Haplogroup E (mtDNA)
| Haplogroup E | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 16,400 to 39,000 YBP [1] |
| Possible place of origin | Indonesia[1] or Taiwan[2] |
| Ancestor | M9 |
| Descendants | E1, E2 |
| Defining mutations | 3027, 3705, 7598, 13626, 16390[3] |
In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup E is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup typical for the Malay Archipelago. It is a subgroup of haplogroup M9.
Origin
It is believed to have arisen in Northeast Sundaland or around Sulawesi and Sulu Seas.[1] On the other hand, it might be related with the Austronesian languages expansion from Taiwan to Insulinde, indicating a common origin of the populations of insular Southeast Asia and suggesting a prevalence in the Taiwanese aboriginal gene pool (mainly E with B4, B5a, F1a, F3b and M7) of its initial late Pleistocene settlers.[2]
Haplogroup E is a subclade of Haplogroup M9, which is the most frequently occurring mtDNA haplogroup among modern Tibetans of Xizang.[4]
Distribution
Haplogroup E has a Southeast Asian distribution. In particular, it is found among speakers of Austronesian languages, and it is rare even in Southeast Asia among members of other language families. It has been detected in populations of Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia (including Sabah of Borneo, but not the Orang Asli of peninsular Malaysia), coastal Papua New Guinea, and especially in the Chamorros of the Mariana Islands.[5][6][7][8][9][10]
Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup E
| Population | Frequency | Count | Source | Subtypes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chamorro (85 Guam, 14 Saipan, & 6 Rota) | 0.924 | 105 | Vilar 2013 | E2a=68, E1a2=29 |
| East Indonesian (Sulawesi, incl. 89 Manado, 64 Toraja, 46 Ujung Padang, & 38 Palu) | 0.266 | 237 | Hill 2007 | E1a=42, E1b=9, E2=7, E1(xE1a, E1b)=5 |
| Filipino (Mindanao) | 0.214 | 70 | Tabbada 2010 | E1a1a=10, E2(xE2b)=4, E1b=1 |
| Filipino (Visayas) | 0.214 | 112 | Tabbada 2010 | E1a1a=18, E2(xE2b)=5, E1(xE1a1a, E1a2, E1b)=1 |
| East Indonesian (Ambon) | 0.163 | 43 | Hill 2007 | E1(xE1a, E1b)=3, E1a=2, E2=2 |
| East Indonesian (Waingapu, Sumba) | 0.160 | 50 | Hill 2007 | E1b=6, E1a=1, E2=1 |
| Indonesian (Bangka) | 0.147 | 34 | Hill 2006 | E=5 |
| Borneo (89 Banjarmasin & 68 Kota Kinabalu) | 0.146 | 157 | Hill 2007 | E1a=14, E2=5, E1b=3, E1(xE1a, E1b)=1 |
| Filipino | 0.125 | 64 | Tabbada 2010 | E1a1a=5, E2(xE2b)=2, E1a2=1 |
| Filipino (Luzon) | 0.124 | 177 | Tabbada 2010 | E1a1a=14, E1b=5, E2(xE2b)=2, E2b=1 |
| Taiwan (aborigine) | 0.120 | 640 | Peng 2011 | E=77 |
| East Indonesian (Alor) | 0.111 | 45 | Hill 2007 | E1a=3, E1b=2 |
| East Indonesian (Mataram, Lombok) | 0.091 | 44 | Hill 2007 | E1b=3, E1a=1 |
| Indonesian (Padang, Sumatra) | 0.083 | 24 | Hill 2006 | E=2 |
| Indonesian (Medan, Sumatra) | 0.071 | 42 | Hill 2006 | E=3 |
| Indonesian (Pekanbaru, Medan, Bangka, Palembang, & Padang) | 0.067 | 180 | Hill 2007 | E1a=6, E1b=4, E1(xE1a, E1b)=1, E2=1 |
| Indonesian (Bali) | 0.061 | 82 | Hill 2007 | E1a=3, E1b=1, E1(xE1a, E1b)=1 |
| Filipino (Palawan) | 0.050 | 20 | Scholes 2011 | E1a=1 |
| Indonesian (Palembang, Sumatra) | 0.036 | 28 | Hill 2006 | E=1 |
| Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou) | 0.034 | 29 | Li 2007 | E=1 |
| Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) | 0.032 | 31 | Li 2007 | E=1 |
| Indonesian (Java, incl. 36 from Tengger) | 0.022 | 46 | Hill 2007 | E1b=1 |
| Indonesian (Pekanbaru, Sumatra) | 0.019 | 52 | Hill 2006 | E=1 |
| Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam) | 0.012 | 168 | Peng 2010 | E1a1a=1, E2a=1 |
| Carolinian (Saipan) | 0.000 | 17 | Vilar 2013 | - |
| Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou) | 0.000 | 20 | Li 2007 | - |
| Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou) | 0.000 | 28 | Li 2007 | - |
| Batek (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 29 | Hill 2006 | - |
| Cun (Hainan) | 0.000 | 30 | Peng 2011 | - |
| Batak (Palawan) | 0.000 | 31 | Scholes 2011 | - |
| Lingao (Hainan) | 0.000 | 31 | Peng 2011 | - |
| Mendriq (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 32 | Hill 2006 | - |
| Temuan (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 33 | Hill 2006 | - |
| Danga (Hainan) | 0.000 | 40 | Peng 2011 | - |
| Jahai (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 51 | Hill 2006 | - |
| Senoi (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 52 | Hill 2006 | - |
| Semelai (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 61 | Hill 2006 | - |
| Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) | 0.000 | 102 | Liu 2011 | - |
| Li (Hainan) | 0.000 | 346 | Peng 2011 | - |
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup E subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[3] and subsequent published research.
- E
- E1
- E1a
- E1a1
- E1a1a
- E1a1a1
- E1a1a
- E1a2
- E1a1
- E1b
- E1b1
- E1a
- E2
- E2a
- E2b
- E2b1
- E2b2
- E1
See also
- Genealogical DNA test
- Genetic Genealogy
- Human mitochondrial genetics
- Population Genetics
- Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
|
Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mitochondrial Eve (L) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L0 | L1–6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| M | N | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CZ | D | E | G | Q | O | A | S | R | I | W | X | Y | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C | Z | B | F | R0 | pre-JT | P | U | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HV | JT | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| H | V | J | T | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References
- 1 2 3 Soares et al. (2008), Climate Change and Postglacial Human Dispersals in Southeast Asia, Molecular Biology and Evolution, June 2008; 25: 1213
- 1 2 Trejaut, J. et al 2005. Traces of Archaic Mitochondrial Lineages Persist in Austronesian-Speaking Formosan Populations. PLoS Biol. 2005 August; 3(8): e247.
- 1 2 van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
- ↑ Zhendong Qin, Yajun Yang, Longli Kang et al., "A Mitochondrial Revelation of Early Human Migrations to the Tibetan Plateau Before and After the Last Glacial Maximum", American Journal of Physical Anthropology 143:555–569 (2010)
- ↑ Kristina A. Tabbada, Jean Trejaut, Jun-Hun Loo et al., "Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?", Mol. Biol. Evol. 27(1):21–31. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msp215
- ↑ Min-Sheng Peng, Huy Ho Quang, Khoa Pham Dang et al., "Tracing the Austronesian Footprint in Mainland Southeast Asia: A Perspective from Mitochondrial DNA", Mol. Biol. Evol. 27(10):2417–2430. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msq131
- ↑ Catherine Hill, Pedro Soares, Maru Mormina et al., "Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians", Mol. Biol. Evol. 23(12):2480–2491. (2006) doi:10.1093/molbev/msl124
- ↑ Catherine Hill, Pedro Soares, Maru Mormina et al., "A Mitochondrial Stratigraphy for Island Southeast Asia", Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2007;80:29–43.
- ↑ Miguel G. Vilar, Chim W. Chan, Dana R. Santos et al., "The Origins and Genetic Distinctiveness of the Chamorros of the Marianas Islands: An mtDNA Perspective", American Journal of Human Biology, Volume 25, Issue 1, pages 116–122, January/February 2013. DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22349
- ↑ Min-Sheng Peng, Jun-Dong He, Hai-Xin Liu, and Ya-Ping Zhang, "Tracing the legacy of the early Hainan Islanders - a perspective from mitochondrial DNA", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011, 11:46. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/46
External links
- General
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
- Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
- Haplogroup E
- Ballinger, S.W.; Schurr, T.G.; Torroni, A.; Gan, Y.Y.; Hodge, J.A.; Hassan, K.; Chen, K.H.; Wallace, D.C. (1992). "Southeast Asian Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Reveals Genetic Continuity of Ancient Mongoloid Migrations". Genetics. 130 (1): 139–152. PMC 1204787
. PMID 1346259. - Herrnstadt, C.; Elson, J.L.; Fahy, E.; Preston, G.; Turnbull, D.M.; Anderson, C.; Ghosh, S.S.; Olefsky, J.M.; et al. (2002). "Reduced-Median-Network Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial DNA Coding-Region Sequences for the Major African, Asian, and European Haplogroups". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (5): 1152–1171. doi:10.1086/339933. PMC 447592. PMID 11938495.
- Ingman, M.; Kaessmann, H.; Pääbo, S.; Gyllensten, U. (2000). "Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans". Nature. 408 (6813): 708–713. doi:10.1038/35047064. PMID 11130070.
- Stoneking, M.; Jorde, L.B.; Bhatia, K.; Wilson, A.C. (1990). "Geographic Variation in Human Mitochondrial DNA from Papua New Guinea". Genetics. 124 (3): 717–733. PMC 1203963. PMID 1968873.
- Trejaut, Jean A; Kivisild, Toomas; Jun Hun, Loo; Chien Liang, Lee; Chun Lin, He; Chia Jung, Hsu; Zheng Yuan, Li; Lin, Marie (2005). "Traces of Archaic Mitochondrial Lineages Persist in Austronesian-Speaking Formosan Populations". PLoS Biology. 3 (8): 8. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030247. PMC 1166350. PMID 15984912.
- Ballinger, S.W.; Schurr, T.G.; Torroni, A.; Gan, Y.Y.; Hodge, J.A.; Hassan, K.; Chen, K.H.; Wallace, D.C. (1992). "Southeast Asian Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Reveals Genetic Continuity of Ancient Mongoloid Migrations". Genetics. 130 (1): 139–152. PMC 1204787
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