List of Presidents of the United States

The President of the United States is the elected head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is indirectly elected to a four-year term by the people through an Electoral College (or by the House of Representatives, should the Electoral College fail to award an absolute majority of votes to any person).

Since the office was established in 1789, 43 people have served as president. The first, George Washington, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College. Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms in office, and is counted as the nation's 22nd and 24th president. William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office, dying 31 days after taking office in 1841. Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest, over twelve years, before dying early in his fourth term in 1945; he is the only president to have served more than two terms. Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected president more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.^[1] The current president is Barack Obama, and the president-elect is Donald Trump,^[2] whose term of office will commence on January 20, 2017.

Of the individuals elected as president, four died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison,^[3] Zachary Taylor,^[4] Warren G. Harding,^[5] and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln,^[6] James A. Garfield,^[6][7] William McKinley,^[8] and John F. Kennedy), and one resigned (Richard Nixon).^[9] John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency intra-term, and set the precedent that a vice president who does so becomes the fully functioning president with his own presidency, as opposed to a caretaker president. The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution put Tyler's precedent into law in 1967. It also established a mechanism by which an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency could be filled. Richard Nixon was the first president to fill a vacancy under this Provision when he appointed Gerald Ford to the office. Later, Ford became the second to do so when he appointed Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him. Previously, an intra-term vacancy was left unfilled.

List of presidents

Nonpartisan       Federalist       Democratic-Republican       Democratic       Whig       Republican       National Union
Presidency[lower-alpha 1]		President		Prior position[lower-alpha 2]	Party		Election	Vice President
1	[lower-alpha 3] April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797		George Washington 1732–1799 (Lived: 67 years) [10][11][12]	Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army (1775–1783)		Nonpartisan [13]	1 (1788–89)	John Adams [lower-alpha 4][lower-alpha 5]
							2 (1792)
2	March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801		John Adams 1735–1826 (Lived: 90 years) [14][15][16]	1st Vice President of the United States		Federalist	3 (1796)	Thomas Jefferson [lower-alpha 6]
3	March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809		Thomas Jefferson 1743–1826 (Lived: 83 years) [17][18][19]	2nd Vice President of the United States		Democratic- Republican	4 (1800)	Aaron Burr March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1805
							5 (1804)	George Clinton March 4, 1805 – March 4, 1809
4	March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817		James Madison 1751–1836 (Lived: 85 years) [20][21][22]	5th United States Secretary of State (1801–1809)		Democratic- Republican	6 (1808)	George Clinton March 4, 1809 – April 20, 1812 (Died in office)
								Office vacant (Balance of Clinton's term)
							7 (1812)	Elbridge Gerry March 4, 1813 – November 23, 1814 (Died in office)
								Office vacant (Balance of Gerry's term)
5	March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825		James Monroe 1758–1831 (Lived: 73 years) [23][24][25]	7th United States Secretary of State (1811–1817)		Democratic- Republican	8 (1816)	Daniel D. Tompkins
							9 (1820)
6	March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829		John Quincy Adams 1767–1848 (Lived: 80 years) [26][27][28]	8th United States Secretary of State (1817–1825)		Democratic- Republican	10 (1824)	John C. Calhoun
7	March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837		Andrew Jackson 1767–1845 (Lived: 78 years) [29][30][31]	U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Tennessee (1823–1825)		Democratic	11 (1828)	John C. Calhoun [lower-alpha 7] March 4, 1829 – December 28, 1832 (Resigned from office)
								Office vacant (Balance of Calhoun's term)
							12 (1832)	Martin Van Buren March 4, 1833 – March 4, 1837
8	March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841		Martin Van Buren 1782–1862 (Lived: 79 years) [32][33][34]	8th Vice President of the United States		Democratic	13 (1836)	Richard Mentor Johnson
9	March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841 (Died in office)		William Henry Harrison 1773–1841 (Lived: 68 years) [35][36][37]	United States Minister to Colombia (1828–1829)		Whig	14 (1840)	John Tyler (Succeeded to presidency)
10	April 4, 1841 – March 4, 1845		John Tyler 1790–1862 (Lived: 71 years) [38][39][40]	10th Vice President of the United States		Whig April 4, 1841 – September 13, 1841		Office vacant
						Unaffiliated September 13, 1841 – March 4, 1845 [lower-alpha 8]
11	March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849		James K. Polk 1795–1849 (Lived: 53 years) [41][42][43]	9th Governor of Tennessee (1839–1841)		Democratic	15 (1844)	George M. Dallas
12	(First elected office) March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850 (Died in office)		Zachary Taylor 1784–1850 (Lived: 65 years) [44][45][46]	Major General of the 1st Infantry Regiment United States Army (1846–1849)		Whig	16 (1848)	Millard Fillmore (Succeeded to presidency)
13	July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853		Millard Fillmore 1800–1874 (Lived: 74 years) [47][48][49]	12th Vice President of the United States		Whig		Office vacant
14	March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857		Franklin Pierce 1804–1869 (Lived: 64 years) [50][51][52]	Brigadier General of the 9th Infantry United States Army (1847–1848)		Democratic	17 (1852)	William R. King March 4 – April 18, 1853 (Died in office)
								Office vacant (Balance of King's term)
15	March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861		James Buchanan 1791–1868 (Lived: 77 years) [53][54][55]	United States Minister to the Court of St James's (1853–1856)		Democratic	18 (1856)	John C. Breckinridge
16	March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865 (Assassinated)		Abraham Lincoln 1809–1865 (Lived: 56 years) [56][57][58]	U.S. Representative for Illinois' 7th District (1847–1849)		Republican (National Union) [lower-alpha 9]	19 (1860)	Hannibal Hamlin March 4, 1861 – March 4, 1865
							20 (1864)	Andrew Johnson March 4 – April 15, 1865 (Succeeded to presidency)
17	April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869		Andrew Johnson 1808–1875 (Lived: 66 years) [59][60][61]	16th Vice President of the United States		National Union [lower-alpha 9] (Democratic) [lower-alpha 10]		Office vacant
18	(First elected office) March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877		Ulysses S. Grant 1822–1885 (Lived: 63 years) [62][63][64]	Commanding General of the U.S. Army (1864–1869)		Republican	21 (1868)	Schuyler Colfax March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1873
							22 (1872)	Henry Wilson March 4, 1873 – November 22, 1875 (Died in office)
								Office vacant (Balance of Wilson's term)
19	March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881		Rutherford B. Hayes 1822–1893 (Lived: 70 years) [65][66][67]	29th & 32nd Governor of Ohio (1868–1872 & 1876–1877)		Republican	23 (1876)	William A. Wheeler
20	March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881 (Assassinated)		James A. Garfield 1831–1881 (Lived: 49 years) [68][69][70]	U.S. Representative for Ohio's 19th District (1863–1881)		Republican	24 (1880)	Chester A. Arthur (Succeeded to presidency)
21	September 19, 1881 – March 4, 1885		Chester A. Arthur 1829–1886 (Lived: 57 years) [71][72][73]	20th Vice President of the United States		Republican		Office vacant
22	March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889		Grover Cleveland 1837–1908 (Lived: 71 years) [74][75]	28th Governor of New York (1883–1885)		Democratic	25 (1884)	Thomas A. Hendricks March 4 – November 25, 1885 (Died in office)
								Office vacant (Balance of Hendricks' term)
23	March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893		Benjamin Harrison 1833–1901 (Lived: 67 years) [76][77][78]	U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Indiana (1881–1887)		Republican	26 (1888)	Levi P. Morton
24	March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897		Grover Cleveland 1837–1908 (Lived: 71 years) [74][75]	22nd President of the United States (1885–1889)		Democratic	27 (1892)	Adlai Stevenson
25	March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901 (Assassinated)		William McKinley 1843–1901 (Lived: 58 years) [79][80][81]	39th Governor of Ohio (1892–1896)		Republican	28 (1896)	Garret Hobart March 4, 1897 – November 21, 1899 (Died in office)
								Office vacant (Balance of Hobart's term)
							29 (1900)	Theodore Roosevelt March 4 – September 14, 1901 (Succeeded to presidency)
26	September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909		Theodore Roosevelt 1858–1919 (Lived: 60 years) [82][83][84]	25th Vice President of the United States		Republican		Office vacant September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1905
							30 (1904)	Charles W. Fairbanks March 4, 1905 – March 4, 1909
27	March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913		William Howard Taft 1857–1930 (Lived: 72 years) [85][86][87]	42nd United States Secretary of War (1904–1908)		Republican	31 (1908)	James S. Sherman March 4, 1909 – October 30, 1912 (Died in office)
								Office vacant (Balance of Sherman's term)
28	March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921		Woodrow Wilson 1856–1924 (Lived: 67 years) [88][89][90]	34th Governor of New Jersey (1911–1913)		Democratic	32 (1912)	Thomas R. Marshall
							33 (1916)
29	March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923 (Died in office)		Warren G. Harding 1865–1923 (Lived: 57 years) [91][92][93]	U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Ohio (1915–1921)		Republican	34 (1920)	Calvin Coolidge (Succeeded to presidency)
30	August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929		Calvin Coolidge 1872–1933 (Lived: 60 years) [94][95][96]	29th Vice President of the United States		Republican		Office vacant August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1925
							35 (1924)	Charles G. Dawes March 4, 1925 – March 4, 1929
31	(First elected office) March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933		Herbert Hoover 1874–1964 (Lived: 90 years) [97][98][99]	3rd United States Secretary of Commerce (1921–1928)		Republican	36 (1928)	Charles Curtis
32	March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945 (Died in office)		Franklin D. Roosevelt 1882–1945 (Lived: 63 years) [100][101][102]	44th Governor of New York (1929–1932)		Democratic	37 (1932)	John Nance Garner March 4, 1933 – January 20, 1941 [lower-alpha 11]
							38 (1936)
							39 (1940)	Henry A. Wallace January 20, 1941 – January 20, 1945
							40 (1944)	Harry S. Truman January 20 – April 12, 1945 (Succeeded to presidency)
33	April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953		Harry S. Truman 1884–1972 (Lived: 88 years) [103][104][105]	34th Vice President of the United States		Democratic		Office vacant April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1949
							41 (1948)	Alben W. Barkley January 20, 1949 – January 20, 1953
34	(First elected office) January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961		Dwight D. Eisenhower 1890–1969 (Lived: 78 years) [106][107][108]	Supreme Allied Commander Europe (1949–1952)		Republican	42 (1952)	Richard Nixon
							43 (1956)
35	January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963 (Assassinated)		John F. Kennedy 1917–1963 (Lived: 46 years) [109][110][111]	U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Massachusetts (1953–1960)		Democratic	44 (1960)	Lyndon B. Johnson (Succeeded to presidency)
36	November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969		Lyndon B. Johnson 1908–1973 (Lived: 64 years) [112][113]	37th Vice President of the United States		Democratic		Office vacant November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1965
							45 (1964)	Hubert Humphrey January 20, 1965 – January 20, 1969
37	January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974 (Resigned from office)		Richard Nixon 1913–1994 (Lived: 81 years) [114][115][116]	36th Vice President of the United States (1953–1961)		Republican	46 (1968)	Spiro Agnew January 20, 1969 – October 10, 1973 (Resigned from office)
							47 (1972)
								Office vacant October 10 – December 6, 1973
								Gerald Ford December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974 (Succeeded to presidency)
38	August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977		Gerald Ford 1913–2006 (Lived: 93 years) [117][118][119]	40th Vice President of the United States		Republican		Office vacant August 9 – December 19, 1974
								Nelson Rockefeller December 19, 1974 – January 20, 1977
39	January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981		Jimmy Carter Born 1924 (92 years old) [120][121][122]	76th Governor of Georgia (1971–1975)		Democratic	48 (1976)	Walter Mondale
40	January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989		Ronald Reagan 1911–2004 (Lived: 93 years) [123][124][125]	33rd Governor of California (1967–1975)		Republican	49 (1980)	George H. W. Bush
							50 (1984)
41	January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993		George H. W. Bush Born 1924 (92 years old) [126][127][128]	43rd Vice President of the United States		Republican	51 (1988)	Dan Quayle
42	January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001		Bill Clinton Born 1946 (70 years old) [129][130][131]	40th & 42nd Governor of Arkansas (1979–1981 & 1983–1992)		Democratic	52 (1992)	Al Gore
							53 (1996)
43	January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009		George W. Bush Born 1946 (70 years old) [132][133]	46th Governor of Texas (1995–2000)		Republican	54 (2000)	Dick Cheney
							55 (2004)
44	January 20, 2009 – Incumbent		Barack Obama Born 1961 (55 years old) [134][135]	U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Illinois (2005–2008)		Democratic	56 (2008)	Joe Biden
							57 (2012)
[top] President-elect
Presidency[lower-alpha 1]		President-elect[lower-alpha 12]		Prior position[lower-alpha 2]	Party		Election	Vice President-elect
45	(First elected office) Beginning January 20, 2017 (44 days from now)		Donald Trump Born 1946 (70 years old) [2][136]	Chairman of The Trump Organization (1971–present)		Republican	58 (2016)	Mike Pence

Living former presidents

Presently, there are four living former presidents. The most recent death of a former president was that of Gerald Ford (served 1974 to 1977) on December 26, 2006 (aged 93 years, 165 days). The most recently serving president to die was Ronald Reagan (served 1981 to 1989) on June 5, 2004 (aged 93 years, 120 days). Jimmy Carter currently holds the record for having the longest post-presidency of any president.

Living as of December 2016

President[lower-alpha 1]			Date of birth
Jimmy Carter	39	1977–1981	October 1, 1924
George H. W. Bush	41	1989–1993	June 12, 1924
Bill Clinton	42	1993–2001	August 19, 1946
George W. Bush	43	2001–2009	July 6, 1946

President Obama stands alongside the four living former Presidents of the United States (pictured from left, in descending order of service) at the dedication of the George W. Bush Presidential Center at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, April 2013

Subsequent public service

Four presidents held other high U.S. federal offices after leaving the presidency.

President	Presidency[lower-alpha 1]		Subsequent service
John Quincy Adams	6	1825–1829	U.S. Representative from Massachusetts (1831–1848)
Andrew Johnson	17	1865–1869	U.S. Senator from Tennessee (1875)
Grover Cleveland	22	1885–1889	24th President of the United States (1893–1897)
William Howard Taft	27	1909–1913	10th Chief Justice of the United States (1921–1930)

Additionally, several presidents campaigned unsuccessfully for other U.S. state or federal elective offices after leaving the presidency.

President	Presidency[lower-alpha 1]		Office sought unsuccessfully
John Quincy Adams	6	1825–1829	Governor of Massachusetts (1833)
Martin Van Buren	8	1837–1841	President of the United States (1844)
			President of the United States (1848)
Millard Fillmore	13	1850–1853	President of the United States (1856)
Andrew Johnson	17	1865–1869	U.S. Senator from Tennessee (1870)
			U.S. Representative from Tennessee (1872)
Ulysses S. Grant	18	1869–1877	President of the United States (1880)
Theodore Roosevelt	26	1901–1909	President of the United States (1912)

See also

• Founding Fathers of the United States
• Lifespan timeline of Presidents of the United States
• Presidential portrait (United States)
• Presidential $1 Coin Program
• President of the Continental Congress, the presiding officer of the U.S. Continental Congress, 1774–1789

Notes

1. The presidents are counted according to uninterrupted periods of time served by the same person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Upon the resignation of 37th president Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive. A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period.
2. Listed here (unless otherwise noted) is the position (either with a U.S. state or the federal government, or with a private corporation) held by the individual immediately prior to becoming President of the United States.
3. Due to logistical delays, instead of being inaugurated on March 4, 1789, the date scheduled for operations of the federal government under the new Constitution to begin, Washington's first inauguration was held 1 month and 26 days later. As a result, his first term was only 1,404 days long (as opposed to the usual 1461), and was the shortest term for a U.S. president who neither died in office nor resigned.
4. Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted in 1787 and ratified in 1788, nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788–89. When they did develop, during Washington's first term, Adams joined the faction which became the Federalist Party. The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States to be contested on anything resembling a partisan basis.
5. Due to logistical delays, Adams assumed the office of Vice President 1 month and 17 days after the March 4, 1789 scheduled start of operations of the new government under the Constitution. As a result, his first term was only 1,413 days long, and was the shortest term for a U.S. vice president who neither died in office nor resigned.
6. The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and the only one in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected president, and Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected vice president.
7. John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to oppose the Tariff of 1828 and advance the cause of states' rights, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the democratic coalition emerging around Jackson.
8. John Tyler, a former Democrat, ran for vice president on the Whig Party ticket with Harrison in 1840. Tyler's policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party in September 1841.
9. When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket.
10. Democrat Andrew Johnson ran for vice president on the National Union Party ticket with Republican Abraham Lincoln in 1864. Later, while president, Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.
11. The Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution (ratified on January 23, 1933) moved Inauguration Day from March 4 to January 20, beginning in 1937. As a result, Garner's first term in office was 1 month and 12 days shorter than a normal term.
12. While Donald Trump apparently won the most electoral votes in the November 8 election, the presidential electors who comprise the Electoral College will not meet to cast their votes until December 19. The vote of the Electoral College will be certified and made public on January 6, 2017 during a joint session of the United States Congress. It is expected that president-elect Trump will win a majority of these votes.

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External links

• Whitehouse.gov: The Presidents
• Hauenstein Center | Presidential Leadership Studies at Grand Valley State University
• POTUS: Presidents of the United States at the Internet Public Library