Bixby letter

The Bixby letter as it first appeared in the Boston Evening Transcript

The Bixby letter is a brief, consoling message believed to have been written by President Abraham Lincoln in November 1864 to Lydia Parker Bixby, a widow living in Boston, Massachusetts, who was thought to have lost five sons in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Along with the Gettysburg Address and his second inaugural address, the letter has been praised as one of Lincoln's finest written works and is often reproduced in memorials, media, and print.

Controversy surrounds the recipient, the fate of her sons, and the authorship of the letter. Bixby's character has been questioned (including rumored Confederate sympathies), at least two of her sons survived the war, and the letter was possibly written by Lincoln's assistant private secretary, John Hay.

Text

President Lincoln's letter of condolence was delivered to Lydia Bixby on November 25, 1864 and was printed in the Boston Evening Transcript and Boston Evening Traveller that afternoon.[1][2][3] The following is the text of the letter as first published:[4]

Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States

Executive Mansion,
Washington, Nov. 21, 1864.

Dear Madam,

I have been shown in the files of the War Department a statement of the Adjutant General of Massachusetts that you are the mother of five sons who have died gloriously on the field of battle.
I feel how weak and fruitless must be any word of mine which should attempt to beguile you from the grief of a loss so overwhelming. But I cannot refrain from tendering to you the consolation that may be found in the thanks of the Republic they died to save.
I pray that our Heavenly Father may assuage the anguish of your bereavement, and leave you only the cherished memory of the loved and lost, and the solemn pride that must be yours to have laid so costly a sacrifice upon the altar of Freedom.

Yours, very sincerely and respectfully,
A. Lincoln.

Mrs. Bixby.

History

Lydia Parker married shoemaker Cromwell Bixby on September 26, 1826, in Hopkinton, Massachusetts. The couple had at least six sons and three daughters before Cromwell's death in 1854. Some time before the Civil War, Bixby and her family settled in Boston.[5]

William Schouler, Massachusetts Adjutant General during the Civil War

Meeting with Adjutant General Schouler

On September 24, 1864, Massachusetts Adjutant General William Schouler wrote to Massachusetts Governor John Albion Andrew about a discharge request sent to the governor by Otis Newhall, the father of five Union soldiers. In the letter, Schouler mentioned that about ten days earlier he had been visited by Lydia Bixby, a poor widow who claimed five of her sons had died fighting for the Union. Governor Andrew forwarded Newhall's request to the U.S. War Department with a note requesting that the president honor Bixby with a letter.[6]

In response to a War Department request of October 1, Schouler sent a messenger to Bixby's home six days later, asking for the names and units of her sons. He sent a report to the War Department on October 12, which was delivered to President Lincoln by Secretary of War Edwin Stanton sometime after October 28.[7][8]

On November 21, the Boston Evening Traveller published an appeal by Schouler for contributions to assist soldiers' families at Thanksgiving which mentioned a widow who had lost five sons in the war. Schouler had some of the donations given to Bixby and then visited her home on Thanksgiving, November 24. The letter from the President arrived at Schouler's office the next morning.[2][9]

Military record of the Bixby sons

Nevertheless, at least two of Lydia Bixby's sons survived the war:

Schouler's report to the War Department erroneously listed Edward as a member of the 22nd Massachusetts Infantry who had died of his wounds at Folly Island, South Carolina.[21][2] Bixby may have been trying to conceal—possibly from embarrassment or hope of further financial aid—Edward's 1862 desertion. (She had been receiving a pension following Charles's death in 1863.)[22]

At the time of her September meeting with Schouler, Bixby's son George had been a prisoner of war for just over a month, and Henry was still hospitalized following his exchange.[23] The War Department failed to use its own records to correct errors in the Schouler report.[24]

Questions of character

Lydia Bixby died in Boston on October 27, 1878, while a patient at Massachusetts General Hospital. In his initial letter to Governor Andrew, Schouler called Bixby "the best specimen of a true-hearted Union woman I have yet seen,"[25] but in the years following her death both her character and loyalty were questioned.[26][27]

Writing to her daughter in 1904, Boston socialite Sarah Cabot Wheelwright claimed she had met and had given charitable aid to Lydia Bixby during the war, hoping that one of her sons, in Boston on leave, might help deliver packages to Union prisoners of war; but she later heard gossip that Bixby "kept a house of ill-fame, was perfectly untrustworthy and as bad as she could be".[28][29]

On August 12, 1925, Mrs. George M. Towers, a daughter of Oliver Bixby, told the Boston Herald that her grandmother had "great sympathy for the South" and that her mother recalled that Bixby had been "highly indignant" about the letter with "little good to say of President Lincoln".[30][31] In 1949, Towers' nephew, Arthur March Bixby, claimed that Lydia Bixby had moved to Massachusetts from Richmond, Virginia;[32] though this assertion is contradicted by contemporary records that list her birthplace as Rhode Island.[lower-alpha 2][5]

Copies

The original

Bixby's condolence letter probably resembled this one Lincoln sent to Fanny McCullough in 1862.

The fate of the original letter given to Bixby is unknown. William A. Bixby, a son of Oliver, told The New York Times in an August 9, 1925 interview that he did not know what happened to the letter after his grandmother received it, though he doubted it still survived.[33] A few days later, William's sister, Mrs. Towers told the Boston Herald that she also did not know the letter's fate but speculated Bixby may have torn it up, resenting that it incorrectly said five of her sons had been killed.[31] William's son, Arthur March Bixby, told the New York Sun in 1949 that he recalled his father telling him that she had angrily destroyed the letter after receiving it.[34][35]

In the early 20th century, it was sometimes claimed that the original letter could be found on display at Brasenose College at the University of Oxford along with other great works in the English language. Lincoln scholar F. Lauriston Bullard investigated this claim in 1925, discovering that it was untrue and the college had never heard of the Bixby letter.[36]

Tobin facsimile

Michael F. Tobin's 1891 lithographic facsimile of the letter
Huber's Museum sold these copies of Tobin's facsimile.

Christie's auction house receives many supposed original Bixby letters every year,[37] including copies of a lithographic facsimile of the letter in widespread circulation. These first appeared in 1891, when New York City print dealer Michael F. Tobin applied for a copyright to sell souvenir copies of the letter with an engraving of Lincoln by John Chester Buttre for $2 each.[38][39] Soon, Huber's Museum, a dime museum in Manhattan, began displaying a copy, "stained by coffee and exposure", of Tobin's facsimile as "the original Bixby letter" and selling their own copies for $1 each.[40][41]

Charles Hamilton, an autograph dealer and handwriting expert, examined the Tobin facsimile; concluding it had been copied from a poorly executed forgery originally written in pencil and retraced in ink to imitate Lincoln's handwriting, calling it "halting and awkward and makes his forceful hand appear like a child's scrawl".[42]

Tobin's facsimile also errs when compared to the original text of the letter published in Boston newspapers; adding the salutation "To Mrs Bixby, Boston Mass", omitting the word "to" after the word "tendering", not capitalizing the words "freedom" and "republic", missing the recipient "Mrs. Bixby" on the bottom left, and combining the original three paragraphs into one.[43][4]

Authorship

Scholars have debated whether the Bixby letter was written by Lincoln himself or by his assistant private secretary, John Hay.[44] November 1864 was a busy month for Lincoln, possibly forcing him to delegate the task to Hay.[35]

John Hay, Lincoln's private secretary

Second- and third-hand recollections of acquaintances suggest Hay may have claimed to others that he wrote it,[45] but his children could not recall him ever mentioning composing the letter.[46] Writing to William E. Chandler in 1904, Hay said "the letter of Mr. Lincoln to Mrs. Bixby is genuine",[47] but he may only have been referring to its text.[48] Neither Bixby nor the letter are mentioned in Hay's November 1864 diary entries[49] and in a 1917 letter to historian Isaac Markens, Robert Todd Lincoln said Hay had told him that he did not have "any special knowledge of the letter at the time" it was written.[44][50]

Historian Michael Burlingame, who believes Hay is the author, has pointed out that Hay's scrapbooks have two newspaper clippings of the letter while largely containing Hay's own writing.[51] However, they also contain material written by Lincoln including the Gettysburg Address and the Second Inaugural.[44]

Scholars favoring Lincoln's authorship, including Edward Steers, note that the Gettysburg Address and the Farewell Address are similar examples of Lincoln's highly regarded style.[44][52] Other scholars, such as Burlingame, have countered that Hay wrote pieces that compare favorably to the Bixby letter and note words and phrases in the letter that appear more frequently in Hay's writings than those of Lincoln.[53] For instance, the word beguile appears 30 times in the works of Hay but not once in the other collected works of Lincoln.[35] Still, in the letter, the word beguile seems to mean "to divert" rather than "to charm," the sense in which Hay frequently employed it.[44] In 1988, at the request of investigator Joe Nickell, University of Kentucky professor of English Jean G. Pival studied the vocabulary, syntax, and other stylistic characteristics of the letter and concluded that it more closely resembled Lincoln's style of writing than Hay's.[54][55]

Inscription quoting the Bixby letter at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific

Legacy

The letter's passage "the solemn pride that must be yours to have laid so costly a sacrifice upon the altar of freedom" is inscribed on the base of the statue of Lady Columbia at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Hawaii.[56]

Discussions on the topic of siblings dying in war have frequently mentioned the letter; such as the Sullivan brothers, the Niland brothers, the Borgstrom brothers, and the Sole Survivor Policy of the United States military.[57]

In the 1998 war film Saving Private Ryan, General George Marshall (played by Harve Presnell) reads the Bixby letter to his officers before giving the order to find and send home Private James Francis Ryan after Ryan's three brothers died in battle.[58]

On September 11, 2011, former U.S. President George W. Bush read the Bixby letter during the memorial ceremony at the World Trade Center site on the tenth anniversary of the September 11 attacks.[59]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ A "George Bixby, nephew of Cuba" is also mentioned in an 1878 estate record of Albert Bixby, an uncle who died in Milford, Massachusetts.[12] However, this George was not included on the estate's list of surviving heirs of Cromwell Bixby. Milford relatives later admitted confusing Lydia Bixby's sons with cousins having the same name.[18]
  2. ↑ Lydia Bixby's own 1878 death record listed her birthplace as Hopkinton, Massachusetts, but census records and death records of surviving children listed her birthplace as Rhode Island.[5]

References

Citations

  1. ↑ "Letter from President Lincoln". Boston Evening Transcript. 25 November 1864. p. 2. Retrieved 6 April 2016 – via Google Newspapers.
  2. 1 2 3 "A Mother in Israel - Five of Her Sons Killed during the War - A Sixth Severely Wounded - President Lincoln Sends her the Thanks of the Republic". Boston Evening Traveller (2nd ed.). 25 November 1864. p. 2.
  3. ↑ Bullard 1946, pp. 50-51.
  4. 1 2 Basler, Roy P. (1953). "Abraham Lincoln to Mrs. Lydia Bixby". Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln Vol. 8. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 Bixby & Putnam 1914, pp. 387-389.
  6. ↑ Bullard 1946, pp. 13-17.
  7. ↑ Bullard 1946, pp. 18-21.
  8. ↑ Steers & Holzer 2007, pp. 94-95.
  9. ↑ Bullard 1946, pp. 46.
  10. 1 2 Massachusetts Adjutant General Office (1932). Massachusetts Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines in the Civil War: Volume V. Norwood, Massachusetts: Norwood Press. pp. 22, 576.
  11. ↑ Bullard 1946, pp. 32-34.
  12. 1 2 3 Bixby & Putnam 1914, p. 388.
  13. 1 2 Bullard 1946, p. 29.
  14. 1 2 Massachusetts Adjutant General Office (1931). Massachusetts Soldiers, Sailors and Marines in the Civil War: Volume II. Norwood, Massachusetts: Norwood Press. pp. 523, 549.
  15. ↑ Bixby & Putnam 1914, p. 392.
  16. ↑ Massachusetts Adjutant General Office (1932). Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors in the Civil War: Volume III. Norwood, Massachusetts: Norwood Press. p. 520.
  17. 1 2 Bixby & Putnam 1914, p. 387.
  18. ↑ Banning 1922, p. 519.
  19. ↑ Bullard 1946, pp. 28-32.
  20. ↑ Steers & Holzer 2007, p. 97.
  21. ↑ Bullard 1946, pp. 32-33.
  22. ↑ Bullard 1946, pp. 22.
  23. ↑ Bullard 1946, pp. 46-47.
  24. ↑ Steers & Holzer 2007, pp. 95-97.
  25. ↑ Bullard 1946, p. 16.
  26. ↑ Giesberg, Judith (28 November 2014). "In defense of Boston's Widow Bixby". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  27. ↑ Bullard 1946, pp. 48-49.
  28. ↑ Burlingame 1995, pp. 60-61.
  29. ↑ Shattuck 1963.
  30. ↑ Bullard 1946, pp. 45.
  31. 1 2 "MRS. BIXBY TORE UP LINCOLN NOTE KIN BELIEVES Heart in Southern Cause, Her Granddaughter Declares EMBITTERED, TOO, BY DEATH OF SONS President's Error May Have Angered Her, Lawrence Woman Avers". The Boston Herald (Morning ed.). 12 August 1925. p. 1.
  32. ↑ Burlingame 1995, pp. 60, n8.
  33. ↑ "GRANDSON BELIEVES BIXBY LETTER LOST; Declares His Grandmother Would Not Realize the Value of Lincoln's Message. RELATIVES ARE UNCERTAIN But One Says He Is Sure Five of Mrs. Bixby's Sons Were Killed.". The New York Times. 9 August 1925. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
  34. ↑ Burlingame 1995, p. 60.
  35. 1 2 3 Burlingame, Michael (July–August 1999). "The Trouble With the Bixby Letter". American Heritage. 50 (4). Archived from the original on 14 February 2016.
  36. ↑ Peterson, Merrill D. (1995). "Ch. 5 Themes and Variations". Lincoln in American Memory. Oxford University Press US. p. 246. ISBN 0-19-509645-2. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
  37. ↑ Burke, Monte (February 11, 2009). "Lincoln's Lost Memorabilia". Forbes. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
  38. ↑ Steers & Holzer 2007, pp. 96, 98.
  39. ↑ "Letter from Abraham Lincoln to Mrs. Bixby, with bust-length portrait of Lincoln". Library of Congress. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  40. ↑ Bullard 1946, pp. 54-58.
  41. ↑ Banning 1922, p. 520.
  42. ↑ Hamilton, Charles (1980). Great Forgers and Famous Fakes. New York: Crown Publishers. pp. 29–37.
  43. ↑ Bullard 1946, pp. 146-147.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 Emerson, Jason (February–March 2006). "America's Most Famous Letter". American Heritage. 57 (1). Archived from the original on 1 April 2016.
  45. ↑ Steers & Holzer 2007, pp. 98-100.
  46. ↑ Bullard 1946, pp. 109.
  47. ↑ Bullard 1946, pp. 122-125.
  48. ↑ Burlingame 1995, p. 69.
  49. ↑ Hay, John; Burlingame, Michael; Ettlinger, John R. Turner (1999). Inside Lincoln's White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 9780809322626.
  50. ↑ Emerson, Jason (2012). Giant in the Shadows: The Life of Robert T. Lincoln. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 376, 537.
  51. ↑ Burlingame 1995, pp. 70-71.
  52. ↑ Steers & Holzer 2007, p. 93.
  53. ↑ Burlingame, Michael (2000). At Lincoln's Side: John Hay's Civil War Correspondence and Selected Writings. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 169–184.
  54. ↑ Nickell 1989, pp. 137-140.
  55. ↑ Nickell, Joe (2005). "Suspect Documents". Unsolved History: Investigating Mysteries of the Past. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 95–105, 164. ISBN 978-0-8131-9137-9. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
  56. ↑ "67th Honolulu Mayor's Memorial Day Ceremony". www.pacom.mil. 31 May 2016. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016.
  57. ↑ Kodat, Catherine Gunther (2003). Hixson, Walter L., ed. "Saving Private Property: Steven Speilberg's American DreamWorks". The American Experience in World War II, Volume 11: Remembering and Representing the Second World War. New York: Routledge: 255–256.
  58. ↑ Nelson, John C. (2016). A Companion to the War Film. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 23. ISBN 9781118288894.
  59. ↑ Landler, Mark; Schmitt, Eric (September 11, 2011). "Bush and Obama, Shoulder to Shoulder". The New York Times.

Sources

External links

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