Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas

Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
Logo
Logo		The BSP complex in Manila
The BSP complex in Manila
Headquarters Manila, Philippines
Coordinates 14°33′39″N 120°59′18″E / 14.56083°N 120.98833°E / 14.56083; 120.98833Coordinates: 14°33′39″N 120°59′18″E / 14.56083°N 120.98833°E / 14.56083; 120.98833
Established July 3, 1993
Governor Amando M. Tetangco, Jr.
Central bank of Philippines
Currency Philippine peso
PHP (ISO 4217)
Reserves US$85 billion[1]
Bank rate 3.50%
Preceded by Central Bank of the Philippines
(January 3, 1949—July 3, 1993)
Website www.bsp.gov.ph

The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (English: Central Bank of the Philippines; commonly abbreviated as BSP in both Filipino and English) is the central bank of the Philippines. It was established on July 3, 1993, pursuant to the provision of Republic Act 7653 or the New Central Bank Act of 1993.[2]

History

American era and World War II

In 1900, the First Philippine Commission passed Act No. 52,[3] which placed all banks under the Bureau of the Treasury and authorizing the Insular Treasurer to supervise and examine banks and all banking activity. In 1929, the Department of Finance, through the Bureau of Banking, took over bank supervision.

By 1933, a group of Filipinos had conceptualised a central bank for the Philippine Islands.[4] It came up with the rudiments of a bill for the establishment of a central bank after a careful study of the economic provisions of the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act, which would grant Philippine independence after 12 years, but reserving military and naval bases for the United States and imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports. However, the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act would be rejected by the Senate of the Philippines at the urging of Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon. This Senate then advocated a new bill that won United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt's support, this would be the Tydings–McDuffie Act, which would grant Philippine independence on July 4, 1946.

Under the Commonwealth, discussions continued regarding the idea of a Philippine central bank that would promote price stability and economic growth. The country's monetary system then was administered by the Department of Finance and the National Treasury, and the Philippine peso was on the exchange standard using the United States dollar, which was backed by 100 percent gold reserve, as the standard currency.

As required by the Tydings–McDuffie Act, the National Assembly of the Philippines in 1939 passed a law establishing a central bank. As it was a monetary law, it required the approval of the President of the United States; Franklin D. Roosevelt did not give his. A second law was passed in 1944 under the Japanese-controlled Second Republic during the Second World War, but the 1945 arrival of American liberation forces, aided by Philippine Commonwealth troops and recognised guerrillas, aborted its implementation.

Third Republic and martial law

Shortly after President Manuel Roxas assumed office in 1946, he instructed then-Finance Secretary Miguel Cuaderno, Sr. to draw up a charter for a central bank.[5] The establishment of a monetary authority became imperative a year later as a result of the findings of the Joint Philippine-American Finance Commission chaired by Cuaderno. The Commission, which studied Philippine financial, monetary, and fiscal problems in 1947, recommended a shift from the dollar exchange standard to a managed currency system. A central bank was necessary to implement the proposed shift to the new system.

Roxas then created the Central Bank Council to prepare the charter of a proposed monetary authority. It was submitted to Congress in February 1948. By June of the same year, the newly proclaimed President Elpidio Quirino, who succeeded President Roxas, affixed his signature on Republic Act (RA) No. 265, the Central Bank Act of 1948.On January 3, 1949, the Central Bank of the Philippines was formally inaugurated with Miguel Cuaderno, Sr. as the first governor.[6] The main duties and responsibilities of the Central Bank were to promote economic development and maintain internal and external monetary stability.[7]

Over the years, changes were introduced to make the charter more responsive to the needs of the economy. On November 29, 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos' Presidential Decree No. 72 amended Republic Act No. 265, emphasizing the maintenance of domestic and international monetary stability as the primary objective of the Central Bank. The Bank's authority was also expanded to include regulation of the entire financial system of the Philippines and not just supervision of the banking system. In 1981, RA 265, as amended, was further improved to strengthen the financial system,[8] among the changes was the increase in the capitalization of the Central Bank from Php10 million to Php 10 billion.[9]

In the 1973 Constitution, the interim Batasang Pambansa (National Assembly) was mandated to establish an independent central monetary authority. Presidential Decree No. 1801 designated the Central Bank of the Philippines as the central monetary authority (CMA). Years later, the 1987 Constitution adopted the CMA provisions from the 1973 Constitution that were aimed essentially at establishing an independent monetary authority through increased capitalization and greater private sector representation in the Monetary Board.[10]

Present

In accordance with a provision in the 1987 Constitution, President Fidel V. Ramos signed Republic Act No. 7653, otherwise known as the New Central Bank Act, into law on June 14, 1993.[11][12] The law provides for the establishment of an independent monetary authority to be known as the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, its primary objective being the maintenance of price stability. This objective was only implied in the old Central Bank charter. The law also gives the Bangko Sentral fiscal and administrative autonomy which the old Central Bank did not have. On July 3, 1993, the New Central Bank Act took effect.[13]

BSP Branch in Zamboanga City.

On the evening of September 26, 2012, a Wednesday, the BSP website was hacked by a group named Anonymous Philippines in a protest against the recently passed Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012.[14][15] The website was promptly restored in the early hours of the following day.[16]

On April 23, 2013, The Asian Banker named the BSP as the Best Macroeconomic Regulator in the Asia-Pacific Region for 2013 in The Asian Banker Leadership Achievement Awards in Jakarta, Indonesia.[17][18] The BSP was cited as a “good, strong, and fair-minded regulator.” About a month later, the BSP was given the country award by the Child and Youth Finance International in its 2013 International Summit in Istanbul, Turkey, in recognition of its initiative to integrate financial education in the Philippine elementary school curriculum.[19]

Roles and responsibilities

As prescribed by the New Central Bank Act, the main functions of the Bangko Sentral are:

  1. Liquidity management, by formulating and implementing monetary policy aimed at influencing money supply, consistent with its primary objective to maintain price stability,
  2. Currency issue. The BSP has the exclusive power to issue the national currency. All notes and coins issued by the BSP are fully guaranteed by the Government and are considered legal tender for all private and public debts,
  3. Lender of last resort, by extending discounts, loans and advances to banking institutions for liquidity purposes,
  4. Financial supervision, by supervising banks and exercising regulatory powers over non-bank institutions performing quasi-banking functions,
  5. Management of foreign currency reserves, by maintaining sufficient international reserves to meet any foreseeable net demands for foreign currencies in order to preserve the international stability and convertibility of the Philippine peso,
  6. Determination of exchange rate policy, by determining the exchange rate policy of the Philippines. Currently, the BSP adheres to a market-oriented foreign exchange rate policy, and
  7. Being the banker, financial advisor and official depository of the Government, its political subdivisions and instrumentalities and GOCCs.

Organization of the Bangko Sentral

The basic structure[20] of the Bangko Sentral includes:

The powers and function of Bangko Sentral are exercised by its Monetary Board, whose seven members are appointed by the President of the Philippines. As provided for by RA 7653 or the New Central Bank Act, one of the government sector members of the Monetary Board must also be a member of Cabinet. Members of the Monetary Board are prohibited from holding certain positions in other government agencies and private institutions that may give rise to conflicts of interest. The members have fixed and overlapping terms, except for the Cabinet Secretary representing the incumbent administration.[22]

The current members of the Monetary Board are:

Convertible currencies

The Bangko Sentral has 19 currencies directly convertible with the Philippine peso,[23] which serves as a benchmark for all Philippine banks.

Microfinance and financial inclusion

In 2000, the General Banking Law mandated the BSP to recognize microfinance as a legitimate banking activity and to set the rules and regulations for its practice within the banking sector. In the same year, the BSP declared microfinance as its flagship program for poverty alleviation. The BSP has become the prime advocate for the development of microfinance. To this end, the Bangko Sentral aims to:

  1. Provide the enabling policy and regulatory environment;
  2. Increase the capacity of the BSP and banking sector on microfinance operations; and
  3. Promote and advocate for the development of sound and sustainable microfinance operations.

The Bank is active in promoting a financial inclusion policy and is a leading member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion. It is also one of the original 17 regulatory institutions to make specific national commitments to financial inclusion under the Maya Declaration[24] during the 2011 Global Policy Forum held in Mexico.

Anti-money laundering

With money laundering being one of the problems of the Philippines,[25] the BSP has issued a number of measures to bring the Philippines' regulatory regime on money laundering closer to international standards. In September 2001, the Anti-Money Laundering Act, or AMLA, was signed into law.[26] The AMLA defined money laundering a criminal offense, and prescribed corresponding penalties. It also provided the foundation for a central monitoring and implementing council called the Anti-Money Laundering Council (AMLC). The AMLC is composed of the Governor of the Bangko Sentral as Chair, and the Commissioner of the Insurance Commission and the Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission as members, all acting unanimously in the discharge of the group's mandate.[27]

In February 2013, Philippine President Benigno Aquino III signed R.A. No. 10365, known as An act further strengthening the Anti-Money Laundering Law, which aims to strengthen the AMLC by requiring that any suspicious transaction in foreign exchange, real estate, and jewelry and precious metal trading be reported.[28]

Governors

Term started Term finished Name
Governors of the Central Bank
1949 1960 Miguel Cuaderno, Sr.
1961 1967 Andrés Castillo
1968 1970 Alfonso Calalang
1970 1981 Gregorio Licaros
1982 1984 Jaime C. Laya
1985 1990 José B. Fernández, Jr.
1991 1993 José L. Cuisia, Jr.
Governors of the Bangko Sentral
Mga Tagapangasiwa ng Bangko Sentral
1994 1999 Gabriel C. Singson
2000 2004 Rafael B. Buenaventura
2005 ---- Amando M. Tetangco, Jr.

Museum

Within the Manila complex of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas is the Museo ng Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (English: Museum of the Central Bank of the Philippines). Inaugurated on January 3, 1999, as part of the celebration of the 50 years of central banking in the Philippines, the museum showcases the Bank's collection of currencies.[29]

As repository and custodian of the country's numismatic heritage, the Museo collects, studies and preserves coins, paper notes, medals, artifacts and monetary items found in the Philippines during its different historical periods. These collections have been placed on permanent display at the Museo.

Designed to "walk" the visitor through a number of galleries dedicated to a specific historical period of the country, the Museo visually narrates the development of the Philippine economy, parallel to the evolution of its currency.[30] Complementary paintings from the BSP art collection,[31][32] together with chosen artifacts, enhance each gallery.

A panoramic memorabilia of 50 years of central banking in the Philippines, showcases the strides made in bringing about price stability, to sustain economic growth in the country. The exhibition hall also carries the busts of the governors of the Central Bank/Bangko Sentral.

Security Plant Complex

The Security Plant Complex, or SPC, was formally established on September 7, 1978 to safeguard the printing, minting, refining, issuance, distribution and durability of coins, banknotes, gold bars, government official receipts, lottery tickets, internal revenue stamps, passports, seaman identification record books, strip stamps, official documents, registration certificates, Torrens titles, treasury warrants, stocks and bonds, government contracts, ration coupons, official ballots, election return forms, checks and other security printing or minting jobs of the Philippine government.

Printing of official ballots and other public documents was later transferred to the National Printing Office pursuant to Executive Order No. 285 issued on July 25, 1987.[33]

On August 4, 2003, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo issued Administrative Order No. 79, which designated the SPC as the sole manufacturer of presidential medals and decorations.[34]

SPC products

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Gross International Reserves". Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  2. ↑ "Overview of the BSP". Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
  3. ↑ "About the Bank". Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  4. ↑ 50 Years of Central Banking in the Philippines. Manila, Philippines: Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. 1998. p. 7. ISBN 971-91785-1-5.
  5. ↑ Roxas, Manuel. "Second State of the Nation Address". Official Gazette. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  6. ↑ 50 Years of Central Banking in the Philippines. Manila, Philippines: Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. 1998. pp. 18–20. ISBN 971-91785-1-5.
  7. ↑ "The BSP Vision and Mission". Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  8. ↑ "Republic Act No. 265 – An act establishing the Central Bank of the Philippines, defining its powers in the administration of the monetary and banking system, amending the pertinent provisions of the administrative code with respect to the currency and the Bureau of Banking, and for other purposes". LawCenter Philippines. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  9. ↑ Philippine Presidential Decree No. 72 The LawPhil Project (www.lawphil.net). Retrieved on 2013-03-26.
  10. ↑ Philippine Presidential Decree No. 1801 The LawPhil Project (www.lawphil.net). Retrieved on 2013-03-26.
  11. ↑ "Creating a Central Bank for the Philippines". Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  12. ↑ 50 Years of Central Banking in the Philippines. Manila, Philippines: Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. 1998. p. 128. ISBN 971-91785-1-5.
  13. ↑ Philippine Republic Act No. 7653 Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (www.bsp.gov.ph) Retrieved on 2012-03-26.
  14. ↑ Dumlao, Doris. "BSP, MWSS websites hacked by anti-cybercrime law protester". The Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  15. ↑ "Websites hacked in protest vs new law". Rappler.com. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  16. ↑ Garcia, Cathy Rose. "BSP website restored after being hacked". abs-cbnnews.com. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  17. ↑ "BSP is the 2013 Best Macroeconomic Regulator in the Asia Pacific Region". Official Gazette. Office of the President of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  18. ↑ "BSP named 'Best Regulator' in Asia". Malaya Business News Online. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  19. ↑ "BSP Wins Top Global Award for Child Finance Education Program". Media Releases. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  20. ↑ "The BSP's Organizational Structure". Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  21. ↑ "Governance of the Bank". Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  22. ↑ "The Monetary Board". Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  23. ↑ Bangko Sentral Buying Rates for Foreign Currency Notes (Accessed on 2011-05-29)
  24. ↑ http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/maya-declaration-urges-financial-inclusion-for-worlds-unbanked-populations-130887928.html
  25. ↑ Lee-Brago, Pia. "Phl monitoring vs money laundering weak – US report". philstar.com. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  26. ↑ "History of the Act". Anti-Money Laundering Council. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  27. ↑ "Organization". Anti-Money Laundering Council. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  28. ↑ "Aquino signs expanded law vs 'dirty money'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  29. ↑ "The Money Museum". Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  30. ↑ del Mundo, Antonio (1998). The Money Museum. Manila, Philippines: Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. pp. 205–212. ISBN 971-91785-1-5.
  31. ↑ Marcelo, Sam. "The BSP art collection: Figures and paintings". BusinessWorld Weekender. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  32. ↑ Laya, Jaime (1998). The Central Bank and Culture and the Arts. Manila, Philippines: Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. pp. 198–204. ISBN 971-91785-1-5.
  33. ↑ "ABOUT NATIONAL PRINTING OFFICE". Office of the Press Secretary - National Printing Office. Archived from the original on June 3, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-09.
  34. ↑ "Presidential Medals and Decorations". Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. Retrieved 2010-06-09.

Publications

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