Alexander Hill Everett

Alexander Hill Everett


8th United States chargé d'affaires in the Netherlands
In office January 4, 1819 (1819-01-04) – June 7, 1824(1824-06-07)
Appointed by	James Monroe
Preceded by	William Eustis
Succeeded by	Christopher Hughes
11th United States Ambassador to Spain
In office September 4, 1825 (1825-09-04) – August 1, 1829(1829-08-01)
Appointed by	John Quincy Adams
Preceded by	Hugh Nelson
Succeeded by	Cornelius P. Van Ness
2nd United States Commissioner to the Great Qing Empire
In office July 4, 1845 (1845-07-04) – June 28, 1847(1847-06-28)
Appointed by	James K. Polk
Preceded by	Caleb Cushing
Succeeded by	John Wesley Davis
Personal details
Born	(1790-03-19)March 19, 1790 Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Died	June 29, 1847(1847-06-29) (aged 57) Guangzhou, China
Nationality	American
Political party	Republican, Democrat
Spouse(s)	Lucretia Orne Peabody (1786-1862)
Relations	Brother of Edward Everett
Alma mater	Harvard College
Profession	Lawyer, editor, diplomat, author

Alexander Hill Everett (March 19, 1792 – June 28, 1847) was an American diplomatist, politician, and Boston man of letters.^[1] Everett held diplomatic posts in the Netherlands, Spain, Cuba, and China. His translations of European literature, published in the North American Review, were influential for the Transcendentalism movement.^[2]

Biography

Everett was born in Boston, Massachusetts to Lucy Hill and Oliver Everett, who was at that time the minister of the New South Church. The Everetts were a prominent Massachusetts family: through his father, Alexander was a descendent of Richard Everett (1597 – 1682), one of the earliest settlers of Dedham, Massachusetts.^[3] Alexander's younger brother, Edward Everett, would go on to serve as the 15th Governor of Massachusetts and Secretary of State. In 1806, Alexander graduated from Harvard College in 1806, the youngest and best in his class.^[3]^[4] After leaving College he was an assistant teacher in Phillips Exeter Academy for one year, then studied law in the office of John Quincy Adams. In 1809 he accompanied Adams to Russia, where he lived for two years as Adam's personal secretary in the legation.^[5]

At the close of the War of 1812, Governor of Massachusetts William Eustis was appointed minister to the Netherlands, and Everett accompanied him as secretary of legation, but after a year of service returned home.^[3] On the retirement of Governor Eustis from the legation, however, Everett was appointed his successor, with the rank of chargé d'affaires to The Hague, which post he held from 1818 till 1824.^[4] Everett used his time to write a book on European affairs, published in 1821 as Europe; or, A General Survey of the Present Situation of the Principal Powers; with Conjectures on Their Future Prospects. In it Everett described the Netherlands as "a decayed and decaying nation" whose creation had been an error and predicted that it would eventually disappear in the sea.^[6]^[7] After Adams became president in 1825, he appointed Everett minister to Spain, from 1825–1829.^[3]

After his service in Spain, he returned to Boston and obtained a controlling interest in North American Review (to which he had been an active contributor while his brother was editor) and shortly afterward succeeded Jared Sparks as principal editor.^[4]^[8] The venture was not financially rewarding. Everett was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1824.^[9]

Everett's government service was not yet over, though, and he sat in the legislature of Massachusetts from 1830 till 1835. His political fortunes in Massachusetts plummeted when, after serving in the state legislature, Everett switched parties from Whig to Democrat and was blamed for his brother Edward's loss in his bid for reelection as governor in 1839. In 1840 Everett served in Cuba as a Special Diplomatic Agent of the United States. While in Cuba he was appointed president of Jefferson College, Louisiana, but was soon obliged by failing health to return to New England.

On the return of Caleb Cushing from his mission to China, Everett was appointed the next commissioner and sailed for Canton on July 4, 1845. He was detained by illness at Rio de Janeiro, and returned home. In the summer of 1846 he made a second and more successful attempt to reach his destination, but died in Canton shortly after his arrival, on June 28, 1847. He was buried at the foreigners' cemetery on Changzhou Island, in Guangzhou, China.^[3]

Major works

Europe; or, A General Survey of the Present Situation of the Principal Powers; with Conjectures on Their Future Prospects. Boston: Oliver Everett, Cummings and Hillard, 1822.
New Ideas on Population: With Remarks on the Theories of Malthus and Godwin. Boston: Cummings, Hilliard and Co., 1823; 2nd ed., 1826. Reprint. New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1970.
America: or, A General Survey of the Political Situation of the Several Powers of the Western Continent, with Conjectures on Their Future Prospects. Philadelphia: H. C. Carey and I. Lea, 1827.
Strictures on Nullification. Boston: Stimpson and Clapf, 1832.
Critical and Miscellaneous Essays. 2 vols. Boston: J. Monroe and Company, 1845-1846.

References

↑ "Everett, Alexander Hill 1790-1847 [WorldCat.org]". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
↑ Hart, James D. (1995). The Oxford Companion to American Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 203. ISBN 9780195065480.
1 2 3 4 5 Griswold, Rufus Wilmot (1852). The Prose Writers of America: With a Survey of the Intellectual History, Condition, and Prospects of the Country (4th ed.). Philadelphia: A. Hart. pp. 284–288.
1 2 3 Nolan, Cathal J (1997). Notable U.S. Ambassadors Since 1775: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 99–105. ISBN 9780313291951.
↑ Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1874). American Cyclopædia. 6. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. 798.
↑ Everett, Alexander Hill (1822). Europe; or, A General Survey of the Present Situation of the Principal Powers; with Conjectures on Their Future Prospects. Boston: Cummings and Hilliard. p. 242.
↑ Krabbendam, Hans; Van Minnen, Cornelis A.; Scott-Smith, Giles, eds. (2009). Four Centuries of Dutch-American Relations: 1609-2009. Albany: SUNY Press. p. 262. ISBN 9781438430133.
↑ Miller, Perry (1950). Miller, Perry, ed. The Transcendentalists: An Anthology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 27. ISBN 9780674903333.
↑ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter E" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved September 13, 2016.

External links

Diplomatic posts
Preceded by William Eustis	U.S. Minister to the Netherlands 1819–1824	Succeeded by Christopher Hughes
Preceded by Hugh Nelson	U.S. Minister to Spain 1825–1829	Succeeded by Cornelius P. Van Ness
Preceded by Caleb Cushing	U.S. Minister to China 1819–1824	Succeeded by John Wesley Davis

United States Ambassadors to China

Envoys to the Qing Empire 1843–1858	Caleb Cushing 1843–44 Alexander Hill Everett 1845–47 John Wesley Davis 1848–50 Humphrey Marshall 1852–54 Robert Milligan McLane 1853–54 Peter Parker 1855–57

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plentipotentiary to the Qing Empire 1858–1913	William Bradford Reed 1857–58 John Elliott Ward 1858–60 Anson Burlingame 1861–67 John Ross Browne 1868–69 Frederick F. Low 1869–73 Benjamin Avery 1874–75 George Seward 1876–80 James Burrill Angell 1880–81 John Russell Young 1882–85 Charles Harvey Denby 1885–98 Edwin H. Conger 1898–1905 William Woodville Rockhill 1905–09 William James Calhoun 1909–13

Envoy to the Republic of China 1913–1929	Paul Samuel Reinsch 1913–19 Charles Richard Crane 1920–21 Jacob Gould Schurman 1921–25 John Van Antwerp MacMurray 1925–29

Ambassador to the Republic of China 1929–1949	Nelson T. Johnson 1929–41 Clarence E. Gauss 1941–44 Patrick J. Hurley 1944–45 John Leighton Stuart 1946–49 Embassy in Taipei 1949–pres.

Chiefs of the U.S. Liaison Office in Beijing 1973–79	David K. E. Bruce 1973–74 George H. W. Bush 1974–75 Thomas S. Gates Jr. 1976–77 Leonard Woodcock 1977–79

Ambassador to the People's Republic of China 1979–present	Leonard Woodcock 1979–81 Arthur W. Hummel Jr. 1981–85 Winston Lord 1985–89 James R. Lilley 1989–91 J. Stapleton Roy 1991–95 Jim Sasser 1996–99 Joseph Prueher 1999–2001 Clark T. Randt Jr. 2001–09 Jon Huntsman Jr. 2009–11 Gary Locke 2011–14 Max Baucus 2014–pres.

Authority control	WorldCat Identities VIAF: 19781597 LCCN: n50009165 ISNI: 0000 0001 1561 5700 GND: 116611553 SUDOC: 034090983 BNF: cb124882515 (data) NLA: 35071983

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