Christian Democratic Union of Germany

Christian Democratic Union of Germany Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands
Abbreviation	CDU
Chairwoman	Angela Merkel (Chancellor)
Vice Chairpeople	Volker Bouffier Ursula von der Leyen Julia Klöckner Armin Laschet Thomas Strobl
Secretary General	Peter Tauber
Founded	June 26, 1945
Headquarters	Klingelhöferstraße 8 10785 Berlin
Newspaper	"Union"
Youth wing	Young Union
Membership  (December 2015)	446,859 [1]
Ideology	Christian democracy Liberal conservatism Pro-Europeanism
Political position	Centre-right[2][3][4][5][6]
National affiliation	CDU/CSU
European affiliation	European People's Party
International affiliation	Centrist Democrat International International Democrat Union
European Parliament group	European People's Party
Colours	Black (customary)      Blue (official)      Orange (official)
Bundestag	254 / 630
State Parliaments	527 / 1,845
European Parliament	29 / 96
Prime ministers of states	4 / 16
Website
www.cdu.de
Politics of Germany Political parties Elections

Angela Merkel

The Christian Democratic Union of Germany (German: Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands, CDU; German pronunciation: [ˈkʁɪstlɪç ˌdemoˈkʁaːtɪʃə uˈni̯oːn ˈdɔʏtʃlants]) is a Christian democratic^[7][8][9] and liberal-conservative^[7] political party in Germany. It is the major catch-all party of the centre-right in German politics.^[10][11] The CDU forms the CDU/CSU grouping, also known as the Union, in the Bundestag with its Bavarian counterpart the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU).

The leader of the CDU, Angela Merkel, is the current Chancellor of Germany. The CDU is a member of the Centrist Democrat International, International Democrat Union and European People's Party (EPP).

History

Immediately following the collapse of the Nazi dictatorship at the end of World War II, the need for a new political order in Germany was paramount. Simultaneous yet unrelated meetings began occurring throughout Germany, each with the intention of planning a "Christian-democratic party". The "Christlich-Demokratische Union" was established in Berlin on 26 June 1945, and in Rheinland and Westfalen in September of the same year.

The founding members of the CDU consisted primarily of former members of the Centre Party, German Democratic Party, German National People's Party, and German People's Party. Many of these individuals, including CDU-Berlin founder Andreas Hermes and future chancellor of Germany Konrad Adenauer, were imprisoned for the involvement in the German Resistance during the Nazi dictatorship. In the Cold War years, after World War II up to the 1960s, the CDU also attracted conservative, anti-Communist former Nazis and Nazi collaborators into its higher ranks (like Hans Globke and Theodor Oberländer). A prominent anti-Nazi member was theologian Eugen Gerstenmaier who became Acting Chairman of the Foreign Board (1949-1969).

The election poster of 1957: "No experiments", featuring then Chancellor Konrad Adenauer.

One of the lessons learned from the failure of the Weimar Republic was that disunity among the democratic parties ultimately allowed for the rise of the Nazi Party. It was therefore crucial to create a unified party of Christian Democrats – a Christian Democratic "Union". The result of these meetings was the establishment of an inter-confessional (Catholic and Protestant alike) party influenced heavily by the political tradition of liberal conservatism. The CDU experienced considerable success gaining support from the time of its creation in Berlin on 26 June 1945 until its first convention on 21 October 1950, at which Chancellor Adenauer was named the first Chairman of the party.

In the beginning, it was not clear which party would be favored by the victors of the Second World War, but by the end of the 1940s, the governments of the United States and of Britain began to lean toward the CDU and away from the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). The latter was more nationalist and sought German reunification, even at the expense of concessions to the Soviet Union, depicting Adenauer as an instrument of both the Americans and the Vatican. The Western powers appreciated the CDU's moderation, its economic flexibility and its value as an oppositional force to the Communists, which appealed to European voters at the time. Also, Adenauer was trusted by the British.^[12]

The party was split over issues of rearmament within the Western alliance and German unification as a neutral state. Adenauer staunchly defended his pro-Western position and outmanoeuvred some of his opponents. He also refused to consider the SPD as a party of the coalition until he felt sure that they shared his anti-Communist position. The principled rejection of a reunification that would alienate Germany from the Western alliance made it harder to attract Protestant voters to the party, as most refugees from the former German territories east of the Oder were of that faith, as were the majority of the inhabitants of East Germany.^[12]

The CDU was the dominant party for the first two decades following the establishment of West Germany in 1949. Konrad Adenauer remained the party’s leader until 1963, at which point the former minister of economics Ludwig Erhard replaced him.^[13] As the Free Democratic Party (FDP) withdrew from the governing coalition in 1966 due to disagreements over fiscal and economic policy, Erhard was forced to resign. Consequently, a grand coalition with the SPD took over government under CDU Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger.

The SPD quickly gained popularity and succeeded in forming a social-liberal coalition with the FDP following the 1969 federal election, forcing the CDU out of power for the first time in their history. The CDU continued its role as opposition until 1982, when the FDP’s withdrawal from the coalition with the SPD allowed the CDU to regain power.

Kohl era

CDU Chairman Helmut Kohl became the new Chancellor of West Germany and his CDU-FDP coalition was confirmed in the 1983 federal election. Public support for the coalition's work in the process of German reunification was reiterated in the 1990 federal election, in which the CDU-FDP governing coalition experienced a clear victory.

East German CDU leader Lothar de Maizière (left) with West German CDU leader Helmut Kohl, September 1990

After the collapse of the East German government in 1989, Kohl – supported by the governments of the United States, and (reluctantly) by those of France and the United Kingdom – called for German reunification. On 3 October 1990, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) was abolished and its territory annexed by West Germany. The East German CDU merged with its West German counterpart, and elections were held for the reunified country. Although Kohl was re-elected, the party began losing much of its popularity because of an economic recession in the former GDR and increased taxes in the west. The CDU was, however, able to win the 1994 federal election by a narrow margin due to an economic recovery.

Helmut Kohl served as chairman until the party's electoral defeat in 1998, when he was succeeded by Wolfgang Schäuble; Schäuble resigned in early 2000 as a result of a party financing scandal and was replaced by Angela Merkel, who remains the leader of the CDU to this day. In the 1998 federal election, the CDU polled 28.4% and the CSU 6.7% of the national vote, which was the lowest result for CDU/CSU since 1949. Thus, a Red-Green coalition under the leadership of Gerhard Schröder took power until 2005. In 2002, the CDU and CSU polled slightly higher – 29.5% and 9.0%, respectively – but still lacked the majority needed for a CDU-FDP coalition government.

Merkel Era

In 2005 early elections were called after the CDU dealt the governing SPD a major blow, winning more than ten state elections, most of which were landslide victories. The resulting grand coalition between the CDU/CSU and the SPD faced a serious challenge stemming from both parties' demand for the chancellorship. After three weeks of negotiations, however, the two parties reached a deal whereby CDU received the chancellorship while the SPD retained 8 of the 16 seats in the cabinet and a majority of the most prestigious cabinet posts.^[14] The coalition deal was approved by both parties at party conferences on November 14.^[15] Merkel was confirmed as the first female Chancellor of Germany by the majority of delegates (397 to 217) in the newly assembled Bundestag on 22 November.^[16]

Although the CDU/CSU lost support in the 2009 federal elections, the FDP experienced the best election cycle in their history, thereby enabling a CDU/CSU-FDP coalition. This marked the first change of coalition partner by a Chancellor in German history.

The loss of anti-Communism as a political theme, secularization, and the cultural revolutions occurring since the 1960s have challenged the viability of the CDU. In her 2005 campaign, Angela Merkel was unwilling to express explicitly Christian views, while maintaining that her party had never lost its "concept of values". Merkel and Bundestag President Norbert Lammert have been keen to clarify that CDU references to the "dominant culture" imply "tolerance and living together".^[12] According to party analyst Stephan Eisel however, her avoiding the values-issue may have had the opposite effect as she failed to mobilize the party's core constituency.^[17]

Konrad-Adenauer-Haus, headquarters of the CDU, in Berlin

While Adenauer and Erhard co-operated with non-Nazi parties to their right, later the CDU has worked to marginalize its right-wing opposition.

Party platform

The CDU applying the principles of Christian democracy and emphasising the "Christian understanding of humans and their responsibility toward God." CDU membership consists however of people adhering to a variety of religions as well as non-religious individuals. The CDU's policies derive from political Catholicism, Catholic social teaching and political Protestantism, as well as fiscal conservatism and national conservatism. The CDU was the first proponent of the social market economy, although the party has adopted more liberal economic policies since Helmut Kohl's term in office as the Chancellor of Germany (1982–1998). In terms of foreign policy, the CDU commits itself to European integration and a strong relation with the United States. In the European Union, the party opposes the entry of Turkey into the EU, preferring instead a privileged partnership with Turkey. In addition to citing various human rights violations, the CDU also believes that Turkey's unwillingness to recognise Cyprus as an independent, sovereign state contradicts the EU policy that its members must recognise the existence of one another. Domestically, the CDU emphasises curtailing red tape and the preservation of cultural traditions.

Opponents of the CDU are the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), The Left party and Alliance '90/The Greens. The CDU has however governed in three federal-level and numerous state-level Grand Coalitions with the SPD as well as in state and local-level coalitions with the Alliance '90/The Greens. The CDU rejects coalitions with either far-left or far-right parties.

The Free Democratic Party (FDP), a classical liberal party, is the preferred partner of any CDU government since the CDU and FDP have similar attitudes towards fiscal policy. As a conservative party, the CDU supports stronger punishments of crimes and supports involvement on the part of the Bundeswehr in cases of domestic anti-terrorism offensives. In terms of immigrants, the CDU supports initiatives to integrate immigrants through language courses, and aims to further control immigration. Dual citizenship should only be allowed in exceptional cases.

Internal structure

Members

In May 2012, the CDU had 484,397 members. The number has dropped by 3.1% in 2011 and 3.0% in 2010. The members' average age was 59 years. 6% of the Christian Democrats were under 30 years old.^[18] A 2007 study by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation showed that 25.4% of members were female and 74.6% male. Female participation was higher in the former East German states with 29.2% compared to 24.8% in the former West German states.^[19]

Before 1966, membership totals in CDU organisation were only estimated. The numbers after 1966 are based on the total from 31 December of the previous year.

Data about state party group

State group		Chairman		Members
	Baden-Württemberg		Thomas Strobl	074,669
	Berlin		Frank Henkel	012,568
	Brandenburg		Ingo Senftleben	006,797
	Bremen		Jörg Kastendiek	003,246
	Hamburg		Roland Heintze	009,697
	Hesse		Volker Bouffier	047,789
	Mecklenburg-Vorpommern		Lorenz Caffier	006,038
	Lower Saxony		David McAllister (Hanover), Franz-Josef Holzenkamp (Oldenburg), Frank Oesterhelweg (Braunschweig)	072,813
	North Rhine-Westphalia		Armin Laschet	165,273
	Rhineland-Palatinate		Julia Klöckner	049,856
	Saarland		Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer	020,651
	Saxony		Stanislaw Tillich	013,148
	Saxony-Anhalt		Thomas Webel	008,410
	Schleswig-Holstein		Ingbert Liebing	026,674
	Thuringia		Mike Mohring	012,035

Party strongholds

Membership development

The traditional strongholds of the party are concentrated in rural and Catholic regions such as the Eifel, Münsterland, Sauerland, Fulda district, Emsland, Oldenburger Münsterland, the Thuringia Eichsfeld as well as areas in Nordfriesland, Saxony, Schwaben, Vorpommern, North Saarland, Taunus, and smaller cities such as Baden-Baden, Konstanz, and Pforzheim. There is less support in Bremen, in Brandenburg, and in East Berlin.

Relationship to the CSU

Germany Day of Junge Union in Cologne, 1986

Both the CDU and the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) originated after World War II, sharing a concern for the Christian worldview. In the Federal Parliament (Bundestag), the CDU is represented in a common faction with the CSU. This faction is called CDU/CSU or, informally, "the Union;" its basis is a binding agreement known as a Fraktionsvertrag between the two parties.

The CDU and CSU share a common youth organisation, the Junge Union.

On issues of federal policies the CDU and CSU do not differ, but they remain legally and organisationally separate parties. The social differences between the CDU and the somewhat more socially conservative CSU have sometimes been a source of conflict in the past. The most notable and serious such incident was in 1976, when the CSU under Franz Josef Strauß ended the alliance with the CDU at a party conference in Wildbad Kreuth. This decision was reversed shortly thereafter when the CDU threatened to run candidates against the CSU in Bavaria.

The relationship of CDU to the CSU has historic parallels to previous Christian democratic parties in Germany, with the Catholic Centre Party having served as a national Catholic party throughout the German Empire and the Weimar Republic with the Bavarian People's Party functioning as the Bavarian variant.

Since its formation, the CSU has been more conservative than the CDU. The CSU and the state of Bavaria decided not to sign the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, as they insisted on more autonomy for the individual states.^[20] The CSU and the free state of Bavaria have a separate police and justice system (distinctive and non-federal), and have actively participated in all political affairs of the German Parliament, the German Government, the German Bundesrat, the parliamentary elections of the German President, the European Parliament, and meetings with Gorbachev in Russia.

Konrad Adenauer Foundation

Conference in Rhöndorf, with eminent historian Golo Mann (center), 1978

The Konrad Adenauer Foundation is the think-tank of the CDU. It is named after the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany and first president of the CDU. The foundation offers political education, conducts scientific fact-finding research for political projects, grants scholarships to gifted individuals, researches the history of Christian democracy, and supports and encourages European unification, international understanding, and development-policy cooperation. Its annual budget amounts to around 120 million Euro.^[21]

Special organizations

Notable suborganisations of the CDU are:

• Junge Union (JU), the common youth organisation of the CDU and the CSU;
• Christian Democratic Employees' Association (CDA), a traditionally leftist association representing Christian Democratic wage-earners;
• Evangelical Working Group of the CDU/CSU (EAK, together with the CSU), representing the Protestant minority in the party;
• Association of Christian Democratic Students (RCDS), the student organisation of the party.

Chairmen/Chairwomen of the CDU, 1950–present

Chairperson	Period
Konrad Adenauer	1950–1966
Ludwig Erhard	1966–1967
Kurt Georg Kiesinger	1967–1971
Rainer Barzel	1971–1973
Helmut Kohl	1973–1998
Wolfgang Schäuble	1998–2000
Angela Merkel	2000–present

Parliamentary chairmen/chairwomen of the CDU/CSU group in the national parliament

Chairperson of the CDU/CSU group	Period
Heinrich von Brentano di Tremezzo	1949–1955
Heinrich Krone	1955–1961
Heinrich von Brentano di Tremezzo	1961–1964
Rainer Barzel	1964–1973
Karl Carstens	1973–1976
Helmut Kohl	1976–1982
Alfred Dregger	1982–1991
Wolfgang Schäuble	1991–2000
Friedrich Merz	2000–2002
Angela Merkel	2002–2005
Volker Kauder	2005–Present

German Chancellors from the CDU

Chancellor of Germany	Time in office
Konrad Adenauer	1949–1963
Ludwig Erhard	1963–1966
Kurt Georg Kiesinger	1966–1969
Helmut Kohl	1982–1998
Angela Merkel	2005–Present

Election results

Federal Parliament (Bundestag)

Election year	# of constituency votes	# of party list votes	% of party list votes	# of overall seats won	+/–	Govt?
1949		5,978,636	25.2	115 / 402		Yes
1953	9,577,659	10,016,594	36.4	197 / 509	82	Yes
1957	11,975,400	11,875,339	39.7	222 / 519	25	Yes
1961	11,622,995	11,283,901	35.8	201 / 521	21	Yes
1965	12,631,319	12,387,562	38.0	202 / 518	1	Yes
1969	12,137,148	12,079,535	36.6	201 / 518	1	No
1972	13,304,813	13,190,837	35.2	186 / 518	15	No
1976	14,423,157	14,367,302	38.0	201 / 518	15	No
1980	13,467,207	12,989,200	34.2	185 / 519	16	No
1983	15,943,460	14,857,680	38.1	202 / 520	17	Yes
1987	14,168,527	13,045,745	34.4	185 / 519	17	Yes
1990	17,707,574	17,055,116	36.7	268 / 662	83	Yes
1994	17,473,325	16,089,960	34.2	244 / 672	24	Yes
1998	15,854,215	14,004,908	28.4	198 / 669	46	No
2002	15,336,512	14,167,561	29.5	190 / 603	8	No
2005	15,390,950	13,136,740	27.8	180 / 614	10	Yes
2009	13,856,674	11,828,277	27.3	194 / 622	14	Yes
2013	16,233,642	14,921,877	34.1	254 / 630	61	Yes

European Parliament

Election year	# of overall votes	% of overall vote	# of overall seats won	+/–
1979	10,883,085	39.0 (#2)	33 / 81
1984	9,308,411	37.5 (#1)	32 / 81	1
1989	8,332,846	29.5 (#2)	24 / 81	8
1994	11,346,073	32.0 (#2)	39 / 99	15
1999	10,628,224	39.2 (#1)	43 / 99	4
2004	9,412,009	36.5 (#1)	40 / 99	3
2009	8,071,391	30.6 (#1)	34 / 99	6
2014	8,807,500	30.0 (#1)	29 / 96	5

See also

• Archive for Christian Democratic Policy
• List of Christian democratic parties
• List of political parties in Germany
• Merkel-Raute, the signature gesture of Angela Merkel, which is prominently featured in the CDU's campaign for the 2013 federal election.^[22]
• Party finance in Germany

References

1. "Mitgliederschwund – AfD profitiert vom Schrumpfen der Volksparteien". Retrieved 2015-06-03.
2. Boswell, Christina; Dough, Dan (2009). Bale, Tim, ed. Politicizing migration: opportunity or liability for the centre-right in Germany?. Immigration and Integration Policy in Europe: Why Politics – and the Centre-Right – Matter. Routledge. p. 21.
3. Hornsteiner, Margret; Saalfeld, Thomas (2014). Parties and the Party System. Developments in German Politics 4. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 80.
4. Detterbeck, Klaus (2014). Multi-Level Party Politics in Western Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 105.
5. Conradt, David P. (2015), "Christian Democratic Union (CDU)", Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved 16 December 2015
6. Miklin, Eric (November 2014). "From 'Sleeping Giant' to Left–Right Politicization? National Party Competition on the EU and the Euro Crisis". JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies. 52 (6): 1199–1206.
7. Wolfram Nordsieck. "The database about parliamentary elections and political parties in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 2012-06-03.
8. T. Banchoff (1999). Legitimacy and the European Union. Taylor & Francis. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-415-18188-4. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
9. Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko; Matti Mälkiä (2007). Encyclopedia of Digital Government. Idea Group Inc (IGI). p. 389. ISBN 978-1-59140-790-4. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
10. Mark Kesselman; Joel Krieger; Christopher S. Allen; Stephen Hellman (2008). European Politics in Transition. Cengage Learning. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-618-87078-3. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
11. Sarah Elise Wiliarty (2010). The CDU and the Politics of Gender in Germany: Bringing Women to the Party. Cambridge University Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-521-76582-4. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
12. Paul Gottfried: "The Rise and Fall of Christian Democracy in Europe", in Orbis, Fall 2007.
13. "Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967)".
14. "Merkel named as German chancellor". BBC News. October 10, 2005. Retrieved April 1, 2010.
15. "German parties back new coalition". BBC News. November 14, 2005. Retrieved April 1, 2010.
16. "Merkel becomes German chancellor". BBC News. November 22, 2005. Retrieved April 1, 2010.
17. Stefan Eisel: Reale Regierungsopposition gegen gefühlte Oppositionsregierung Die Politische Meinung, Dezember 2005.
18. "Ausnahme Piraten und Grüne: Parteien laufen Mitglieder weg". n-tv (in German). 28 May 2012.
19. Die Mitglieder der CDU: Studie by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation
20. Dieter Wunderlich, 2006, Gründung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Accessed 2013-09-23
21. 2010 Annual Report p.93 (German)
22. "'Merkel diamond' takes centre stage in German election campaign". The Guardian. 3 September 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2013.

Further reading

• Bösch, Frank (2004). Steven Van Hecke; Emmanuel Gerard, eds. Two Crises, Two Consolidations? Christian Democracy in Germany. Christian Democratic Parties in Europe Since the End of the Cold War. Leuven University Press. pp. 55–78. ISBN 90-5867-377-4.
• Cary, Noel D. (1996). The Path to Christian Democracy: German Catholics and the Party System from Windthorst to Adenauer. Harvard University Press.
• Kleinmann, Hans-Otto (1993). Geschichte der CDU: 1945–1982. Stuttgart. ISBN 3-421-06541-1.
• Lappenküper, Ulrich (2004). Michael Gehler; Wolfram Kaiser, eds. Between Concentration Movement and People's Party: The Christian Democratic Union of Germany. Christian Democracy in Europe since 1945. Routledge. pp. 21–32. ISBN 0-7146-5662-3.
• Mitchell, Maria (2012). The Origins of Christian Democracy: Politics and Confession in Modern Germany. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11841-0.
• Wiliarty, Sarah Elise (2010). The CDU and the Politics of Gender in Germany: Bringing Women to the Party. Cambridge University Press.

External links

• Official web site of the Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands
• Official web site of the European People's Party (EPP)
• http://www.spartacus-educational.com/2WWeastGermany.htm
• http://countrystudies.us/germany/73.htm
• http://countrystudies.us/germany/166.htm