Gutiérrez' former lawyer was reported to have been spotted amongst a crowd of officers that stormed the building of the state television ECTV and cut off the transmission.[58]

Lucio Gutiérrez, a former president ousted by a popular uprising and leader of the opposition Sociedad Patriótica Party, who had participated in the coup d'état against Jamil Mahuad[59] said that the only responsible for the situation was Correa himself and his "abusive, corrupt and prepotent government".[57] He accused President Correa of trying to divert the attention from corruption scandals affecting his government.[60] Gutiérrez said "Is true that we want to take Correa out, but with votes, and he shall finish his term so we can defeat him in free election (...) non-fraudulent".[60] During the incident Gutiérrez suggested the dissolution of the National Assembly as a "solution to avoid the possibility of bloodshed in the country",[61][62] coinciding with the actions of the police who had taken occupation of the assembly building.[63]

Journalist Jean-Guy Allard claimed, on Radio Del Sur, that the "coup attempt confirmed" a 2008 report by Defence Minister Javier Ponce on infiltration of the Ecuadorian police by United States intelligence agents, including funding of police equipment and operations, and payment of informers.[64] In response to the 2008 report, US ambassador Heather Hodges stated that the US "works with" the Ecuadorian military and police "on objectives that are very important for security", including the "fight against drug trafficking."[65] Allard also referred to former CIA agent Philip Agee's description of US involvement with the Ecuadorian police in the early 1960s.[64] He cited his suspicion about the visit of several United States officials to Ecuador, officially "to deepen relations," during the months prior to the coup attempt was a "pretext."[64] Pepe Escobar of Asia Times also alleged that "everyone in South America" knows of US involvement, as he cited similar reaction to the Honduran coup.[66] Russia Today alleged a link between the School of the Americas and the attempted coup.[67]

Venezuelan-American lawyer Eva Golinger claimed that the coup attempt was part of a systematic, US-supported plan to destabilise member states of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA).[65] She alleged that US ambassador Heather Hodges was sent to Ecuador by former US President George W. Bush "with the intention of sowing destabilization against Correa, in case the Ecuadoran president refused to subordinate himself to Washington's agenda," and that Hodges increased the budget of USAID and the NED for social and political groups that "promote US interests." Golinger claimed that certain "progressive" social groups received "financing and guidelines in order to provoke destabilising situations in the country that go beyond the natural expressions of criticism and opposition to a government." According to Golinger, USAID's 2010 budget in Ecuador $38 million. Golinger referred to the indigenous political party Pachakutik Movement's press release on 30 September asking for Correa's resignation on the grounds that his "dictatorial attitude" had generated "serious political turmoil and internal crisis." In the statement, Pachakutik leader Cléver Jiménez said that the "situation" of the police and armed forces in the coup attempt "should be understood as a just action by public servants, whose rights have been made vulnerable."[65] Golinger alleged that Pachakutik was funded by NED and USAID and that its call for Correa's resignation and its support for the mutiny was an example of the US plans to destabilise ALBA member states.[65] Pachakutik strongly denied having "any relationship at all with the organism known as USAID, previously NED, not today nor ever" and accused the Ecuadorian government of having accepted USAID/NED funding.[68] Golinger responded[69] by referring to a National Democratic Institute (NDI, one of the four institutes funded by NED) report from 2007 describing Pachakutik being trained by the NDI in "Triangle of Party Best Practices and strategic planning methodologies" as part of NDI's Latin American/Caribbean Political Party Network of over 1400 individual members, funded under NED Core Grants 2000-031, 2001–048, 2003–028, and 2004-036.[70]

The United States government denied any involvement and deemed the accusations as unsubstantiated.[71] The United States had already declared support for Correa through its ambassador to the Organization of American States.[72] US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, also expressed "full support for President Rafael Correa, and the institutions of democratic government in that country."[33] On 5 October, Ecuadorian foreign minister Ricardo Patiño said "I firmly believe that Mr. Obama had nothing to do with this. I hope, I trust that his main authorities also didn't".[73] Relations between the Ecuadorian and United States governments regarding the Ecuadorian police forces had been strained since 2009 when the Ecuadorian government was unhappy about United States involvement in the appointment of Ecuadorian police officials.[74]

Investigations

On 1 October, Coronel Cesár Carrion , Quito's metropolitan police chief; Marcelo Echeverría, the provincial police commander; and Manuel E. Rivadeneira Tello, the head of the barracks where Correa was attacked, were detained.[75][76] They were released the next day but barred from leaving Ecuador[75] pending an investigation for "negligence, rebellion and attempted assassination," according to prosecutor Gonzalo Marco Freire.[75] Manuel E. Rivadeneira Tello, was alleged by Allard to have trained at the School of the Americas (SOA).[76] The School of the Americas Watch lists Rivadeneira as having trained at the SOA from 25 February to 18 April 1980, in the C-8 armed combat cadet group.[77]

On 5 October, Fidel Araujo, close collaborator of Lucio Gutiérrez, was detained for investigations about his role in the uprising, as TV has shown him among the rebellious police in Quito, in the early hours of the strike.[78] Also, recorded dialogues between the policemen that surrounded the hospital where Rafael Correa was kept, were undisclosed. In them, the policemen announce their intentions to kill the President, or have him out of office.[39][79]

Interior Minister Gustavo Jalkh announced the arrest of 46 police officers for alleged participation in the revolt. He claimed prosecutors had voice recordings that implicate them. Correa also warned that there was still an ongoing conspiracy within the police ranks that could pose a threat as he called for firm punishment against accused.[80]

Aftermath

After the day's events, four people were confirmed dead, one of whom was a university student, and the others were a police officer and two military personnel involved in the rescue operation.[16] One-hundred and ninety-three were injured, 24 of them seriously.[81] Forty of them were personnel of the armed forces.[16]

Reports indicated the police were back to work the next day and Guayaquil was back to normal.[42] The chief of police, Freddy Martinez, took responsibility, and resigned following the attacks saying "A commander shown such lack of respect by his subordinates cannot stay in charge."[82] The government said it would not purge the police force, but were looking for those responsible who would "not be pardoned."[42] Patricio Franco, the newly appointed police chief, asked the public to "trust the police," saying the revolt was led by a group of "foolish and crazy people who acted violently".[81] He also stressed the role of "infiltrates".[81]

On 1 October, Correa issued a three-day national mourning period for the dead,[81] but did not revoke the five-day state of emergency as the country gradually returned to normality.[81] Foreign minister Ricardo Patiño, warned that the situation might not be over yet. "We cannot claim total victory. We have overcome the situation for now, but we cannot relax. The coup attempt may have roots out there, we have to find them and pull them up."[83] Correa told UNASUR foreign ministers that "they wanted to provoke a civil war."[84]

The media also speculated that the crisis could mean a popularity boost for Correa, who had lost some support in recent months.[42] It also cited Correa's mixed relationship with the armed forces since taking office, and this crisis could force a more "delicate line" working with the military. Previously he won over military chiefs using increases in salary hikes and appointments to what were considered "cushy state jobs." If the police protests blow over, Correa will likely be forced to negotiate to keep the ranks calm. However, the international media also cited Correa's popularatiy among the poor for his spending oil largesse on welfare programmes and a firm stance against foreign investors. He may now be forced to boost public spending and seek alternative sources of credit after Ecuador's 2008 default on about $3 billion in debt. Additionally, foreign oil companies in Ecuador have until November to sign new contracts that would boost state control on the oil industry.[85]

On 2 October, Correa's government and his parliamentary block announced an agreement to modify some aspects of the Public Service Organic Law, that worried the police and the Armed Forces.[26] On 5 October, the government decreed a salary increase for the police and the armed forces. Defence Minister Javier Ponce said that the adjustment was programmed since before the crisis.[86] The Emergency rule was extended into the week following the raid,[87] to allow the transfer of protection of the National Assembly.[86] to the military.

Reactions

Domestic

The President of the National Assembly of Ecuador condemned the uprising and said that the assembly would not be intimidated, and that the mutiny was the result of a conspiracy; he called on the people of Ecuador to defend democratic institutions.[88] Citizens supporting Correa amassed in front of their provincial governments in a show of support.[89][90]

On 30 September, the opposition Pachakutik Movement published a press release asking for Correa to resign or be dismissed by the National Assembly under Article 130, Number 2 of the 2008 Constitution, on the grounds that his "dictatorial attitude" had generated "serious political turmoil and internal crisis." Pachakutik leader Cléver Jiménez said that he "backed the struggle of the country's public servants, including the police troops who have mobilized against the regime's authoritarian policies which are an attempt to eliminate acquired labor rights. The situation of the police and members of the Armed Forces should be understood as a just action by public servants, whose rights have been made vulnerable."[65]

On 6 October, the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE) and Pachakutik together issued a declaration stating "there never was any attempted coup d'etat, much less a kidnapping, but an event that responded to the uncertain political management of the government that causes popular discontent through permanent aggression, discrimination and violations of human rights consecrated in the Constitution."[68] CONAIE and Pachakutik demanded "the constitutional suspension of the National Congress for its failure to comply with the constitutional mandate that it legislate much less audit as it is well known that all laws are approved by the president's legal minister." They "condemned the usurpation of press freedom when on September 30 all media not allied with the government was forced to broadcast government news in 'cadena nacional,' a means by which all access to information is controlled and manipulated with a version of the facts that does not inform about the real dimensions of the situation on that day in the country."[68]

Supranational bodies

Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon expressed concern.[91]

The Organization of American States Permanent Council unanimously approved by acclamation a resolution supporting Correa's government and asked all the stakeholders to avoid "exacerbating" the political instability.[92] Ecuadorian ambassador María Isabel Salvador said that the events "cannot, in any way, be considered as simple union acts or public protests."[93] She also said Correa was in touch with his ministers.[42]

The European Union's Foreign Policy chief called for law and order to be respected.[42]

UNASUR
UNASUR Member States presidents and representatives at the Buenos Aires emergency summit. Juan Manuel Santos (Colombia) and Hugo Chávez (Venezuela) were in flight to Buenos Aires, and arrived hours later.

The Secretary General of UNASUR, Néstor Kirchner, said "South America cannot tolerate that corporative interests threaten and put pressure on democratically elected governments for fear of losing undue privileges".[94] An emergency summit was held on the same night of the events, 30 September, in Buenos Aires, Argentina, attended by UNASUR member state Presidents Evo Morales, Sebastián Piñera, José Mujica, Juan Manuel Santos, Hugo Chávez, Alan García, and host (in the absence of the President Pro-Tempore Correa) Cristina Kirchner,[28][95] along with representatives of Brazil, Paraguay, Guyana and Suriname.[96] There were two notable absentees: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva did not attend because of the impending Brazilian general elections; and Fernando Lugo was absent because he was undertaking chemotherapy.[96]

A statement[97] was issued condemning the coup attempt, reaffirming the regional compromise with democratic institutions, peace, rule of law, constitutional order and human rights as means to regional integration, and announcing the adoption of a Democratic Clause as an additional protocol to the Unasur Constitutive Treaty at the next Head of State summit in Guyana, on 26 November.[98]

It was established that, in the event of further attempts, immediate and concrete steps would be taken, such as the closure of borders, suspension of commerce, air traffic, energy, services, and other supplies.[98][99] It was also decided that the Foreign Ministers of the South American countries travel to Quito on 1 October morning.[100] Correa again expressed his gratitude for the strong regional support he received.[40]

International

Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez condemned the coup attempt, and stated that he and other South American leaders were "mobilizing to reject the coup".[11]

Chilean president Sebastián Piñera also declared "absolute and total support for President Correa", and called for all democratic countries in South America to support Ecuadorian democracy.[101] The Chilean ambassador to Ecuador, later claimed that the events had "definitely not been a coup d'état".[102]

Guatemalan President Álvaro Colom called on the international community to condemn "attempts similar to what happened in Honduras," and said the Central American Integration System was considering the issuance of a communiqué.[29]

Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Mexico, Uruguay, Paraguay, Peru and Spain also expressed full support for Correa's government.[94]

Argentina's Foreign Affairs Minister, Héctor Timerman, said "Latin American democracies will not allow a repeat in Ecuador of the coup in Honduras."[28] Former Argentine president Eduardo Duhalde called the events a "coup d'etat."[103]

The ruling government in Honduras also expressed its support for Ecuador. The ruling Honduran government is not recognized by Ecuador on the grounds of the coup in Honduras in 2009 against Manuel Zelaya. It condemned "any action that violates the constitutional order" in Ecuador.[104] "Honduras, its people and its government expresses its unqualified support for the democratic institutions of the Republic of Ecuador and advocate return to civic normality," said the Honduran Foreign Ministry said in a statement.[104] Support from Honduras, observed CNN, "came a little over a year after a military-led coup toppled the democratically elected president there."[33]

Colombia said it had shut its border with Ecuador in solidarity with Correa.[105]

Peru shut its border with Ecuador due to unrest,[106] with President Alan García saying it would not reopen "until Democratic authority is restored."[94]

Iran's ambassador in Ecuador, Majid Salehi, said he was monitoring the situation and that it "fully supported Correa's legal government throughout the incident." He also added that Iran's President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Foreign Minister Manouchehr Mottaki talked to Correa later.[107] In the conversation, Correa stressed that ties between the two states were strong and "certain countries were seeking to damage Iran-Ecuador relations" but emphasised a will to further strengthen ties after saying "Ecuador would not allow any country to interfere in its foreign relations." Ahmadinejad, in turn, welcomed their growing ties saying "Iran and Ecuador enjoy deep, brotherly relations."[108]

The United States declared support for Correa through its ambassador to the Organization of American States.[72] US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton expressed "full support for President Rafael Correa, and the institutions of democratic government in that country."[33] On 5 October, Ecuadorian foreign minister Ricardo Patiño said "I firmly believe that Mr. Obama had nothing to do with this. I hope, and trust that neither his (immediate subordinates) did.[109]

Academic analysis

On 4 October, New York University professor of history Greg Grandin stated that "it's still early to tell exactly what happened" and in his initial analysis said, "the government has made a lot of, I think, accurate accusations that it was not just a spontaneous social protest against austerity. It was too coordinated. It happened simultaneously in a number of cities, a number of barracks. Sectors of the air force joined in immediately. It seems like there have been sectors that have been dissatisfied with Correa within the military. And certainly, a past president, Lucio Gutiérrez, ... immediately came out and called Correa illegitimate and called for him to step down."[110]

Asylum in Czech Republic

On Monday 2 July 2012, Czech Republic gave political asylum to lawyer Pablo Guerrero Martinez, who, with more than 111 people, was accused of sabotage and terrorism by the facts raised in the public channel Ecuador TV on Thursday 30 September 2010. He became well-known together with other 12 persons prosecuted by the government with the name of Los Trece Pablo Guerrero Martinez, lawyer, journalist, activist and defender of freedom of expression in his country, was a candidate for Concentración de Fuerzas Populares in the presidential election of 2009. The Czech government textually said that: "Criminal proceedings that his country is continuing against the applicant and twelve others have all the elements of a political process, and the penalty he could receive is unrelated to the seriousness of the fault".[111][112]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Decretan el estado de sitio en Ecuador y la policía tomó el Parlamento" (in Spanish). La Nación. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  2. 1 2 Coba, Tatiana (30 September 2010). "Ecuador airports shut down over police protest". AZCentral/AP. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  3. 1 2 "Ex abogado de Lucio Gutiérrez lideró ataque contra televisión pública de Ecuador" (in Spanish). Telesur. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2 October 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Carroll, Rory (30 September 2010). "Ecuador thrown into chaos as police and troops take over airport; President Rafael Correa in showdown with protesters angry at new law that protestors had perceived as cuts to their benefits". London: The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Ecuador declares state of emergency amid 'coup attempt'". BBC news. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  6. 1 2 3 "Señores, si quieren matar al Presidente, aquí está... Mátenme si les da la gana": Rafael Correa" (in Spanish). Semana. 30 October 2010. Archived from the original on 3 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "Ecuador president, hostage of mutinous police freed by elite Army forces". En.mercopress.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  8. 1 2 3 "Correa retoma el control en Ecuador y promete una depuración en la policía" (in Spanish). El País. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010.
  9. 1 2 Ochoa, Dolores (1 October 2010). "Police Officers Strike in Ecuador". New York Times/Associated Press. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  10. 1 2 De Guereño, Milagros L. (1 October 2010). "Policías y militares retienen a Correa" (in Spanish). El Correo. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  11. 1 2 3 "Chavez Condemns 'Coup Attempt' On Ecuador's Correa". Wall Street Journal. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 3 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  12. ↑ (Spanish) Agencia Pública de Noticias del Ecuador y Suramérica (ANDES), 4 October 2010, (EXCLUSIVO) Registro de comunicaciones de la Central de Radio Patrulla deja en evidencia intención de asesinar al Presidente Correa Archived 7 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  13. 1 2 "El Ejército se enfrenta a tiros a los policías que retienen a Correa" (in Spanish). El País. 30 September 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  14. ↑ "Militares rescatan a presidente de Ecuador secuestrado por policías sublevados" (in Spanish). Telesur. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 4 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  15. ↑ "Ecuador ocho muertos y 274 heridos por disturbios policiales" (in Spanish). El Comercio, Perú. 1 October 2010. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  16. 1 2 3 "Correa ratifica que son cuatro los muertos por intentona golpistapublisher=Telesur" (in Spanish). 1 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  17. ↑ National News Agency of Argentina (1 October 2010). "UNASUR Summit condemned attempt of coup d'etat in Ecuador and reasserted commitment to democratic institutions". Telam. Archived from the original on 2 October 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  18. ↑ "Zapatero condena el "intento de golpe de Estado" en Ecuador" (in Spanish). La Razon. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2 October 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  19. ↑ Reyes H., Cristhian (6 October 2010). "OEA: lo que Ecuador vivió fue un intento de golpe de Estado" (in Spanish). Radio Sucre. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  20. ↑ "Ecuador: ¿De regreso a la inestabilidad?" (in Spanish). BBC Mundo. 30 October 2010. Archived from the original on 4 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  21. 1 2 "Correa negó cualquier tipo de negociación con quienes lo mantienen secuestrado mientras no lo dejen salir del Hospital Policial" (in Spanish). Página/12. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 3 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  22. ↑ Correa, Rafael (3 September 2010). "(letter to the President of the National Assembly)". National Assembly of Ecuador. Archived from the original on 2 October 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  23. ↑ "Muerte cruzada una vez más ronda la Asamblea" (in Spanish). Hoy. 30 September 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  24. ↑ "Correa comenzará este lunes el trámite para el proceso de la 'Muerte Cruzada'" (in Spanish). Ecuavisa. 29 September 2010. Archived from the original on 3 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  25. ↑ "Trámite de las Leyes" (in Spanish). National Assembly of Ecuador. October 2010. Archived from the original on 2 October 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  26. 1 2 "Cambios a la ley que originó sublevación, anuncia el régimen" (in Spanish). El Universo. 4 October 2010. Archived from the original on 8 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  27. 1 2 "Correa: ¡Si quieren matar al Presidente, mátenme!" (in Spanish). El Universo. 1 October 2010. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  28. 1 2 3 "Unasur emergency summit in Buenos Aires in support of Correa and democracy, Mercopress". En.mercopress.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  29. 1 2 "Presidente de Guatemala llama a comunidad internacional a rechazar golpe en Ecuador" (in Spanish). Telesur. 20 September 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  30. 1 2 3 "Esto no es Honduras" (in Spanish). El País. 30 September 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  31. ↑ Ecuador in turmoil amid 'coup attempt' – AFP/Yahoo News, 30 September 2010. "The unrest, which recalled a coup which overthrew the elected president in Honduras last year"
  32. ↑ "Profile: Ecuador's Rafael Correa". BBC News. 30 September 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 "Ecuador declares emergency as police protest, president is attacked". CNN. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 3 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  34. ↑
  35. ↑
  36. ↑ Golinger, Eva (7 October 2010). "Ecuador: what really happened". Archived from the original on 26 October 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
  37. 1 2 3 "Police Officers Strike in Ecuador (slideshow)". The New York Times. 1 October 2010. Archived from the original on 4 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
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  39. 1 2 "Maten a Correa para que se acabe ya esta protesta" (in Spanish). El País. 5 October 2010. Archived from the original on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  40. 1 2 "Correa impresionado por contundencia del documento de la Unasur, afirma Cristina Fernández" (in Spanish). Telesur. 1 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  41. ↑ "Correa ratifica que no negociará bajo presión" (in Spanish). Telesur. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 4 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Al Jazeera English News Update. 1 October 2010, 3:00.
  43. ↑ COBA, TATIANA (30 Sep 2010). "Protesting police throw Ecuador into chaos". Associated Press. Yahoo! News. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  44. ↑ "Manifestantes se tomaron canal de televisión pública" (in Spanish). Eltiempo.com.ec. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  45. 1 2 3 "Piden justicia para periodistas agredidos durante motín" (in Spanish). El Comercio, AFP. Archived from the original on 3 October 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  46. ↑ "Rescue Operation- www.elcomercio.com YouTube channel". Youtube.com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  47. ↑ "Rescue Operation in Ecuadorean TV". YouTube. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  48. ↑ "Rescue Operation in Ecuadorean TV". YouTube. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  49. 1 2 Golinger, Eva (1 October 2010). "Bullet that hit President Rafael Correa's room". Archived from the original on 2 October 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  50. ↑ Bronstein, Hugh; Valencia, Alexandra (1 October 2010), Ecuador's Correa asserts control as police chief quits, Reuters, retrieved 5 October 2010
  51. ↑ El auto que sacó a Correa no tuvo impactos (in Spanish), El Comercio, 4 October 2010, retrieved 6 October 2010
  52. ↑ "Las Fuerzas Armadas del Ecuador lograron rescatar al Presidente Rafael Correa del hospital de la policía" (in Spanish). Twitter.com. 30 September 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  53. ↑ "El apoyo al presidente Correa se sintió en Cuenca" (in Spanish). Eltiempo.com.ec. Archived from the original on 3 October 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  54. ↑ "Marcha en Loja de respaldo al Gobierno" (in Spanish). El Universo. Archived from the original on 3 October 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  55. 1 2 "Correa: "Ecuadorian blood has been unnecessarily shed"". English.telam.com.ar. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  56. 1 2 "Presidente Correa anuncia la depuración de la Policía Nacional de Ecuador" (in Spanish). Telesur. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 4 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  57. 1 2 3 "Para Correa, detrás de la revuelta "hay muchos infiltrados de partidos políticos"" (in Spanish). La Nación. Archived from the original on 3 October 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  58. ↑ "Ex presidente Lucio Gutiérrez pide disolución de parlamento ecuatoriano" (in Spanish). abc.es. Archived from the original on 3 October 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  59. ↑ "Americas – Ecuador lifts state of emergency". BBC News. 17 April 2005. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  60. 1 2 "Gutiérrez acusa a Correa de "usar" la protesta policial para ocultar la corrupción" (in Spanish). EFE. 1 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  61. ↑ The National Assembly replaced the National Congress in 2009, under the 2008 Constitution of Ecuador.
  62. ↑ "El ex presidente Gutiérrez pide la disolución de la Asamblea" (in Spanish). Eltiempo.com.ec. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  63. ↑ "Escolta legislativa cambió de objetivo y frenó a los oficialistas" (in Spanish). El Universo. 1 January 1980. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  64. 1 2 3 Allard, Jean-Guy (30 September 2010). "Informe confirmado: Inteligencia USA penetró a fondo la policía ecuatoriana" (in Spanish). Radio of the South. Archived from the original on 1 October 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010. (archival copy has css problem: change style or select text to read)
  65. 1 2 3 4 5 Pachakutik supported Gutiérrez as presidential candidate in 2002; a few months after his presidency started, however, the relationship broke up.
    Golinger, Eva (1 October 2010). "Behind the Coup in Ecuador – The Attack on ALBA". Archived from the original on 2 October 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  66. ↑ Latin America Rising. RT.
  67. ↑ CIA behind failed Ecuador coup? . Russia Today.
  68. 1 2 3 Santi, Marlon (6 October 2010). "The Alleged Coup d'Etat, Democracy, and the Indigenous Organizations". Narco News. Archived from the original on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 7 October 2010.
  69. ↑ Golinger, Eva (7 October 2010). "Evidence of NED funding/aid to groups in Ecuador involved in coup against Correa". Eva Golinger. Archived from the original on 8 October 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
  70. ↑ "Latin America and the Caribbean: Political Party Network – Final Evaluation Report" (PDF). National Democratic Institute. 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
  71. ↑ "EE.UU. niega acusaciones sobre implicación en crisis" (in Spanish). Eldiario.ec. 4 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  72. 1 2 "Protesting police throw Ecuador into chaos". AP/USA Today. 30 September 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  73. ↑ "Ecuador cree "firmemente que Obama no estuvo detrás" de rebelión policial contra Correa" (in Spanish). Noticias24, Agence France-Presse. 5 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  74. ↑ "Mark Sullivan Was the Director of the CIA in Ecuador". Juventud Rebelde. 23 February 2009. Archived from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
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  77. ↑ School of the Americas Watch (2010). "School of the Americas graduate list". School of the Americas Watch. Archived from the original on 3 October 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  78. ↑ "Detienen a un colaborador del ex presidente ecuatoriano Lucio Gutierrez" (in Spanish). El Mundo. 5 October 2010. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  79. ↑ "'Maten rápido a ese hijo de puta del Correa'" (in Spanish). El Mundo. 5 October 2010. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  80. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 October 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-07.
  81. 1 2 3 4 5 "Ecuador: confirman que son 5 los muertos y 193 los heridos" (in Spanish). La Nación. 1 October 2010. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
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  83. ↑ "Ecuador calm after police unrest – Americas". Al Jazeera English. 28 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2 October 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  84. ↑ "Rafael Correa: "Querían provocar una guerra civil"" (in Spanish). El país. 1 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  85. ↑ "Snap analysis of the Ecuador mutiny – Americas". Al Jazeera English. 28 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2 October 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
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  87. ↑ "Ecuador extends emergency rule". Al Jazeera English. 6 October 2010. Archived from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
  88. ↑ "Presidente de Asamblea Nacional de Ecuador dice que parlamento "no se dejará intimidar por presiones"" (in Spanish). Telesur. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 4 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  89. ↑ "El apoyo al presidente Correa se sintió en Cuenca- Noticias de Cuenca – Azuay – Ecuador – Eltiempo de Cuenca". Eltiempo.com.ec. Archived from the original on 3 October 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  90. ↑
  91. ↑ "La ONU expresó su "firme respaldo" a Correa" (in Spanish). Página/12. 30 September 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
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  94. 1 2 3 "Los presidentes de la Unasur se reunirán de urgencia en Buenos Aires" (in Spanish). La Nación. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  95. ↑ "Los presidentes de la región se reunirán en Buenos Aires por la crisis en Ecuador" (in Spanish). Infobae.com. Archived from the original on 3 October 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  96. 1 2 "La Unasur reaccionó sin fisuras" (in Spanish). Página/12. Archived from the original on 3 October 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  97. ↑ The Heads of State and Government of the Unasur, reunited in the San Martín Palace, in the city of Buenos Aires, Republic of Argentina, on 1 October 2010,
    1. Reaffirm their strong commitment to the preservation of democratic institutionality, the rule of law, constitutional order, social peace and unwavering respect for human rights, essential conditions in the process of regional integration.
    2. Strongly condemn the attempted coup and the subsequent kidnapping of President Rafael Correa Delgado in the sister Republic of Ecuador, on 30 September.
    3. Celebrate the liberation of President Correa Delgado, and the prompt return to democratic institutional normality in the sister republic, expressing the need for the trial and conviction of those responsible for the events. In this context, they reiterate their fullest support for the constitutional government and highlight the role played by the institutions for the restoration of the constitutional order.
    4. Affirm that their respective governments strongly reject and will not tolerate – in any way – any further defiance to the institutional authority, nor any attempt at a coup against the legitimately-elected civil power. They warn that in the case of a break with constitutional order, they will adopt immediate and concrete steps, such as the closure of borders, suspension of commerce, air traffic, and energy, services, and other supplies.
    5. Decide that their foreign ministers will travel today to the city of Quito to express their fullest support to the constitutional president of the Republic of Ecuador, Mr. Rafael Correa Delgado, and the Ecuadorian people, indispensable participants in the process of full reestablishment of the democratic institutionality in this country.
    6. Agree to adopt an additional protocol to the constitutive treaty of the Unasur, which shall establish the democratic clause
    From: "Los presidentes de la Unasur se reunirán de urgencia en Buenos Aires" (in Spanish). La Nación. Archived from the original on 2 October 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  98. 1 2 "UNASUR Summit condemned attempt of coup d'etat in Ecuador and reasserted commitment to democratic institutions". Télam. 1 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  99. ↑ "Unasur exige que responsables de desórdenes en Ecuador sean condenados" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  100. ↑ "Unasur: los cancilleres de la región viajarán a Quito para "respaldar" a Correa" (in Spanish). La Nación. Archived from the original on 4 October 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  101. ↑ "Chile's Pinera Backs Ecuador's Correa, Calls For Unasur Meeting". Dow Jones Newswires. 30 September 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  102. ↑
  103. ↑ "Tras la liberación de Correa, Cristina Kirchner dio inicio a la cumbre convocada para tratar la revuelta policial en Ecuador; se trata de un encuentro a puertas cerradas en el Palacio San Martín; Lugo y Lula enviaron representantes". La Nacion. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2 October 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  104. 1 2 "Chávez encabezó el apoyo a Rafael Correa" (in Spanish). Todo Noticias. 1 October 2010. Archived from the original on 4 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  105. ↑ "Colombia joins Peru in closing borders with Ecuador". Reuters. 30 September 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  106. ↑ "Peru's Garcia says to shut Ecuador border due unrest". Reuters.com. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 4 October 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  107. ↑ "PressTV – Iran diplomat discusses Ecuador 'coup'". Presstv.ir. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  108. ↑ "Ecuador vows to expand ties with Iran". Presstv.ir. Archived from the original on 3 October 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  109. ↑
  110. ↑ Goodman, Amy (4 October 2010). "Picking Lula's Replacement: Brazil's Presidential Race Heads to Runoff". Democracy Now. Archived from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  111. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 2013-11-06.
  112. ↑ http://www.elcomercio.com/politica/Pablo-Guerrero-sudamericano-Republica-Checa_0_730127191.html

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