GDF15

Identifiers

GDF15, GDF-15, MIC-1, MIC1, NAG-1, PDF, PLAB, PTGFB, growth differentiation factor 15

External IDs

OMIM: 605312 MGI: 1346047 HomoloGene: 3576 GeneCards: GDF15

Gene ontology
Molecular function	• transforming growth factor beta receptor binding • cytokine activity • growth factor activity
Cellular component	• extracellular space • extracellular region • extracellular exosome
Biological process	• regulation of apoptotic process • cell-cell signaling • positive regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation • positive regulation of myoblast fusion • regulation of MAPK cascade • transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway • SMAD protein signal transduction • cell development • signal transduction
Sources:Amigo / QuickGO

RNA expression pattern

More reference expression data

Orthologs

Species

Human

Mouse

Entrez


9518


23886

Ensembl


ENSG00000130513


ENSMUSG00000038508

UniProt


Q99988


Q9Z0J7

RefSeq (mRNA)


NM_004864


NM_011819

RefSeq (protein)


NP_004855.2


NP_035949.2

Location (UCSC)

Chr 19: 18.37 – 18.39 Mb

Chr 8: 70.63 – 70.63 Mb

PubMed search

^[1]

^[2]

Wikidata

View/Edit Human

View/Edit Mouse

Growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a protein belonging to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily that has a role in regulating inflammatory and apoptotic pathways in injured tissues and during disease processes.^[3] GDF15 is also known as TGF-PL, MIC-1, PDF, PLAB, and PTGFB.^[4] GDF15 mRNA is most abundant in the liver, with lower levels seen in some other tissues. Its expression in liver can be significantly up-regulated in during injury of organs such as liver, kidney, heart and lung.^[3]^[4]^[5]

References

↑ "Human PubMed Reference:".
↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:".
1 2 Zimmers T, Jin X, Hsiao E, McGrath S, Esquela A, Koniaris L (2005). "Growth differentiation factor-15/macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 induction after kidney and lung injury". Shock. 23 (6): 543–8. PMID 15897808.
1 2 Hsiao E, Koniaris L, Zimmers-Koniaris T, Sebald S, Huynh T, Lee S (2000). "Characterization of growth-differentiation factor 15, a transforming growth factor beta superfamily member induced following liver injury". Mol Cell Biol. 20 (10): 3742–3751. doi:10.1128/MCB.20.10.3742-3751.2000. PMC 85678. PMID 10779363.
↑ Ago T, Sadoshima J (2006). "GDF15, a cardioprotective TGF-beta superfamily protein". Circ Res. 98 (3): 294–297. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000207919.83894.9d. PMID 16484622.

External links

GDF 15 in Oncology

Cell signaling: TGFβ signaling pathway

TGF beta superfamily of ligands

TGF beta family	TGF-β1 TGF-β2 TGF-β3

Bone morphogenetic proteins	BMP2 BMP3 BMP4 BMP5 BMP6 BMP7 BMP8a BMP8b BMP10 BMP15

Growth differentiation factors	GDF1 GDF2 GDF3 GDF5 GDF6 GDF7 Myostatin/GDF8 GDF9 GDF10 GDF11 GDF15

Other	Activin and inhibin Anti-müllerian hormone Nodal

TGF beta receptors
(Activin, BMP)

TGFBR1:	Activin type 1 receptors ACVR1 ACVR1B ACVR1C ACVRL1 BMPR1 BMPR1A BMPR1B

TGFBR2:	Activin type 2 receptors ACVR2A ACVR2B AMHR2 BMPR2

TGFBR3:	betaglycan

Transducers/SMAD

Ligand inhibitors

Coreceptors

BAMBI
Cripto

Other

SARA

TGFβ receptor superfamily modulators

Type I

ALK1 (ACVRL1)	Agonists: Activin (A, B, AB) Avotermin BMP (10) Cetermin GDF (2 (BMP9)) TGFβ (1, 2, 3) Antibodies: Ascrinvacumab Kinase inhibitors: K-02288 ML-347 (LDN-193719, VU0469381) Decoy receptors: Dalantercept Other inhibitors: Disitertide

ALK2 (ACVR1A)	Agonists: Activin (A, B, AB) AMH (MIS) Avotermin BMP (5, 6, 7, 8A, 8B) Eptotermin alfa TGFβ (1, 2, 3) Kinase inhibitors: DMH-1 DMH-2 Dorsomorphin (BML-275) K-02288 ML-347 (LDN-193719, VU0469381)

ALK3 (BMPR1A)	Agonists: AMH (MIS) BMP (2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8A, 8B) Dibotermin alfa Eptotermin alfa Kinase inhibitors: DMH-2 Dorsomorphin (BML-275) K-02288

ALK4 (ACVR1B)	Agonists: Activin (A, B, AB) GDF (1, 3, 11 (BMP11)) Myostatin (GDF8) Nodal Antagonists: Inhibin (A, B) Lefty (1, 2) Kinase inhibitors: A 83-01 SB-431542 SB-505124

ALK5 (TGFβR1)	Agonists: Avotermin GDF (10 (BMP3B), 11 (BMP11)) TGFβ (1, 2, 3) Antibodies: Fresolimumab Lerdelimumab Metelimumab Kinase inhibitors: A 83-01 D-4476 GW-788388 LY-364947 LY-2109761 Galunisertib (LY-2157299) R-268712 RepSox (E-616452, SJN-2511) SB-431542 SB-505124 SB-525334 SD-208

ALK6 (BMPR1B)	Agonists: BMP (2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8A, 8B, 15 (GDF9B)) Dibotermin alfa Eptotermin alfa GDF (5 (BMP14), 6 (BMP13), 7 (BMP12), 9, 15) Radotermin Kinase inhibitors: DMH-2 Dorsomorphin (BML-275) K-02288

ALK7 (ACVR1C)	Agonists: GDF (1, 3, 11 (BMP11)) Nodal Antagonists: Lefty (1, 2) Kinase inhibitors: A 83-01 SB-431542 SB-505124

Type II

TGFβR2	Agonists: Avotermin GDF (10 (BMP3B)) TGFβ (1, 2, 3) Antibodies: Fresolimumab Lerdelimumab Metelimumab Kinase inhibitors: DMH-2 LY-364947

BMPR2	Agonists: BMP (2, 4, 6, 7, 10) Dibotermin alfa Eptotermin alfa GDF (2 (BMP9), 5 (BMP14), 6 (BMP13), 7 (BMP12)) Radotermin Antagonists: Inhibin (A, B)

ACVR2A (ACVR2)	Agonists: Activin (A, B, AB) BMP (2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8A, 8B, 15 (GDF9B)) Dibotermin alfa Eptotermin alfa GDF (1, 3, 5 (BMP14), 6 (BMP13), 7 (BMP12), 9, 11 (BMP11), 15) Myostatin (GDF8) Nodal Radotermin Antagonists: Inhibin (A, B) Lefty (1, 2) Decoy receptors: Sotatercept

ACVR2B	Agonists: Activin (A, B, AB) BMP (2, 4, 6, 7) Dibotermin alfa Eptotermin alfa GDF (1, 3, 5 (BMP14), 6 (BMP13), 7 (BMP12)) Myostatin (GDF8) Nodal Osteogenin (BMP3, BMP3A) Radotermin Antagonists: Inhibin (A, B) Lefty (1, 2) Decoy receptors: Ramatercept

AMHR2 (AMHR)	Agonists: AMH (MIS)

Type III

TGFβR3 (β-glycan)	Ligands: Avotermin Inhibin (A, B) TGFβ (1, 2, 3)

Unsorted

Endogenous antagonists/inhibitors: BAMBI
Cerberus (CER1)
Chordin
DAN (PARN)
Decorin
Follistatin
Gremlin (Drm)
LTBP1
Noggin
TGIF
Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1)
Tomoregulin 1

Antibodies: Stamulumab (against myostatin)
TRC105 (against endoglin)

Others: Endoglin

See also: Growth factor receptor modulators
Cytokine receptor modulators
Peptide receptor modulators

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