Haplogroup NO

Haplogroup NO
Possible time of origin	34.600±4.700 years BP[1]
Possible place of origin	Southeast Asia or Southern China [1]
Ancestor	K2
Descendants	Primary descendant: NO1; secondary descendants: N and O.
Defining mutations	F549/M2335/S22380 (subclade NO1: M214/Page39)

Haplogroup NO (F549/M2335/S22380),^[2] also known as K2a is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

The parent of Haplogroup NO is K2, itself a primary descendant of the broader Haplogroup K. NO is a phylogenetic sibling of the macrogroup K2b (the descendants of which include the major haplogroups M, P, Q, R and S). NO is also a sibling of the rare haplogroups K2c (P261), K2d (P402) and K2e (M147).

Its sole descendant subclade is Haplogroup NO1 (M214/Page39),^[2] which is the direct ancestor of Haplogroup N and Haplogroup O

Origins

Haplogroup NO (F549) is generally believed to have originated in East Asia. Haplogroups N and O are dominant within most populations of Northern and Eastern Eurasia.

Distribution

No confirmed cases of basal Haplogroup NO* or NO1* have yet been found.

Due to subsequent advances in the definition of Haplogroup N (M231) and its subclades, possible cases of NO* or NO1* – mentioned in research published between 2005 and 2011 – may instead belong to either N*, an unidentified subclade of N1, or the provisional subclade N2 (F3373/M2283/Page56/S323).^[3][4] These include:

• 5.7% (2/35) of Bouyei males, in China or Vietnam;^[4]
• a pool of four samples of Japanese males at 2.9% (6/210), particularly in Tokushima Prefecture at a rate of 5.7% (4/70),^[3] and;
• small proportions of samples from Yizu,^[3] Malays,^[3] Mongolians,^[3] Daurs,^[4] Manchurian Evenks,^[4] Hezhes,^[4] Huis,^[4] Yaos,^[4] South Koreans,^[4] and Sô.^[5]

Likewise, cases previously regarded as possible examples of NO* or NO1*, and since ruled out, include:

• two Han Chinese males previously found to be negative for M175 (i.e. Haplogroup O) and LLY22g (an obsolete, possibly inaccurate marker for N1), have subsequently have been found to belong to N* (N-M231),^[6] and;
• a clade first identified in South India, defined by the SNP M147 and labelled "pre-NO", among other names, was found to be a sibling of NO (K2a) within Haplogroup K2 (K-M526); the new clade was renamed K2e.

Subclades

Phylogenetic tree

This phylogeny of Haplogroup NO is based on the ISOGG 2016 phylogeny and Karafet 2008 (which was based on the YCC 2008 phylogeny).^[7][8]

• NO (F549/M2335/S22380) – also known as Haplogroup K2a
  • NO1 (M214/Page39) – no alternate designation, distinct from K2a, as of 2016 ^[7]
    • N (M231) – a.k.a. Haplogroup K2a1
    • O (M175/P186/P191/P196) – a.k.a. Haplogroup K2a2

See also

• Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
• Genealogical DNA test
• Y-chromosome haplogroups by populations

Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
	"Y-chromosomal Adam"
		A00	A0-T [χ 3]
			A0	A1 [χ 4]
				A1a	A1b
					A1b1		BT
							B	CT
								DE						CF
							D	E		C		F
															F1	F2		F3	GHIJK
																				G	HIJK
																							IJK	H
																						IJ	K
																				I	J		LT [χ 5]		K2
																								L	T [χ 6]		NO [χ 7]	K2b [χ 8]	K2c	K2d		K2e [χ 9]
																											N	O		K2b1 [χ 10]	P
																													K2b1a[χ 11]	K2b1b	K2b1c	M		P1	P2
																									K2b1a1	K2b1a2	K2b1a3	S [χ 12]		Q	R
Y-DNA by populations Famous Y-DNA haplotypes
Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809. International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.) Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A0'1'2'3'4. Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4. Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1. Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T (M184) was known as "Haplogroup K2" – that name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT. Haplogroup NO (M214) is also known as Haplogroup K2a (although the present Haplogroup K2e was also previously known as "K2a"). Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a, also known as Haplogroup NO). Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is similar to the former Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure. Haplogroup K2b1a has also been known as Haplogroup S-P405. Haplogroup S (S-M230), also known as K2b1a4, was previously known as Haplogroup K5.

References

1. Rootsi, Siiri; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Baldovič, Marian; Kayser, Manfred; Kutuev, Ildus A; Khusainova, Rita; Bermisheva, Marina A; Gubina, Marina; Fedorova, Sardana A; Ilumäe, Anne-Mai; Khusnutdinova, Elza K; Voevoda, Mikhail I; Osipova, Ludmila P; Stoneking, Mark; Lin, Alice A; Ferak, Vladimir; Parik, Jüri; Kivisild, Toomas; Underhill, Peter A; Villems, Richard; et al. (2007). "A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (2): 204–211. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748. PMID 17149388.
3. Hammer et al. (2005) "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes," The Japan Society of Human Genetics, 2005
4. Xue, Yali; Zerjal, Tatiana; Bao, Weidong; Zhu, Suling; Shu, Qunfang; Xu, Jiujin; Du, Ruofu; Fu, Songbin; Li, Pu; et al. (2006). "Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expanion times". Genetics. 172 (4): 2431–2439. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. PMC 1456369. PMID 16489223.
5. Cai, X; Qin, Z; Wen, B; Xu, S; Wang, Y; Lu, Yan; Wei, Lanhai; Wang, Chuanchao; Li, Shilin; Huang, Xingqiu; Jin, Li; Li, Hui; et al. (2011). "Human Migration through Bottlenecks from Southeast Asia into East Asia during Last Glacial Maximum Revealed by Y Chromosomes". PLoS ONE. 6 (8): e24282. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024282. PMC 3164178. PMID 21904623.
6. Tatiana M. Karafet, Brian Hallmark, Murray P. Cox et al., "Major East-West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification Across Indonesia," MBE Advance Access published March 5, 2010.
7. ISOGG 2016 Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2016 (2 August 2016).
8. Karafet; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F.; et al. (2008). "Abstract New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.