Calocedrus decurrens

Calocedrus decurrens
a two-trunked tree in a grassy meadow, with steep terrain, including a granite cliff, in the background
Tree in Yosemite National Park, California
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Pinales
Family: Cupressaceae
Genus: Calocedrus
Species: C. decurrens
Binomial name
Calocedrus decurrens
(Torr.) Florin
refer to caption
Distribution of Calocedrus decurrens in the Western United States
Synonyms

Libocedrus decurrens Torr.

Calocedrus decurrens, with the common names incense cedar[1] and California incense-cedar[2] (syn. Libocedrus decurrens Torr.), is a species of conifer native to western North America, with the bulk of the range in the United States, from central western Oregon through most of California and the extreme west of Nevada, and also a short distance into northwest Mexico in northern Baja California. It grows at altitudes of 50–2,900 metres (160–9,510 ft). It is the most widely known species in the genus, and is often simply called 'incense cedar' without the regional qualifier.[3][4][5]

Description

Calocedrus decurrens is a large tree, typically reaching heights of 40–60 m (130–195 ft) and a trunk diameter of up to 3 m (9.8 ft). The largest known tree, located in Umpqua National Forest, Oregon, is 69.8 m (229 ft 0 in) tall with a 175-centimeter (69-inch) diameter trunk.[6] It has a broad conic crown of spreading branches. The bark is orange-brown weathering grayish, smooth at first, becoming fissured and exfoliating in long strips on the lower trunk on old trees.

The foliage is produced in flattened sprays with scale-like leaves 2–15 mm (3⁄32–19⁄32 in) long; they are arranged in opposite decussate pairs, with the successive pairs closely then distantly spaced, so forming apparent whorls of four; the facial pairs are flat, with the lateral pairs folded over their bases. The leaves are bright green on both sides of the shoots with only inconspicuous stomata.[5] The foliage, when crushed, gives off an aroma somewhat akin to shoe-polish.

The seed cones are 20–35 mm (3⁄4–1 3⁄8 in) long, pale green to yellow, with four (rarely six) scales arranged in opposite decussate pairs; the outer pair of scales each bears two winged seeds, the inner pair(s) usually being sterile and fused together in a flat plate. The cones turn orange to yellow-brown when mature about 8 months after pollination. The pollen cones are 6–8 mm (1⁄4–5⁄16 in) long.[5]

Ecology

This tree is the preferred host of a wood wasp, Syntexis libocedrii a living fossil species which lays its eggs in the smoldering wood immediately after a forest fire.[4] The tree is also host to incense-cedar mistletoe (Phoradendron libocedri), a parasitic plant which can often be found hanging from its branches.[7]

The incense cedar is one of the most fire and drought tolerant plants in California. Although the tree is killed by hot, stand-replacing crown fire, it spreads rapidly after lower intensity burns.[8] This has given the incense cedar a competitive advantage over other species such as the bigcone Douglas-fir in recent years.

Uses

The wood is the primary material for wooden pencils, because it is soft and tends to sharpen easily without forming splinters.

Native Americans

The Native Americans of California used the plant in traditional medicine, basket making, hunting bows, building materials, and to produce fire by friction.[9]

The Maidu Concow tribe name for the plant is hö’-tä (Konkow language).[10]

Cultivation

Calocedrus decurrens is cultivated by plant nurseries as an ornamental tree, for planting in gardens and parks. It is used in traditional, xeriscapic, native plant, and wildlife gardens; and used in designed natural landscaping and habitat restoration projects in California. It is valued for its columnar form and evergreen foliage textures.

The tree is also grown in gardens and parks in cool summer climates, including the Pacific Northwest in the Northwestern United States and British Columbia, eastern Great Britain and continental Northern Europe. In these areas it can develop an especially narrow columnar crown, an unexplained consequence of the cooler climatic conditions that is rare in trees within its warm summer natural range in the California Floristic Province. Other cultivated species from the Cupressaceae family can have similar crown forms.[11] This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[12]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Calocedrus decurrens". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  2. ↑ "BSBI List 2007". Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-02-25. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  3. ↑ Thieret, John W. "Calocedrus decurrens". Flora of North America (FNA). Missouri Botanical Garden. 2 – via eFloras.org.
  4. 1 2 Powers, Robert F.; Oliver, William W. (1990). "Libocedrus decurrens". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. Conifers. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 1 – via Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry (www.na.fs.fed.us).
  5. 1 2 3 Farjon, A. (2005). Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1-84246-068-4
  6. ↑ Gymnosperm Database: Calocedrus decurrens
  7. ↑ Jepson Manual Treatment: Phoradendron libocedri (Incense-cedar mistletoe)
  8. ↑ Franklin, Janet; Spears-Lebrun, Linnea A.; Deutschman, Douglas H.; Marsden, Kim. 2006. Impact of a high-intensity fire on mixed evergreen and mixed conifer forests in the Peninsular Ranges of southern California, USA. Forest Ecology and Management. 235(1-3): 18-29. [65016]
  9. ↑ University of Michigan—Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of Calocedrus decurrens
  10. ↑ Chesnut, Victor King (1902). Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California. Government Printing Office. p. 404. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  11. ↑ Mitchell, A. F. (1996). Alan Mitchell's Trees of Britain. Collins ISBN 0-00-219972-6.
  12. ↑ RHS Plant Selector Calocedrus decurrens AGM / RHS Gardening
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