Alice Springs

This article is about a town in Australia. For the Australian photographer under the same name, see June Newton.
Alice Springs
Northern Territory

View of Alice Springs CBD from Anzac Hill.
Alice Springs

Location in Northern Territory

Coordinates 23°42′0″S 133°52′12″E / 23.70000°S 133.87000°E / -23.70000; 133.87000Coordinates: 23°42′0″S 133°52′12″E / 23.70000°S 133.87000°E / -23.70000; 133.87000
Population 27,972 (2015)[1]
 • Density 85.411/km2 (221.21/sq mi)
Established 1872
Postcode(s) 0870-0872
Area 327.5 km2 (126.4 sq mi)[2] (2011 urban)
Time zone ACST (UTC+9:30)
Location
LGA(s) Alice Springs Town Council
Territory electorate(s)
Federal Division(s) Lingiari
Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall
28.7 °C
84 °F		 13.2 °C
56 °F		 279.2 mm
11 in

Alice Springs /ˌælᵻs ˈsprɪŋz/[3][4] (Arrernte: Mparntwe) is the third largest town in the Northern Territory, Australia. Popularly known as "the Alice" or simply "Alice", Alice Springs is situated roughly in the geographic centre of Australia.[5]

The area is known as Mparntwe to its original inhabitants, the Arrernte, who have lived in the Central Australian desert in and around what is now Alice Springs for thousands of years. The name Alice Springs was given by surveyor William Whitfield Mills after Lady Alice Todd (née Alice Gillam Bell), wife of the telegraph pioneer Sir Charles Todd.

Alice Springs has a population of 27,972,[1] which makes up 8.7 percent of the territory's population. Alice Springs is nearly equidistant from Adelaide and Darwin.

The town straddles the usually dry Todd River on the northern side of the MacDonnell Ranges. The surrounding region is known as Central Australia, or the Red Centre, an arid environment consisting of several different deserts. In Alice Springs temperatures can vary dramatically, with an average maximum temperature in summer of 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) and an average minimum temperature in winter of 5.1 °C (41.2 °F).[6] Alice Springs has faced many problems in recent years, largely stemming from an increase in crime and a strong racial divide that has existed for years in the town.[7]

History

The "springs" that give the town its name

Traditional inhabitants

The Arrernte Aboriginal people[8] have made their home in the Central Australian desert in and around the site of the future Alice Springs for thousands of years, with evidence suggesting Indigenous occupation of the region dating back at least 30,000 years.[9] The Aboriginal name for Alice Springs is Mparntwe.[10] Many Arrernte people also live in communities outside of Alice Springs and on outstations.

Three major groups: the Western, Eastern and Central Arrernte people live in Central Australia, their traditional land including the area of Alice Springs and MacDonnell Ranges. They have also been referred to as Aranda, Arrarnta, Arunta and other similar spellings. There are five dialects of the Arrernte language: South-eastern, Central, Northern, Eastern and North-eastern.[11]

Arrernte country is rich with mountain ranges, waterholes and gorges, which create a variety of natural habitats. According to the Arrernte traditional stories, in the desert surrounding Alice Springs, the landscape was shaped by caterpillars, wild dogs, travelling boys, two sisters, euros and other ancestral figures.[10]

Alice Springs Desert Park, Sand Drawing Aboriginal

The numerous sites of traditional importance in and around Alice Springs include Anthwerrke (Emily Gap), Akeyulerre (Billy Goat Hill), Ntaripe (Heavitree Gap), Atnelkentyarliweke (Anzac Hill) and Alhekulyele (Mt Gillen).[10]

Early settlement

In 1861–62, John McDouall Stuart led an expedition through Central Australia, to the west of what later became Alice Springs, thereby establishing a route from the south of the continent to the north.

A white settlement was started ten years later with the construction of a repeater station on the Overland Telegraph Line (OTL), which linked Adelaide to Darwin and Great Britain. The OTL was completed in 1872. It traced Stuart's route and opened up the interior for permanent settlement. The Alice Springs Telegraph Station was sited near what was thought to be a permanent waterhole in the normally dry Todd River.[12] The settlement was optimistically named Alice Springs after the wife of the former Postmaster General of South Australia, Sir Charles Todd. The Todd River was named after Sir Charles.

It was not until alluvial gold was discovered at Arltunga, 100 kilometres (62 mi) east of the present Alice Springs, in 1887 that any significant European settlement occurred.[13] The town's first substantial building was the Stuart Town Gaol in Parson's Street which was built in 1909 when the town had a European population of fewer than 20 people. Many of the gaol's first prisoners were first contact aboriginal men incarcerated for killing cattle.[14] The first aircraft, piloted by Francis Stewart Briggs landed in 1921.[15] Central Australia's first hospital, Adelaide House, was built in 1926 when the European population of the town was about 40. It was not until 1929 when the train line to Alice was built, that the town's European population began to grow. Aboriginal centralians outnumbered European Centralians until the mid-1930s.[16] Until 31 August 1933, the town was officially known as Stuart.[17]

Telegraph station

The original mode of British-Australian transportation in the outback were camel trains, operated by immigrants from Pathan tribes in the North-West Frontier of then-British India (present-day Pakistan); known locally as Afghan cameleers based at Hergott Springs, or Marree as it is now known. Many cameleers moved to Alice Springs in 1929 when the railway finally reached the town. They lived on the block where the town council now is transporting goods from the rail head to stations and settlements to the north. A gold rush in Tennant Creek in 1932 kept the wheels of the Alice Springs economy flourishing until the outbreak of World War II.[16]

Alice Springs was connected to Darwin by rail on 4 February 2004, when the first passenger train arrived in Darwin from Adelaide.

World War II

World War II brought significant changes to Alice Springs. Prior to the war, Alice Springs was an extremely isolated settlement of fewer than 500 people. During the war, however, the town was an extremely active staging base, known as No. 9 Australian Staging Camp, and a depot base for the long four-day trip to Darwin. The railway hub in Alice Springs was taken over by military operations and the number of soldiers posted in Alice Springs grew rapidly, as did the number of personnel passing through on their way to and from Darwin. When Darwin was threatened by Japanese forces, the sea routes—the Northern Territory capital's primary means of transportation and resupply—were cut off. The evacuation of Darwin first brought a large number of civilians including elected officials and many of the territory government's records. Alice Springs became the war-time civilian capital of the Northern Territory. When Darwin was bombed by Japanese air forces, a large number of military personnel and their heavy equipment were rapidly moved south to Alice Springs.

The number of soldiers posted in Alice Springs peaked at around 8,000 and the number of personnel passing through totalled close to 200,000.[18] Once the war ended, the military camps and the evacuees departed and Alice Springs' population declined rapidly. But Alice would be changed for ever. After being visited by nearly 200,000 people, including the American General Douglas MacArthur, Alice Springs gained considerable fame. The war years also left behind many beneficial material assets. The historically-listed Totem Theatre, created for the entertainment of this camp, still exists today. The Australian Army set up the 109th Australian General Hospital at Alice Springs. Seven mile aerodrome was constructed by the Royal Australian Air Force. War related operations necessitated the first sealing of the road between Alice Springs and Larrimah, expansion and improvement of Alice Springs' water supply, and improving the rail head. The war-related operations left behind thousands of pieces of excess military equipment and vehicles, and a marked increase in Alice Springs' population.[18][19]

Post World War II

During the 1960s Alice Springs became an important defence location with the development of the US/Australian Pine Gap joint defence satellite monitoring base, home to about 700 workers from both countries.

By far the major industry in recent times is tourism. Almost in the exact centre of the continent, Alice Springs is some 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) from the nearest ocean and 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) from the nearest major cities, Darwin and Adelaide. Alice Springs is at the midpoint of the Adelaide–Darwin Railway.[20]

Modern town

The modern town of Alice Springs has both European and Aboriginal influences. The town's focal point, the Todd Mall, hosts a number of Aboriginal art galleries and community events. Alice Springs' desert lifestyle has inspired several unique events, such as the Camel Cup, the Henley-on-Todd Regatta, Beanie Festival and the Tatts Finke Desert Race.

Built environment

Alice Springs has many historic buildings including the Overland Telegraph Station, the Old Courthouse and Residency and the Hartley Street School. Adelaide House, a beautiful stone building in the middle of the Mall, Central Australia's first hospital, was designed and built by the Rev. John Flynn, founder of the world's first flying doctor service, in 1926. It was also the site of the world's first successful portable wireless radio experiment conducted by Alf Traeger. Today it is a museum, one of several significant tourist attractions which form part of 'The Flynn Trail' a self-guided urban heritage trail.[21]

Today the town is an important tourist hub and service centre for the surrounding area. It is a well-appointed town for its size, with several large hotels, a world-class convention centre, and a good range of visitor attractions, restaurants, and other services.

Geography

Panorama of Alice Springs

The region around Alice Springs is part of the Central Ranges xeric scrub area of dry scrubby grassland[22] and includes the MacDonnell Ranges which run east and west of the city and contain a number of hiking trails and swimming holes such as Ormiston Gorge, Ormiston Gorge Creek, Red Bank Gorge and Glen Helen Gorge. The 223-kilometre-long (139 mi) Larapinta Trail follows the West MacDonnell Ranges and is considered among the world's great walking experiences.

The Simpson Desert, south-east of Alice Springs is one of Australia's great wilderness areas containing giant red sand dunes and interesting rock formations such as Chambers Pillar and Rainbow Valley.

Climate

Located just South of the Tropic of Capricorn the town of Alice Springs straddles the usually dry Todd River on the northern side of the MacDonnell Ranges. Alice Springs is located in Central Australia, also called the Red Centre, an arid environment consisting of several different deserts.

In Alice Springs, temperatures can vary by up to 28 °C (50 °F) and rainfall can vary quite dramatically from year to year. In summer, the average maximum temperature is in the mid 30s, whereas in winter the average minimum temperature can be 5.5 °C (41.9 °F), with an average of 12.4 nights below freezing every year. The elevation of the town is about 545 metres (1,791 feet), which contributes to the cold nights in winter.[23] The highest temperature on record is 45.2 °C (113.4 °F) on the 3 January 2006, while the record low is −7.5 °C (18.5 °F), recorded on 17 July 1976. This is also the lowest temperature recorded in the Northern Territory.

Under the Köppen climate classification, Alice Springs has a desert climate (BWh).[24][25] The annual average rainfall is 285.9 millimetres (11.3 in) which would make it a semi-arid climate except that its high evapotranspiration, or its aridity, makes it a desert climate.[26] Annual precipitation is erratic, varying year to year in Alice Springs. In 2001 741 millimetres (29.2 in) fell and in 2002 only 198 millimetres (7.8 in) fell.[27] The highest daily rainfall is 204.8 millimetres (8.06 in), recorded on 31 March 1988.

Climate data for Alice Springs (1941–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 45.2
(113.4)		 44.7
(112.5)		 42.2
(108)		 39.9
(103.8)		 35.0
(95)		 31.6
(88.9)		 31.6
(88.9)		 35.2
(95.4)		 38.8
(101.8)		 41.7
(107.1)		 43.0
(109.4)		 44.2
(111.6)		 45.2
(113.4)
Average high °C (°F) 36.4
(97.5)		 35.0
(95)		 32.6
(90.7)		 28.2
(82.8)		 23.0
(73.4)		 19.8
(67.6)		 19.7
(67.5)		 22.6
(72.7)		 27.2
(81)		 30.9
(87.6)		 33.6
(92.5)		 35.4
(95.7)		 28.7
(83.7)
Average low °C (°F) 21.5
(70.7)		 20.7
(69.3)		 17.5
(63.5)		 12.6
(54.7)		 8.2
(46.8)		 5.0
(41)		 4.1
(39.4)		 6.0
(42.8)		 10.3
(50.5)		 14.8
(58.6)		 17.8
(64)		 20.2
(68.4)		 13.2
(55.8)
Record low °C (°F) 10.0
(50)		 8.5
(47.3)		 6.1
(43)		 1.4
(34.5)		 −2.7
(27.1)		 −6.0
(21.2)		 −7.5
(18.5)		 −4.1
(24.6)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 1.3
(34.3)		 3.5
(38.3)		 9.3
(48.7)		 −7.5
(18.5)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 38.8
(1.528)		 44.3
(1.744)		 32.4
(1.276)		 16.5
(0.65)		 18.8
(0.74)		 14.0
(0.551)		 15.2
(0.598)		 9.3
(0.366)		 8.5
(0.335)		 21.7
(0.854)		 28.9
(1.138)		 37.1
(1.461)		 285.9
(11.256)
Average rainy days 4.7 4.7 3.3 2.1 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.0 2.3 4.6 5.6 5.7 43.6
Average relative humidity (%) 22 25 24 26 33 35 32 25 21 19 19 21 25
Mean monthly sunshine hours 306.0 276.8 300.7 285.0 263.5 252.0 282.1 306.9 300.0 313.1 303.0 310.0 3,499.1
Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology[28]

Demographics

Since 2013 the population of Alice Springs has declined.[1] The population estimate for June 2015 of 27,972 was a decline of 1 percent on 2014.[1] The five-year average rate of growth until June 2015 was negative 0.3 percent year-on-year.[1] In 2006, the largest ancestry groups in the Alice Springs were Australian (9,814 or 31.4%), English (6,970 or 22.3%), Irish (2,217 or 7.1%), Scottish (1,825 or 7.1%), Australian Aboriginal (1,790 or 5.7%, although note that a far greater proportion of the town's residents identify as Aboriginal), German (1,502 or 4.8%), and Italian (529 or 1.7%).[29] Although 74.7% of Alice Springs' population was born in Australia, the most common places of birth for immigrants in 2006 Census were the United Kingdom (3.4%), United States of America (3%), New Zealand (1.9%), and Philippines (0.8%).[30]

The most common non-English languages spoken in Alice Springs are: Arrernte, Warlpiri, Luritja, Pitjantjatjara, and Italian.[30]

Aboriginal population

According to the 2006 census, Aboriginal Australians make up approximately 18.8% of the population of Alice Springs[30] and 27.8% of the Northern Territory,[31] although the census figure for Alice Springs is likely to be an underestimate.[32] As Alice Springs is the regional hub of Central Australia, it attracts Aboriginal people from all over that region and well beyond. Many Aboriginal people visit regularly to use the town's services. Aboriginal residents usually live in the suburbs, on special purpose leases (or town camps), or further out at Amoonguna to the South and on the small family outstation communities on Aboriginal Lands in surrounding areas.

The traditional owners of the Alice Springs area are the Central Arrernte people.[33] As it is the largest town in central Australia, there are also speakers of Warlpiri, Warumungu, Kaytetye, Alyawarre, Luritja, Pintupi, Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara, Ngaanyatjarra, Pertame, Eastern, and Western Arrernte among others.[34]

Foreign and itinerant populations

American population

Prohibited Area sign on the road to Pine Gap

Americans have lived in Alice Springs continuously since the establishment of the United States Air Force Detachment 421, in 1954. Currently located on Schwarz Crescent, it is part of a joint American–Australian project called the Joint Geological and Geographical Research Station (JGGRS). The unit is locally known as "Det 421" or "The Det" and has sponsored as many as 25 American families to live as temporary residents of the Alice Springs district. To mark the longstanding friendship with the community, on 1 July 1995, the Alice Springs Town Council granted Detachment 421 freedom of entry to the Alice Springs.[35] Since the early 1970s, the majority of the American population in Alice Springs has been associated with proximity to Pine Gap, a joint Australian-US satellite tracking station, located 19 kilometres (12 mi) south-west of Alice Springs, that employs about 700 Americans and Australians.

Currently, 2,000 residents of the Alice Springs district hold American citizenship. Many of these, joined by some Australians, celebrate major American public holidays, including Independence Day and Thanksgiving. Americans in Alice Springs are also known to participate in a variety of associations and sporting teams, including baseball, basketball, and soccer competitions.[36]

Other cultures

Several small immigrant communities of other foreign cultures have found a home in Alice Springs, including Vietnamese, Chinese, Thai, and Indian ethnic groups. The most obvious impact of their presence in such a small and isolated town has been the opening of various restaurants serving their traditional cuisines.

Itinerant population

Alice Springs has a large itinerant population. This population is generally composed of foreign and Australian tourists, Aboriginal Australians visiting from nearby Central Australian communities, and Australian or international workers on short-term contracts (colloquially referred to as "blow-ins"). The major sources of work that recruit workers into town are the stations and mines. Foreign tourists usually pass through on their way to Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, whilst Australian tourists usually come through as a part of an event such as the Masters Games and the Finke Desert Race. These events can cause the population of the town to fluctuate by several thousand within a matter of days.

Government

Araluen Centre for Arts and Entertainment – Alice Springs Cultural Precinct

The Alice Springs Town Council governs the Alice Springs area, which takes in the town centre, its suburbs and some rural area. The Alice Springs Town Council has governed Alice Springs since 1971. The Alice Springs council consists of nine members: the mayor and eight aldermen. The town is not divided up into wards. The current mayor of Alice Springs is Damien Ryan. Council Meetings are held on the last Monday of each month. The Alice Springs Region is governed by the newly created MacDonnell Region local government area, for which Alice Springs serves as council seat.

Alice Springs and the surrounding region have four elected members to the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly. Araluen and Braitling are entirely within Alice Springs, while the mostly rural seats of Stuart and Namatjira spill into the city. Historically, Alice Springs has tilted conservative. It was a stronghold for the Country Liberal Party for many years; only the northeast (part of which is in Stuart) leans Labor. However, these trends were dramatically altered at the 2016 election. Former Chief Minister and Alice Springs resident Adam Giles lost Braitling to Labor, Araluen was retained by a former CLP member turned independent, and Namatjira and Stuart fell to Labor. As a result, the CLP was completely shut out of Alice Springs for the first time ever.

In the Australian House of Representatives, Alice Springs is part of the Division of Lingiari, which includes all of the Territory outside the Darwin/Palmerston area. Lingiari is currently held by Labor member and Alice Springs resident Warren Snowdon.

Economy

This view shows the transport links passing through Heavitree Gap in the MacDonnell Ranges found adjacent to the town

Alice Springs began as a service town to the pastoral industry that first came to the region. The introduction of the rail line increased its economy and productivity. Today the town services a region of 546,046 square kilometres (210,830 sq mi) and a regional population of 38,749. The region includes a number of mining and pastoral communities, the Joint Defence Space Research Facility at Pine Gap and tourist attractions at Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, Watarrka National Park and the MacDonnell Ranges.

The largest employer in Alice Springs is the Northern Territory Government, with 7.5% of employed people working in government administration, 6.6% in school education, and 3.7% in the Alice Springs Hospital.[30] The economy of Alice Springs is somewhat reliant on domestic and international tourism, with 3.8% of its workforce employed providing accommodation.[30]

Flying Doctor dispatch service

As well as Territory Discoveries, all major tour companies have a base in Alice Springs, including AAT Kings & APT, as well as numerous local operators, including Emu Run Tours, Anganu Waai! tours, Alice Wanderer and Wayoutback Desert Safaris, the only locally based Advanced Ecotourism Accredited operator.

Alice Springs is home to numerous hotels, from the 4.5-star Lasseters Hotel Casino, to backpacker hostels. There are also caravan parks.

A dispatch centre for the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia operates here.

Education

Education is overseen Territory-wide by the Department of Education and Training (DET). It works to continually improve education outcomes for all students, with a focus on Indigenous students.[37]

Preschool, primary and secondary

Alice Springs is served by nineteen public and private schools that cater to local and overseas students. Over 3,843 primary and secondary students are enrolled in schools in Alice Springs, with 2,187 students attending primary education, and 1,656 students attending secondary education.[38] There are over 1,932 students enrolled in government schools and 1,055 students enrolled in independent schools.[38]

Alice Springs has an Alice Springs School of the Air which delivers education to students in remote areas.

Tertiary and vocational

The Alice Springs Campus of Charles Darwin University offers courses in TAFE and higher education. The Centre for Appropriate Technology was established in 1980 and provides a range of services to encourage and help Aboriginal people enhance their quality of life in remote communities.

Recreation and culture

Social characteristics

Alice Springs has been referred to as the lesbian capital of Australia.[39] Analysis of same-gender dual occupancy and household ownership figures from the Australian Census appears to substantiate the claim. The large population is attributable to the Pine Gap Women's Peace Protest of 1983, which created a critical population mass and continually self-sustaining lesbian community.[40]

Events and festivals

Camel Cup, Alice Springs

The town's focal point, the Todd Mall, hosts a number of Aboriginal art galleries and community events. Alice Springs' desert lifestyle has inspired several unique events, such as the Alice Desert Festival Camel Cup, the Henley-on-Todd Regatta, Beanie Festival and the Finke Desert Race. The Finke Desert Race is some 400 kilometres (250 mi) south of Alice Springs in the Simpson Desert.

Arts and entertainment

Alice Springs is renowned as the Aboriginal Art capital of Central Australia, home to many local and Aboriginal art galleries.[41] Indigenous Australian art is the more dominant, and galleries showcase the rich culture and native traditions that abound in Central Australia. Trade in Aboriginal art soared after the painting movement began at Papunya, a Central Australian Aboriginal settlement, and swept other indigenous communities. Central Australia is the home of some of the most prominent names in Aboriginal art, including Emily Kngwarreye, Minnie Pwerle, Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri, Albert Namatjira and Wenten Rubuntja. The Museum of Central Australia / Stehlow Research Centre feature some of the most important natural history and archival materials tied to the history and culture of the region. The Strehlow Archives also contain materials linked to the Arrernte people of Central Australia. The Araluen Centre for Arts and Entertainment presents world-class ballets and orchestras, as well as local performances. The National Pioneer Women's Hall of Fame is also located in the town.

Locals also enjoy meeting up in Konjo Park for a BBQ every Sunday at 11am. This is an excellent time to meet and greet the locals who can quite often undertake games of Football and Frisbee.

The annual Desert Mob Art Show sees art collectors and art lovers from all over the world travel to Alice Springs to see works from Aboriginal art centres in Central Australia, with works by artists from remote areas of the Northern Territory, South Australia and Western Australia. This show is operated in conjunction with the artist association "Desart", and usually runs in September of each year at the Araluen Art Centre.

Crime

Property crime is a significant social issue in Alice Springs,[42][43] and violent crime in the town in 2010 was at unprecedented levels[44] and "out of control".[45] As a result of resulting high crime rates, mainstream locals now avoid the central part of the town due to fear of violence and property theft.[43][45]

Alice Springs' population of Aboriginal residents is overrepresented as offenders in violent crimes, accounting for over three quarters of assault offenders.[46] Assaults are common in Aboriginal town camps and 95 per cent of people in the town fleeing domestic violence are indigenous.[47] The high crime rate is due to conditions in Alice Springs Aboriginal communities[43][47][48][49] and also partly due to Aboriginal people moving into Alice Springs from more remote communities.[48][50] Crime rates in Alice Springs Aboriginal communities reached crisis point in 2013, leading to the local government called an emergency meeting of Territory government, police and other stakeholders.[51]

In popular culture

Recreation

Leisure and entertainment activities include hiking in the nearby MacDonnell Ranges, driving the four-wheel drive tracks at Finke Gorge National Park and visiting the many art galleries in Todd Mall.

The town has some excellent small museums. The extensive collection at the Old Timer's Traeger Museum on the North Stuart Highway includes artefacts from the town's early Afghan and German residents, traditional Aboriginal artefacts and objects which show the early fusion of European and Aboriginal cultures like a spinifex-handled glass-bladed knife. An audio tour[52] and educational riddle style activities for children can be downloaded from The Flynn Trail web site.[53] The museum is open from 2pm – 4pm seven days a week.

Parks and gardens

The Alice Springs Desert Park was created to educate visitors about the many facets of the surrounding desert environment. The arid climate botanic garden, Olive Pink Botanic Garden, is a short distance from the town centre. They were named after anthropologist, naturalist and artist Olive Pink, who lived in the town for almost 30 years and died in 1975. She was well known locally and referred to by all as Miss Pink. The Alice Springs Reptile Centre is located in the town centre.

Sport

Traeger Park, Alice Springs

Alice Springs has a high rate of participation in many different sports, including tennis, hockey, Australian rules football, basketball, baseball, soccer, cricket, rugby and boxing.

Australian rules football is a particularly popular sport in Alice Springs in terms of both participation and as a spectator sport. The Central Australian Football League formed in 1947 has several teams. The sport is particularly popular in Indigenous communities. The local stadium, Traeger Park, has a 10,000 seat capacity and was designed to host (pre-season) AFL and is currently home to the Northern Territory Thunder. In 2004, an AFL pre-season Regional Challenge match between Collingwood Football Club and Port Adelaide Football Club attracted a capacity sell-out crowd.

Rugby League has been a part of the local sporting scene since 1963. The Australian Rugby League has held a number of pre-season games in Alice Springs, at ANZAC Oval. The local competition is the Central Australian Rugby Football League, and sanctions both Junior and Senior Rugby League matches. The season usually kicks off around March/April and runs through to Late August. There are 4 senior teams in Alice Springs; Wests, Memo, United and Vikings. Matches are held during the winter months at ANZAC oval on Saturday afternoons.

Organized baseball has been played in Alice Springs since the mid-1950s. Currently under the national organisation of the Australian Baseball Federation, the Alice Springs Baseball Association organises baseball competitions for youth players ages 5 – 18 and an adult competition played at Jim McConville Park and on Lyel Kempster Field at Traeger Park. As part of the world-wide Little League network, Alice Springs players and compete in the Australian National Little League competitions.

Cricket is a popular sport in Alice Springs and is primarily played at Traeger Park. The Imparja Cup Cricket Carnival first was played in 1994 and attracts Indigenous teams from all across Australia. The four main clubs are Federal Demons CC, Rovers CC, RSL Works CC and Wests CC.

Soccer is very popular among the younger community. A high number of children play it. Soccer is also played frequently by amateur adults in different divisions. There is also an all-African league for soccer in Alice Springs.

The Traeger Park sporting complex also hosts tennis, baseball, boxing, swimming, canoe polo, hockey, basketball, squash, badminton, gymnastics and skateboarding.

A unique sporting event, held annually, is the Henley-on-Todd Regatta, also known as the Todd River Race. It is a sand river race with bottomless boats and it remains the only dry river regatta in the world. Another unusual sporting event is the Camel Cup. The annual Camel Cup is held in July at Blatherskite Park, part of the Central Australian Show Society grounds. It is a full day event featuring a series of races using camels instead of horses.

Every year, on the Queen's Birthday long weekend, the annual Finke Desert Race is held. It is a gruelling off-road race that runs from Alice Springs to the Finke community, then back again the next day. The total length of the race is roughly 500 kilometres (310 mi). It attracts spectators, who camp along the whole length of the track, and roughly 500 competitors, buggies and bikes, every year, making it the biggest sporting event in the Alice Springs calendar.

Drag racing is held at the Alice Springs Inland Dragway which in June 2013 will host a round of the national Aeroflow Sportsman Drag Racing Championship.[54]

Alice Springs is also home to the Arunga Park Speedway, a 402-metre dirt oval speedway. The speedway runs from August to March and caters to cars, solos and sidecars. Located just off the Stuart Highway on the northern edge of the town, Arunga Park hosted the Australian Sidecar Championship in 1985 and the Australian Solo Championship in 1991.[55]

Media

Alice Springs Desert Park, Bush Tucker

Alice Springs is served by both local and national radio and television services. The government-owned ABC provides four broadcast radio stations – local radio 783 ABC Alice Springs and the national networks ABC Radio National, ABC Classic FM and Triple J. The national Christian radio network Vision Radio Network broadcasts on 88.0 FM.

Commercial radio stations are 8HA 900 kHz and Sun 96.9 MHz and community radio is provided by 8CCC 102.1FM and indigenous broadcaster CAAMA Radio 100.5 MHz.

Alice Springs is home to Australia's largest Indigenous media company. The Central Australian Aboriginal Media Association (CAAMA) consists of a radio station (CAAMA Radio), Music recording label (CAAMA Music), television and film production company (CAAMA Productions) and CAAMA technical. CAAMA serves to record and promote indigenous talent across its own radio network (one of the largest transmission footprints in the world), and through sales of CD's and screening of CAAMA movies and documentaries on national broadcasters.

Five broadcast television services operate in Alice Springs – commercial stations Imparja Television (callsign IMP-9), Southern Cross Central (QQQ31) and Ten Central (CDT) (CDT-5), and the Government-owned ABC (ABAD7) and SBS (SBS28). Imparja has a commercial agreement with the Nine network. Southern Cross Central and Ten Central have programming affiliations with both the Seven Network and Network Ten Australia.

Digital television transmissions have commenced in Alice Springs. New channels provided by the ABC and SBS can be received with a digital set top box or digital television. Additional channels from the commercial broadcasters that are available in most other areas of Australia are expected to commence transmission in 2011–2012. Analogue television transmissions in Alice Springs switched off on 31 December 2013.

Imparja Television is operated from studios in Alice Springs. It has a program affiliation contract with the Nine Network. The programming schedule on Imparja is the same as Nine Darwin NTD-8 and Channel 9 Brisbane, with variations in Imparja's schedule for local Australian rules football, rugby league, the children's show Yamba's Playtime, news, regional weather, and other programs produced in Alice Springs by the station. Infomercials are shown in place of Home Shopping and other programs overnight and in some daytime timeslots. NITV is broadcast on the second channel allocated to Imparja by the Federal Government.

The Centralian Advocate newspaper was founded on 24 May 1947[56] and is published on Tuesdays and Fridays.

Infrastructure

Transport

The Ghan at Alice Springs Station
Departing Runway 12 at Alice Springs

Located on the Adelaide-Darwin railway, Alice Springs is accessible by train. Alice Springs railway station is visited by The Ghan, operated by Great Southern Rail, on its journey between Adelaide and Darwin. The train arrives twice weekly in each direction.[57]

The line first opened to Alice Springs in 1929, as the narrow gauge Central Australia Railway. It was not until 1980 that the current standard gauge line was opened, which was extended to Darwin in 2004.

There are daily express coach services to and from Adelaide and Darwin servicing Alice Springs. The Stuart Highway, running north from Adelaide to Darwin via Alice Springs, is Northern Territory's most important road. The distance from Alice Springs to Adelaide is 1,530 kilometres (950 mi) and to Darwin is 1,498 kilometres (931 mi).

There are daily flights from Alice Springs Airport to Adelaide, Ayers Rock (Uluru), Cairns, Darwin, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney. There are also direct flights a few times a week to Brisbane. Two airlines serve Alice Springs: Qantas and Virgin Australia.[58]

Alice Springs is a base for the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia.

Sister cities

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "3218.0 - Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15:ESTIMATED RESIDENT POPULATION - Greater Capital City Statistical Areas (GCCSAs)". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 28 September 2016. Estimated resident population, 30 June 2015.
  2. ↑ "2011 Census Community Profiles: Alice Springs". ABS Census. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  3. ↑ Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180
  4. ↑ Roach, Peter (2011), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521152532
  5. ↑ Geoscience Australia Centre of Australia, States and Territories updated July 2006 Archived 12 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. "Officially, there is no centre of Australia. This is because there are many complex but equally valid methods that can determine possible centres of a large, irregularly shaped area especially one that is curved by the earth's surface." See the Geoscience Australia page for further details.
  6. ↑ "Climate statistics for Alice Springs Airport". Bureau of Meteorology. 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
  7. ↑ "Crime wave brings racial divide to Alice". The Australian. 23 February 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  8. ↑ Aboriginal Australia Art & Culture Centre. "Arrernte Aboriginal Art and Culture Centre Alice Springs". Aboriginalart.com.au. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  9. ↑ Thorley, Peter (2004). "Rock-art and the archaeological record of Indigenous settlement in Central Australia". Australian Aboriginal Studies (1). Retrieved 18 June 2011.
  10. 1 2 3 Brooks, David (2003). A town like Mparntwe: a guide to the dreaming tracks and sites of Alice Springs. Alice Springs: Jukurrpa Books. ISBN 1-86465-045-1.
  11. ↑ AITSIS. "AUSTLANG (Arrente entry)". Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  12. ↑ Stanton, Jenny (2000). The Australian Geographic Book of the Red Centre. Terrey Hills, New South Wales: Australian Geographic. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-86276-013-4.
  13. ↑ Kelham, Megg "Discovering Local History Through Museums in Central Australia" published by the National Pioneer Women's Hall of Fame as educational resources available on-line Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  14. ↑ Kelham, Megg 'A Very Short History of the Stuart Town Gaol' published by the Northern Territory Library on line at "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 2012-07-26.
  15. ↑ State Library of South Australia, "De Havilland D.H.4 flown by Francis Briggs after landing in Central Australia", State Library of South Australia. Retrieved 2014-06-16.
  16. 1 2 Kelham, Megg 'Flynn's Alice' – a pictorial history of Alice Springs with documents available on line at "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 2012-07-26.
  17. ↑ "About Alice Springs – History". Alicesprings.nt.gov.au. 31 August 1933. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  18. 1 2 "Central Australia the war year – 1939–1945". RSL On-Line Museum. RSL Sub Branch Alice Springs. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  19. ↑ "Alice Springs (Mparntwe) NT". Flinders Range Research. Flinders Ranges Research,. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  20. ↑ "The Ghan – Outback experiences – Northern Territory Official Travel Site". Travelnt.com. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  21. ↑ The Flynn Trail "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 2012-07-26.
  22. ↑ World Wildlife Fund (2001). "Central Ranges xeric scrub". WildWorld Ecoregion Profile. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2010-03-08. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  23. ↑ "Weatherbase: Records and Averages for Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia". Weatherbase. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  24. ↑ Tapper, Andrew; Tapper, Nigel (1996). Gray, Kathleen, ed. The weather and climate of Australia and New Zealand (First ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press. p. 300. ISBN 0-19-553393-3.
  25. ↑ Linacre, Edward; Geerts, Bart (1997). Climates and Weather Explained. London: Routledge. p. 379. ISBN 978-0-415-12519-2.
  26. ↑ McKnight & Hess, pp. 212–1, "Climate Zones and Types: Dry Climates (Zone B)"
  27. ↑ Alice Springs' Climate Archived 16 June 2005 at the Wayback Machine.
  28. ↑ "Climate statistics for Australian locations". 19 February 2012.
  29. ↑ "2006 Census Tables : Alice Springs (T) (Local Government Area)". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 Australian Bureau of Statistics (25 October 2007). "Alice Springs (T) (Local Government Area)". 2006 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
  31. ↑ "2006 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 25 October 2007. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
  32. ↑ Foster, Denise; Michell, Julia; Ulrik, Jane; Williams, Raelene (2003). "Population and Mobility in the Town Camps of Alice Springs: A report prepared by Tangentyere Council Research Unit" (PDF). Tangentyere Council, Alice Springs. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
  33. ↑ Alice Springs Community – Indigenous Services Archived 22 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine., Alice Springs Town Council
  34. ↑ "Alice Springs – Aboriginal Culture". Alice Springs Town Council. 8 June 2006. Archived from the original on 18 December 2006. Retrieved 25 November 2006.
  35. ↑ "Council History – The Seventh Council". Council History – The Seventh Council. Alice Springs Town Council. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  36. ↑ The American Connection Archived 6 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine.
  37. ↑ Department of Education and Training – About the Department
  38. 1 2 Tables&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=TLPD&&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Type of Educational Institution Attending (Full/Part-Time Student Status by Age) by Sex&producttype=Census Tables&method=Place of Usual Residence&topic=School Education& ABS education tables
  39. ↑ Adlam, Nigel (31 December 2008). "DAILY TELEGRAPH, Outed: Lesbian capital of Australia". News.com.au. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  40. ↑ Kelham, Megg Waltz in P-Flat: The Pine Gap Women's Peace Protest 1983 available on-line at "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 2012-07-26.
  41. ↑ "General Information". Clean Enery Council. Archived from the original on 1 September 2010. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  42. ↑ "Nocookies". The Australian.
  43. 1 2 3 "Nocookies". The Australian.
  44. ↑ "Alice crime rates reach unprecedented levels". ABC News.
  45. 1 2 "Nocookies". The Australian.
  46. ↑ "Northern Territory Safe Streets Audit".
  47. 1 2 "7.30 - ABC".
  48. 1 2 "7.30 - ABC".
  49. ↑ ""Big problems" in Alice Springs • Inside Story".
  50. ↑ "Get off Facebook and help us, NT Police tell Alice Springs residents". ABC News.
  51. ↑ "Walkout sinks town camp safety summit hopes". ABC News.
  52. ↑ Listen to our Yarns an audio tour is available on line at "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 2012-07-26.
  53. ↑ see Discovery Tools on line at "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 2012-07-26.
  54. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 17 August 2013. Retrieved 2016-02-07. Australian National Drag Racing Association Calendar
  55. ↑ "Acquiring a Bike Permit". Arunga Park Speedway - Motorbikes.
  56. ↑ "Centralian Advocate". National Library of Australia. Centralian Advocate.
  57. ↑ Australian Railmaps, "RAIL MAP – PERTH to ADELAIDE, CENTRAL AND NORTHERN AUSTRALIA" Archived 24 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
  58. ↑ "Alice Springs Airport". Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  59. ↑ "Alice Springs – Sister city media release". Alice Springs Town Council. 9 August 2005. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 5 July 2007.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alice Springs.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Alice Springs.
Preceding station   Great Southern Railway   Following station
towards Darwin
The Ghan
towards Adelaide
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