Charlotte of Savoy

Charlotte of Savoy
Portrait of Charlotte of Savoy, c. 1472
Queen consort of France
Tenure	22 July 1461 – 30 August 1483
Born	11 November 1441
Died	1 December 1483 (aged 42) Amboise, France
Burial	Notre-Dame de Cléry Basilica, Cléry-Saint-André, France
Spouse	Louis XI of France
Issue	Anne, Duchess of Bourbon Joan, Queen of France Charles VIII of France
House	Valois
Father	Louis, Duke of Savoy
Mother	Anne of Cyprus
Religion	Roman Catholicism

Charlotte of Savoy (11 November 1441 – 1 December 1483) was queen of France as the second spouse of Louis XI. She served as regent during the king's absence in 1465, and was a member of the royal regency council during her sons minority in 1483.

Life

She was a daughter of Louis, Duke of Savoy^[1] and Anne of Cyprus.^[2] Her maternal grandparents were Janus of Cyprus and Charlotte de Bourbon-La Marche. Her maternal grandmother, for whom she was probably named, was a daughter of John I, Count of La Marche, and Catherine de Vendôme. She was one of 19 children, 14 of whom survived infancy.

Marriage

On 11 March 1443, when Charlotte was just over a year old, she was betrothed to Frederick of Saxony (28 August 1439- 23 December 1451), eldest son of Frederick II, Elector of Saxony.^[1] For reasons unknown, the betrothal was annulled. Less than eight years later on 14 February 1451, Charlotte married Louis, Dauphin of France (future Louis XI), eldest son of Charles VII of France and Marie of Anjou.^[3] The bride was nine years old and the groom twenty-seven. The marriage, which had taken place without the consent of the French king,^[3] was Louis' second; his first spouse, Margaret of Scotland, had died childless in 1445. Upon her marriage, Charlotte became Dauphine of France.

Louis reportedly neglected her. When the news upon his succession to the throne of France reached the couple at the Burgundian court, he immediately abandoned her in Burgundy to secure his inheritance, leaving her dependent upon of Isabella of Bourbon to borrow her the carts and entourage necessary to travel to France to join him.

Queen

On 22 July 1461, Charlotte became Queen of France. The following year, she became seriously ill and was close to death by August 1462. Although she recovered, her health was weakened.

Louis XI did not keep much of a representational court life. He had queen Charlotte and her household kept secluded at the Château of Amboise, were she spent her days with her sisters and courtiers, supervising the education of her daughters (her son was educated by the king), playing chess and marbles, listening to her lute player, doing needlework and fulfilling her religious duties. On rare occasions she was asked to fulfill ceremonial tasks as queen such as greeting foreign guests, for example in 1470, when the king took the powerful Earl of Warwick and the Duke of Clarence from England to Amboise to visit her. Charlotte was interested in literature and praised for the taste and excellence of her personal library.^[2] She left a collection of about one hundred manuscripts, which would become the genesis of the Bibliothèque nationale of France.

Charlotte was regarded as virtuous. A contemporary noted that "while she was an excellent Princess in other respects, she was not a person in whom a man could take any great delight";^[2] However, after the birth of her last child in 1472, Louis swore that he would no longer be unfaithful, and according to the chronicler Phillip de Commynes, he kept this vow.

Charlotte served as regent in September 1465.

Queen dowager

Charlotte was widowed in 1483, when Louis XI was succeeded by their son Charles VIII, who was still a minor.

Louis XI did not make Charlotte regent if his son should succeed him while still a minor; he did in fact not formally appoint a regent at all, but he did leave instructions for a royal council to govern during such a minority, in which Charlotte, alongside Duke Jean de Bourbon II and their two son-in-laws Louis d'Orleans (married to their daughter Jeanne) and Peter II, Duke of Bourbon (married to their daughter Anne), were made members. In practice, her daughter Anne took control over France as regent during the minority of Charles.

Charlotte died on 1 December 1483 in Amboise, just a few months after her spouse's death. She is buried with him in the Notre-Dame de Cléry Basilica ^[4] in Cléry-Saint-André (Loiret) in the arrondissement of Orléans.

Issue

Charlotte became the mother of eight children, but only three survived infancy. These were Charles VIII, who became king of France, Anne, who acted as regent of France for Charles, and Joan, who became queen of France as the spouse of Louis XII.

• Louis (1458–1460)
• Joachim (1459)
• Louise (1460)
• Anne (3 April 1461 – 14 November 1522), Duchess of Bourbon, Viscountess of Thouars (1468–1473), Regent of France (1483–1491); married Peter II, Duke of Bourbon, by whom she had one daughter, Suzanne, Duchess of Bourbon.
• Joan (23 April 1464 – 4 February 1505), who was briefly Queen of France as the first spouse of Louis XII
• Francis (1466)
• Charles VIII (30 June 1470 – 7 April 1498), who married Anne of Brittany; he died childless.
• Francis (1472–1473)

Upon the death of her daughter, Anne, Charlotte's line became extinct; her granddaughter, Suzanne having died in 1521 without surviving issue.

Ancestry

Ancestors of Charlotte of Savoy

16. Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy               8. Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy                       17. Bonne of Bourbon               4. Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy                             18. John, Duke of Berry               9. Bonne of Berry                       19. Joanna of Armagnac               2. Louis, Duke of Savoy                                   20. John II of France               10. Philip the Bold                       21. Bonne of Bohemia               5. Mary of Burgundy                             22. Louis II of Flanders               11. Margaret III, Countess of Flanders                       23. Margaret of Brabant               1. Charlotte of Savoy                                         24. Hugh IV of Cyprus               12. James I of Cyprus                       25. Alice d'Ibelin               6. Janus of Cyprus                             26. Duke Philip of Brunswick-Grubenhagen               13. Helvis of Brunswick-Grubenhagen                       27. Helisia of Dampierre               3. Anne of Cyprus                                   28. James I, Count of La Marche               14. John I, Count of La Marche                       29. Jeanne of Châtillon               7. Charlotte of Bourbon-La Marche                             30. John VI, Count of Vendôme               15. Catherine of Vendôme                       31. Jeanne of Ponthieu

References

1. Joachim W. Stieber, Pope Eugenius IV, the Council of Basel and the Secular and Ecclesiastical Authorities in the Empire, (E.J. Brill, 1978), 254.
2. Sharon L. Jansen, Anne of France: Lessons For My Daughter, ed. Jane Chance, (Boydell & Brewer, 2004), 2-3
3. Richard Vaughan, Philip the Good, (The Boydell Press, 2010), 353.

• Pauline Matarasso, “Queen’s Mate: Three women of power in France on the eve of the Renaissance”
• John Seargeant Cyprian Bridge, “A History of France from the Death of Louis XI”
• Paul Murray Kendall, “The Universal Spider: Louis XI”