Haplogroup R1b

Haplogroup R1b
Possible place of origin	Western Asia[1]
Ancestor	R1
Descendants	One immediate descendant – R1b1 (L278, M415, P25). Three secondary descendants – R1b1a (R-M269); R1b1b (R-P297); R1b1c (R-V88)
Defining mutations	1. M343 defines R1b in the broadest sense 2. In some cases, major downstream mutations such as M269 – which now defines R1b1a2 – are used to identify R1b, especially in regional or out-of-date studies.

Haplogroup R1b, also known as haplogroup R-M343, is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is the most frequently occurring paternal lineage in Western Europe, as well as some parts of Russia (e.g. the Bashkir minority), and Central Africa (e.g. Chad and Cameroon).

R1b also reaches high frequencies in the Americas and Australasia, due largely to immigration from Western Europe. There is an ongoing debate regarding the origins of R1b subclades found at significant levels among some indigenous peoples of the Americas, such as speakers of Algic languages in central Canada.

It is also present at lower frequencies throughout Eastern Europe, Western Asia, as well as parts of North Africa and Central Asia.

While Western Europe is dominated by the downstream subclades of R1b1a – especially R1b1a2 (R-M269. The 2nd branch R1b1b is seen in Western Asia, and the Fulɓe and Chadic-speaking peoples of Africa are dominated by the 3rd branch now known as R1b1c (R-V88)

Nomenclature

"R1b", "R1b1", and so on are "phylogenetic" or family tree based names which explain the branching of the family tree of R1b. For example, R1b1a and R1b1b would be branches of R1b1, descending from a common ancestor. This means that these names can change with new discoveries.

The alternative way of naming haplogroups is to refer to the SNP mutations used to define and identify them, for example "R-M343" which is equivalent to "R1b." Haplogroup R1b is in other words now identified by the presence of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation M343, which was discovered in 2004.^[2] From 2002 to 2005, R1b was defined by the presence of the SNP named P25. Names based on SNPs thus remain constant. It is best to quote both.

Before 2008, many different naming schemes existed. See Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups. R1b was once known as Hg1 or Eu18.

Origin and dispersal

R1b is a subclade within the "macro-haplogroup" Haplogroup K (K-M9), which is one of the predominant groupings of all the rest of human male lines outside of Africa. K* is believed to have originated in Asia (as is the case with an even earlier ancestral haplogroup, F (F-M89).

Tatiana et al. (2014) "rapid diversification process of K-M526 likely occurred in Southeast Asia, with subsequent westward expansions of the ancestors of haplogroups R and Q." ^[3]

Three autosomal genetic studies in 2015 gave support to the Kurgan theory of Gimbutas regarding the Indo-European Urheimat. According to those studies, haplogroups R1b and R1a, now the most common in Europe (R1a is also common in South Asia) would have expanded from the Russian steppes, along with the Indo European languages; they also detected an autosomal component present in modern Europeans which was not present in Neolithic Europeans, which would have been introduced with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as Indo European Languages.^[4][5][6]

The point of origin of R1b is thought to lie in Eurasia, most likely in Western Asia.^[7] T. Karafet et al. (2008) estimated the age of R1, the parent of R1b, as 18,500 years before present.^[8]

Early research focused upon Europe. In 2000 Ornella Semino and colleagues argued that R1b had been in Europe before the end of the Ice Age, and had spread north from an Iberian refuge after the Last Glacial Maximum.^[9] Age estimates of R1b in Europe have steadily decreased in more recent studies, at least concerning the majority of R1b, with more recent studies suggesting a Neolithic age or younger.^{[7][10][11][12]} On the other hand, Morelli et al. have recently (in 2010) attempted to defend a Palaeolithic origin for R1b1b2.^[13] Irrespective of microsatellite coalescence calculations, Chikhi et al. pointed out that the timing of molecular divergences does not coincide with population splits; the TMRCA of haplogroup R1b (whether in the Palaeolithic or Neolithic) dates to its point of origin somewhere in Eurasia, and not its arrival in western Europe.^[14] Summing up , Michael R. Maglio argues that the closest branch of R1b is from Iberia and its small subclades found in West Asia, the Near East and Africa are examples of back migration, and not of its origin.^[15]

Barbara Arredi and colleagues were the first to point out that the distribution of R1b microsatellite variance in Europe forms a cline from east to west, which is more consistent with an entry into Europe from Western Asia with the spread of farming.^[12] A 2009 paper by Chiaroni et al. added to this perspective by using R1b as an example of a wave haplogroup distribution, in this case from east to west.^[16] The proposal of a southeastern origin of R1b were supported by three detailed studies based on large datasets published in 2010. These detected that the earliest subclades of R1b are found in western Asia and the most recent in western Europe.^[7][10][17] While age estimates in these articles are all more recent than the Last Glacial Maximum, all mention the Neolithic, when farming was introduced to Europe from the Middle East as a possible candidate period. Myres et al. (August 2010), and Cruciani et al. (August 2010) both remained undecided on the exact dating of the migration or migrations responsible for this distribution, not ruling out migrations as early as the Mesolithic or as late as Hallstatt but more probably Late Neolithic.^[7] They noted that direct evidence from ancient DNA may be needed to resolve these gene flows.^[7] Lee et al. (May 2012) analysed the ancient DNA of human remains from the Late Neolithic Beaker culture site of Kromsdorf, Germany identifying two males as belonging to the Y haplogroup R1b.^[18] Analysis of ancient Y DNA from the remains of populations derived from early Neolithic Central and North European Linear Pottery culture settlements have not yet found males belonging to haplogroup R1b.^[19][20] The suggestion has also been made that the spread of R1b in Western Europe may coincide with the spread of the Centum branch of the Indo-European languages during the early Bronze Age.^[21] One of the highest level of R1b haplogroup is among the basques, that are not Indo-Europeans. Currently the most probable haplogroup of the original Indo-European populations seems to be R1a

Structure

External phylogeny

R1b is a part of the broader Haplogroup K-M9 and its linear descendants K2, K2b and P, which is also known as K2b2. Tatiana et al. (2014) "rapid diversification process of K-M526 likely occurred in Southeast Asia, with subsequent westward expansions of the ancestors of haplogroups R and Q." ^[22]

• P P295/PF5866/S8 (also known as K2b2).
  • P1 (M45) (K2b2a)
    • Q-M242 (K2b2a1)
    • R (K2b2a2)
      • R1
        • R1a
        • R1b

Internal structure

This is the basic outline of R1b according to the ISOGG Tree as it stood on January 30, 2016.^[1]

Basic phylogenetic trees for R1b

2016 ISOGG tree

M343 undefined R-M343* (R1b*). Now extremely rare outside Iran. L278 undefined R-L278* (R1b1*). Now found at low levels throughout Eurasia. P297 undefined R-P297* (R1b1a*). Now extinct in its basal form. M73 R-M73* (R1b1a1a1). Now rare outside Central Asia. M269 undefined R-M269* (R1b1a1a2). Now concentrated in Western Europe. L23 R-L23* (R1b1a2a). Now common in Anatolia, the Caucasus and Europe M335 R-M335 (R1b1b). Now rare outside Anatolia. V88 R-V88 (R1b1c). Now the most common form of R1b in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Distribution

R1b* (R-M343*)

R1b* – that is, males with M343, but no subsequent distinguishing SNP mutations – is extremely rare. The only population yet recorded with a definite significant proportion of R1b* are the Kurds of southeastern Kazakhstan with 13%.^[7][23] However, more recently, a large study of Y-chromosome variation in Iran, revealed R1b* as high as 4.3% among Iranian sub-populations.^[24]

While studies in 2005–08 suggested that R1b* may occur at high levels in Jordan, Egypt and Sudan, subsequent research indicates that the samples concerned most likely belong to the subclade R1b1a2 (R-V88), which is now concentrated among African populations, following back migration from Asia.^{[25][26][27][28][29]} It remains a possibility that some or even most of these cases may be R1b* (R-M343*), R1a* (R-M420*), an otherwise undocumented branch of R1, and/or back-mutations of a marker, from a positive to a negative ancestral state,^[30] constituting, in other words, undocumented subclades of R1b. Thus demonstrating the importance of testing for SNPs critical in identifying subclades.

Europe Y-DNA. Principle puzzles – highlighted areas where the frequency of haplogroups represent more than a third of the gene pool (> 35%)

A compilation of previous studies regarding the distribution of R1b can be found in Cruciani et al. (2010).^[31] It is summarised in the table following. (It should be noted that Cruciani did not include some studies suggesting even higher frequencies of R1b1a1a2 [R-M269] in some parts of Western Europe.)

Continent	Population	#No.	Total%	R-P25 (R1b* – potentially unreliable marker)	R-V88 (R1b1c)	R-M269 (R1b1a2)	R-M73 (R1b1a1a1)
Africa	Northern Africa	691	5.9%	0.0%	5.2%	0.7%	0.0%
Africa	Central Sahel Region	461	23.0%	0.0%	23.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Africa	Western Africa	123	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Africa	Eastern Africa	442	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Africa	Southern Africa	105	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Europe	Western Europeans	465	57.8%	0.0%	0.0%	57.8%	0.0%
Europe	North western Europeans	43	55.8%	0.0%	0.0%	55.8%	0.0%
Europe	Central Europeans	77	42.9%	0.0%	0.0%	42.9%	0.0%
Europe	North Eastern Europeans	74	1.4%	0.0%	0.0%	1.4%	0.0%
Europe	Russians	60	6.7%	0.0%	0.0%	6.7%	0.0%
Europe	Eastern Europeans	149	20.8%	0.0%	0.0%	20.8%	0.0%
Europe	South eastern Europeans	510	13.1%	0.0%	0.2%	12.9%	0.0%
Asia	Western Asians	328	5.8%	0.0%	0.3%	5.5%	0.0%
Asia	Southern Asians	288	4.8%	0.0%	0.0%	1.7%	3.1%
Asia	South eastern Asians	10	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Asia	North eastern Asians	30	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Asia	Eastern Asians	156	0.6%	0.0%	0.0%	0.6%	0.0%
	TOTAL	5326

R1b1 (R-L278)

R1b1*, like R1b* is rare. However, the skeletons of two males from both a Mesolithic pre-Yamna Samara culture burial dated to around 5650–5555 BC north of the Caspian Sea and an early Neolithic Cardial culture burial dated to around 5178–5066 BCE at the Els Trocs site, Aragon, in the Pyrenees, Spain were found to contain R1b1*.^[32]

Some examples described in older articles, for example two found in Turkey,^[2] are now thought to be mostly in the more recently discovered sub-clade R1b1a2 (R-V88). Most or all examples of R1b therefore fall into subclades R1b1c (R-V88) or R1b1a (R-P297). Cruciani et al. in the large 2010 study found 3 cases amongst 1173 Italians, 1 out of 328 West Asians and 1 out of 156 East Asians.^[31] Varzari found 3 cases in the Ukraine, in a study of 322 people from the Dniester-Carpathian Mountains region, who were P25 positive, but M269 negative.^[33] Cases from older studies are mainly from Africa, the Middle East or Mediterranean, and are discussed below as probable cases of R1b1c (R-V88).

R1b1a (R-P297)

The SNP marker P297 was recognised in 2008 to combine M73 and M269 into one R1b1a cluster.^[8] The majority of Eurasian R1b is within this clade, representing a very large modern population. Although P297 itself has not yet been much tested for, the same population has been relatively well studied in terms of other markers. Therefore, the branching within this clade can be explained in relatively high detail below. The skeleton of a male from a Chalcolithic Yamna burial in the Middle-Volga-Samara area, dated to around 3305–2925 BC, was found to possibly contain R1b1a* being P297 positive but L51 negative.^[32]

R1b1a1a1 (R-M73)

R-M73 is reportedly the dominant haplogroup among the Kumandin of the Altai Republic in Russia.^[34]

While early research into R-M73 claimed that it was significantly represented among the Hazara of Afghanistan and the Bashkirs of the Ural Mountains, this has apparently been overturned. For example, supporting material from a 2010 study by Behar et al. suggested that Sengupta et al (2006) had misidentified Hazara individuals, who instead belonged to R2 or Q.^[35][36][37] Likewise, most Bashkir males have been found to belong to R-152 (R1b1a1a2a1a2b) and some, mostly from south-eastern Bashkortostan, belonged to Haplogroup Q-M25 (Q1a1b) rather than R1b.

R1b1a1a2 (R-M269)

R-M269 (previously R1b1a2, amongst other names) is defined by the presence of SNP marker M269. R1b1a2* or M269 (xL23) is found at highest frequency in the central Balkans notably Kosovo with 7.9%, Macedonia 5.1% and Serbia 4.4%.^[7] Kosovo is notable in having a high percentage of descendant L23* or L23(xM412) at 11.4% unlike most other areas with significant percentages of M269* and L23* except for Poland with 2.4% and 9.5% and the Bashkirs of southeast Bashkortostan with 2.4% and 32.2% respectively.^[7] Notably this Bashkir population also has a high percentage of M269 sister branch M73 at 23.4%.^[7] Five individuals out of 110 tested in the Ararat Valley, Armenia belonged to R1b1a2* and 36 to L23*, with none belonging to known subclades of L23.^[38]

European R1b is dominated by R-M269. It has been found at generally low frequencies throughout central Eurasia,^[39] but with relatively high frequency among the Bashkirs of the Perm region (84.0%) and Baymaksky District (81.0%).^[40] This marker is present in China and India at frequencies of less than one percent. The table below lists in more detail the frequencies of M269 in regions in Asia, Europe, and Africa.

Trofimova et al. (2015) found a surprising high frequency of R1b-L23 (Z2105/2103) among the peoples of the Idel-Ural. 21 out of 58 (36.2%) of Burzyansky District Bashkirs, 11 out of 52 (21.2%) of Udmurts, 4 out of 50 (8%) of Komi, 4 out of 59 (6.8%) of Mordvins, 2 out of 53 (3.8%) of Besermyan and 1 out of 43 (2.3%) of Chuvash were R1b-L23 (Z2105/2103),^[41] the type of R1b found in the recently analyzed Yamna remains of the Samara Oblast and Orenburg Oblast.^[32]

The frequency is about 92% in Wales, 82% in Ireland, 70% in Scotland, 68% in Spain, 60% in France (76% in Normandy), about 60% in Portugal, 53% in Italy,^[7] 45% in Eastern England, 50% in Germany, 50% in the Netherlands, 42% in Iceland, and 43% in Denmark. It is as high as 95% in parts of Ireland. It is also found in some areas of North Africa, where its frequency peaks at 10% in some parts of Algeria.^[42] M269 has likewise been observed among 8% of the Herero in Namibia.^[29]

From 2003 to 2005, what is now R1b1a2 was designated R1b3. From 2005 to 2008, it was R1b1c. From 2008 to 2011, it was R1b1b2.

M269	un-defined R-M269* (R1b1a2*) L23 un-defined R-L23* (R1b1a2a*) L51 un-defined R-L51* (R1b1a2a1*) L51/M412 un-defined R-L51*/R-M412* (R1b1a2a1a*) L151/P310 un-defined R-P310/L11* (R1b1a2a1a1*) U106 R-U106 (R1b1a2a1a1a) Germanic Europe P312 R-P312 (R1b1a2a1a1b) Iberia, British Isles, Italy and France CTS4528 R-CTS4528 (R1b1a2a1a3) Z2103 R-Z2103 (R1b1a2a2) Balkans and Turkey

As discussed above, in articles published around 2000 it was proposed that this clade had been in Europe before the last ice age,^[43] but by 2010 more recent periods such as the European Neolithic have become the focus of proposals. A range of newer estimates for R1b1a2, or at least its dominant parts in Europe, are from 4,000 to a maximum of about 10,000 years ago, and looking in more detail is seen as suggesting a migration from Western Asia via southeastern Europe.^{[1][7][12][17]} Western European R1b is dominated by R-P310.^[1]

In this period between 2000 and 2010 that it became clear that especially Western European R1b is dominated by specific sub-clades of R-M269 (with some small amounts of other types found in areas such as Sardinia^[7][13]). Within Europe, R-M269 is dominated by R-M412, also known as R-L51, which according to Myres et al. (2010) is "virtually absent in the Near East, the Caucasus and West Asia." This Western European population is further divided between R-P312/S116 and R-U106/S21, which appear to spread from the western and eastern Rhine river basin respectively. Myres et al. note further that concerning its closest relatives, in R-L23*, that it is "instructive" that these are often more than 10% of the population in the Caucasus, Turkey, and some southeast European and circum-Uralic populations. In Western Europe it is present but in generally much lower levels apart from "an instance of 27% in Switzerland's Upper Rhone Valley."^[7] In addition, the sub-clade distribution map, Figure 1h titled "L11(xU106,S116)", in Myres et al. shows that R-P310/L11* (or as yet undefined subclades of R-P310/L11) occurs only in frequencies greater than 10% in Central England with surrounding areas of England and Wales having lower frequencies.^[7] This R-P310/L11* is almost non-existent in the rest of Eurasia and North Africa with the exception of coastal lands fringing the western and southern Baltic (reaching 10% in Eastern Denmark and 6% in northern Poland) and in Eastern Switzerland and surrounds.^[7]

In 2009, DNA extracted from the femur bones of 6 skeletons in an early-medieval burial place in Ergolding (Bavaria, Germany) dated to around 670 AD yielded the following results: 4 were found to be haplogroup R1b with the closest matches in modern populations of Germany, Ireland and the USA while 2 were in Haplogroup G2a.^[44]

Population studies which test for M269 have become more common in recent years, while in earlier studies men in this haplogroup are only visible in the data by extrapolation of what is likely. The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for M269, showing its distribution (as a percentage of total population) in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia as far as China and Nepal.

Country	Sampling	sample	R-M269	Source
Wales	National	65	92.3%	Balaresque et al. (2009)[10]
Spain	Basques	116	87.1%	Balaresque et al. (2009)[10]
Ireland	National	796	85.4%	Moore et al. (2006)[45]
Spain	Catalonia	80	81.3%	Balaresque et al. (2009)[10]
France	Ille-et-Vilaine	82	80.5%	Balaresque et al. (2009)[10]
France	Haute-Garonne	57	78.9%	Balaresque et al. (2009)[10]
England	Cornwall	64	78.1%	Balaresque et al. (2009)[10]
France	Loire-Atlantique	48	77.1%	Balaresque et al. (2009)[10]
Italy	Tuscany	42	76.2%	Di Giacomo et al. (2003)[46]
France	Finistère	75	76.0%	Balaresque et al. (2009)[10]
France	Basques	61	75.4%	Balaresque et al. (2009)[10]
Italy	North East	30	73.5%	Di Giacomo et al. (2003)[46]
Spain	East Andalucia	95	72.0%	Balaresque et al. (2009)[10]
Spain	Castilla La Mancha	63	72.0%	Balaresque et al. (2009)[10]
France	Vendée	50	68.0%	Balaresque et al. (2009)[10]
Dominican Republic	National	26	65.4%	Bryc et al. (2010)[47]
France	Baie de Somme	43	62.8%	Balaresque et al. (2009)[10]
England	Leicestershire	43	62.0%	Balaresque et al. (2009)[10]
Italy	North-East (Ladin)	79	60.8%	Balaresque et al. (2009)[10]
Portugal	National	657	59.9%	Beleza et al. (2006)[48]
Italy	Lombardy	80	59.0%	Boattini et al. (2009)[49]
Spain	Galicia	88	58.0%	Balaresque et al. (2009)[10]
Spain	West Andalucia	72	55.0%	Balaresque et al. (2009)[10]
Portugal	South	78	46.2%	Balaresque et al. (2009)[10]
Denmark	National	56	42.9%	Balaresque et al. (2009)[10]
Netherlands	National	84	42.0%	Balaresque et al. (2009)[10]
Armenia/Turkey	Ararat Valley	41	37.3%	Herrera et al. (2012)[38]
Russia	Bashkirs	471	34.40%	Lobov (2009)[40]
Italy	East Sicily	246	34.14%	Tofanelli et al. (2015)[50]
Italy	West Sicily	68%	33.0%	Tofanelli et al. (2015)[50]
Germany	Bavaria	80	32.3%	Balaresque et al. (2009)[10]
Turkey	Lake Van	33	32.0%	Herrera et al. (2012) [38]
Armenia	Gardman	30	31.3%	Herrera et al. (2012) [38]
Poland	National	110	22.7%	Myres et al. (2007)[51]
Slovenia	National	75	21.3%	Battaglia et al. (2008)[52]
Slovenia	National	70	20.6%	Balaresque et al. (2009)[10]
Turkey	Central	152	19.1%	Cinnioğlu et al. (2004)[2]
Republic of Macedonia	National	64	18.8%	Battaglia et al. (2008)[52]
Crete	National	193	17.0%	King et al. (2008)[53]
Italy	Sardinia	930	17.0%	Contu et al. (2008)[54]
Turkey	Sasun	16	15.4%	Herrera et al. (2012) [38]
Iran	North	33	15.2%	Regueiro et al. (2006)[55]
Moldova		268	14.6%	Varzari (2006)[33]
Greece	National	171	13.5%	King et al. (2008)[53]
Turkey	West	163	13.5%	Cinnioğlu et al. (2004)[2]
Romania	National	54	13.0%	Varzari (2006)[33]
Croatia	National	89	12.4%	Battaglia et al. (2008)[52]
Turkey	East	208	12.0%	Cinnioğlu et al. (2004)[2]
Algeria	Northwest (Oran area)	102	11.8%	Robino et al. (2008)[56]
Russia	Roslavl (Smolensk Oblast)	107	11.2%	Balanovsky et al. (2008)[57]
Iraq	National	139	10.8%	Al-Zahery et al. (2003)[58]
Nepal	Newar	66	10.60%	Gayden et al. (2007)[59]
Bulgaria	National	808	10.5%	Karachanak et al. (2013)[60]
Serbia	National	100	10.0%	Belaresque et al. (2009)[10]
Lebanon	National	914	7.3%	Zalloua et al. (2008)[61]
Tunisia	Tunis	139	7.2%	Adams et al. (2008)[62]
Algeria	Algiers, Tizi Ouzou	46	6.5%	Adams et al. (2008)[62]
Bosnia-Herzegovina	Serbs	81	6.2%	Marjanovic et al. (2005)[63]
Iran	South	117	6.0%	Regueiro et al. (2006)[55]
Russia	Repyevka (Voronezh Oblast)	96	5.2%	Balanovsky et al. (2008)[57]
UAE		164	3.7%	Cadenas et al. (2007)[64]
Bosnia-Herzegovina	Bosniaks	85	3.5%	Marjanovic et al. (2005)[63]
Pakistan		176	2.8%	Sengupta et al. (2006)[65]
Russia	Belgorod	143	2.8%	Balanovsky et al. (2008)[57]
Russia	Ostrov (Pskov Oblast)	75	2.7%	Balanovsky et al. (2008)[57]
Russia	Pristen (Kursk Oblast)	45	2.2%	Balanovsky et al. (2008)[57]
Bosnia-Herzegovina	Croats	90	2.2%	Marjanovic et al. (2005)[63]
Qatar		72	1.4%	Cadenas et al. (2007)[64]
China		128	0.8%	Sengupta et al. (2006)[65]
India	various	728	0.5%	Sengupta et al. (2006)[65]
Croatia	Osijek	29	0.0%	Battaglia et al. (2008)[52]
Yemen		62	0.0%	Cadenas et al. (2007)[64]
Tibet		156	0.0%	Gayden et al. (2007)[59]
Nepal	Tamang	45	0.0%	Gayden et al. (2007)[59]
Nepal	Kathmandu	77	0.0%	Gayden et al. (2007)[59]
Japan		23	0.0%	Sengupta et al. (2006)[65]

R1b1a1a2a1a1 (R-U106)

This subclade is defined by the presence of the SNP U106, also known as S21 and M405.^[1][66] It appears to represent over 25% of R1b in Europe.^[1] In terms of percentage of total population, its epicenter is Friesland, where it makes up 44% of the population.^[67] In terms of total population numbers, its epicenter is Central Europe, where it comprises 60% of R1 combined.^[67]

U106/S21	un-defined R-U106* (R-U106-*) FGC3861 R-FGC3861 (R1b1a2a1a1a) Z19 R-Z19 (R1b1a2a1a1b) Z381 S264 R-S264 (R1b1a2a1a1c1) S499 R-S499 (R1b1a2a1a1c2) M1994 R-M1994 (R1b1a2a1a1c3) FGC396 R-FGC396 (R1b1a2a1a1d) S12025 R-S12025 (R1b1a2a1a1e)

While this sub-clade of R1b is frequently discussed amongst genetic genealogists, the following table represents the peer-reviewed findings published so far in the 2007 articles of Myres et al. and Sims et al.^[51][66]

Population	Sample size	R-M269	R-U106	R-U106-1
Austria [51]	22	27%	23%	0.0%
Central/South America [51]	33	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Czech Republic [51]	36	28%	14%	0.0%
Denmark [51]	113	34%	17%	0.9%
Eastern Europe[51]	44	5%	0.0%	0.0%
England[51]	138	57%	20%	1.4%
France[51]	56	52%	7%	0.0%
Germany[51]	332	43%	19%	1.8%
Ireland[51]	102	80%	6%	0.0%
Italy[7]	34	53%	6%	0.0%
Jordan[51]	76	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Middle-East[51]	43	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Netherlands[51]	94	54%	35%	2.1%
Oceania[51]	43	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Oman[51]	29	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Pakistan[51]	177	3%	0.0%	0.0%
Palestine[51]	47	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Poland[51]	110	23%	8%	0.0%
Russia[51]	56	21%	5.4%	1.8%
Slovenia[51]	105	17%	4%	0.0%
Switzerland[51]	90	58%	13%	0.0%
Turkey[51]	523	14%	0.4%	0.0%
Ukraine[51]	32	25%	9%	0.0%
United States[51]	58	5%	5%	0.0%
US (European)	125	46%	15%	0.8%
US (Afroamerican)	118	14%	2.5%	0.8%

R1b1a1a2a1a2 (R-P312/S116)

Along with R-U106, R-P312 is one of the most common types of R1b1a2 (R-M269) in Europe. Also known as S116, it has been the subject of significant study concerning its sub-clades, and some of the ones recognized by the ISOGG tree as of December 27, 2015 are summarized in the following table.^[1] Myres et al. described it distributing from the west of the Rhine basin.^[7]

P312	un-defined R-P312* (R-P312-*) DF27 R-S227/Z196 (R-P312-a1) R-Z2552 (R-P312-a2) R-L881 (R-P312-a3) R-A431 (R-P312-a4) U152 R-L2 (R-P312-b1) R-S206 (R-P312-b2) R-Z56 (R-P312-b3) L21 R-DF13 R-S521 (R-P312-c1) R-DF63 R-S522 (R-P312-c2) R-L238 (R-P312-d) R-DF19 (R-P312-e) R-DF99 (R-P312-f)

Amongst these, scientific publications have given interpretation and comment on several:-

• R-P312-a1a1a1a1 (R-M153) is defined by the presence of the marker M153. It has been found mostly in Basques and Gascons, among whom it represents a sizeable fraction of the Y-DNA pool,^[62][68] though is also found occasionally among Iberians in general. The first time it was located (Bosch 2001^[69]) it was described as H102 and included 7 Basques and one Andalusian.
• R-P312-alb (R-S228) This subclade is defined by the presence of the marker L176.2. It contains the following:

• R-P312-alb1a1 (R-SRY2627).

This subclade is defined by the presence of the marker M167, also known as SRY2627. The first author to test for this marker (long before current haplogroup nomenclature existed) was Hurles in 1999, who tested 1158 men in various populations.^[70] He found it relatively common among Basques (13/117: 11%) and Catalans (7/32: 22%). Other occurrences were found among other French, British, Spaniards, Béarnais, and Germans.

In 2000 Rosser et al., in a study which tested 3616 men in various populations^[71] also tested for that same marker, naming the haplogroup Hg22, and again it was found mainly among Basques (19%), in lower frequencies among French (5%), Bavarians (3%), Spaniards (2%), Southern Portuguese (2%), and in single occurrences among Romanians, Slovenians, Dutch, Belgians and English.::In 2001 Bosch described this marker as H103, in 5 Basques and 5 Catalans.^[69] Further regional studies have located it in significant amounts in Asturias, Cantabria and Galicia, as well as again among Basques.^[69] Cases in the Azores have been reported. In 2008 two research papers by López-Parra^[68] and Adams,^[62] respectively, confirmed a strong association with all or most of the Pyrenees and Eastern Iberia.

In a larger study of Portugal in 2006, with 657 men tested, Beleza et al. confirmed similar low levels in all the major regions, from 1.5%–3.5%.^[48]

• R-P312-alb2 (R-L165). This subclade is defined by the presence of the marker S68, also known as L165. It is found in England, Scandinavia, and Scotland (in this country it is mostly found in the Northern Isles and Outer Hebrides). It has been suggested, therefore, that it arrived in the British Isles with Vikings.^[72]

R-P312-b (R-U152) is defined by the presence of the marker U152, also called S28.^[1] Its discovery was announced in 2005 by EthnoAncestry^[73] and subsequently identified independently by Sims et al. (2007).^[66] Myres et al. report this clade "is most frequent (20–44%) in Switzerland, Italy, France and Western Poland, with additional instances exceeding 15% in some regions of England and Germany."^[51] Similarly Cruciani et al. (2010)^[74] reported frequency peaks in Northern Italy and France. Out of a sample of 135 men in Tyrol, Austria, 9 tested positive for U152/S28.^[75] Far removed from this apparent core area, Myres et al. also mention a sub-population in north Bashkortostan where 71% of 70 men tested were in R-U152. They propose this to be the result of an isolated founder effect.^[7] King et al. (2014) reported four living relatives of King Richard III of England in the male line tested positive for U-152. However, DNA analysis of Richard III's skeleton showed he had a haplotype G-P287. The researchers concluded there must have been a non-paternal event in the intervening generations.^[76]

R-P312-c (R-L21) is defined by the presence of the marker L21, also referred to as M529 and S145.^[1] Myres et al. report it is most common in England and Ireland (25–50% of the whole male population).^[7] Known sub-clades include the following:-

• R-P312-c1a1a1a1 (R-M222). This subclade within R-L21 is defined by the presence of the marker M222. It is particularly associated with male lines which are Irish or Scottish, but especially northern Irish. In this case, the relatively high frequency of this specific subclade among the population of certain counties in northwestern Ireland may be due to positive social selection, as it is suggested to have been the Y-chromosome haplogroup of the Uí Néill dynastic kindred of ancient Ireland.^[45] However, it is not restricted to the Uí Néill as it is associated with the closely related Connachta dynasties, the Uí Briúin and Uí Fiachrach.^[77] M222 is also found as a substantial proportion of the population of Scotland which may indicate substantial settlement from northern Ireland or at least links to it.^[45][78] Those areas settled by large numbers of Irish and Scottish emigrants such as North America have a substantial percentage of M222.^[45]
• R-P312-c1e1 (R-L159.2). This subclade within R-L21 is defined by the presence of the marker L159 and is known as L159.2 because of a parallel mutation that exists inside haplogroup I2a1 (L159.1). L159.2 appears to be associated with the Kings of Leinster and Diarmait Mac Murchada. It can e found in the coastal areas of the Irish Sea including the Isle of Man and the Hebrides, as well as Norway, western and southern Scotland, northern and southern England, northwest France, and northern Denmark.^[79]
• R-P312-c1b1b1a (R-L193). This subclade within R-L21 is defined by the presence of the marker L193. Many surnames with this marker are associated geographically with the western "Border Region" of Scotland. A few other surnames have a Highland association. R-L193 is a relatively young subclade likely born within the last 2000 years.
• R-P312-c1f2a (R-L226). This subclade within R-L21 is defined by the presence of the marker L226, also known as S168. Commonly referred to as Irish Type III, it is concentrated in central western Ireland and associated with the Dál gCais kindred.^[80]
• R-P312-c1g (R-DF21). This subclade within R-L21 is defined by the presence of the marker DF21 aka S192. It makes up about 10% of all L21 men and is c.3000 years old.^[81]

R1b1a2 (R-V88)

R1b1a2 is defined by the presence of SNP marker V88, the discovery of which was announced in 2010 by Cruciani et al.^[31] Apart from individuals in southern Europe and Western Asia, the majority of R-V88 was found in the Sahel among populations speaking Afroasiatic languages of the Chadic branch:

Region	Population	Country	Language	N	Total%	R1b1c (R-V88)	R1b1a2 (R-M269)	R1b1c* (R-V88*)	R1b1c3 (R-V69)
N Africa	Composite	Morocco	AA	338	0.0%	0.3%	0.6%	0.3%	0.0%
N Africa	Mozabite Berbers	Algeria	AA/Berber	67	3.0%	3.0%	0.0%	3.0%	0.0%
N Africa	Northern Egyptians	Egypt	AA/Semitic	49	6.1%	4.1%	2.0%	4.1%	0.0%
N Africa	Berbers from Siwa	Egypt	AA/Berber	93	28.0%	26.9%	1.1%	23.7%	3.2%
N Africa	Baharia	Egypt	AA/Semitic	41	7.3%	4.9%	2.4%	0.0%	4.9%
N Africa	Gurna Oasis	Egypt	AA/Semitic	34	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
N Africa	Southern Egyptians	Egypt	AA/Semitic	69	5.8%	5.8%	0.0%	2.9%	2.9%
C Africa	Songhai	Niger	NS/Songhai	10	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
C Africa	Fulbe	Niger	NC/Atlantic	7	14.3%	14.3%	0.0%	14.3%	0.0%
C Africa	Tuareg	Niger	AA/Berber	22	4.5%	4.5%	0.0%	4.5%	0.0%
C Africa	Ngambai	Chad	NS/Sudanic	11	9.1%	9.1%	0.0%	9.1%	0.0%
C Africa	Hausa	Nigeria (North)	AA/Chadic	10	20.0%	20.0%	0.0%	20.0%	0.0%
C Africa	Fulbe	Nigeria (North)	NC/Atlantic	32	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
C Africa	Yoruba	Nigeria (South)	NC/Defoid	21	4.8%	4.8%	0.0%	4.8%	0.0%
C Africa	Ouldeme	Cameroon (Nth)	AA/Chadic	22	95.5%	95.5%	0.0%	95.5%	0.0%
C Africa	Mada	Cameroon (Nth)	AA/Chadic	17	82.4%	82.4%	0.0%	76.5%	5.9%
C Africa	Mafa	Cameroon (Nth)	AA/Chadic	8	87.5%	87.5%	0.0%	25.0%	62.5%
C Africa	Guiziga	Cameroon (Nth)	AA/Chadic	9	77.8%	77.8%	0.0%	22.2%	55.6%
C Africa	Daba	Cameroon (Nth)	AA/Chadic	19	42.1%	42.1%	0.0%	36.8%	5.3%
C Africa	Guidar	Cameroon (Nth)	AA/Chadic	9	66.7%	66.7%	0.0%	22.2%	44.4%
C Africa	Massa	Cameroon (Nth)	AA/Chadic	7	28.6%	28.6%	0.0%	14.3%	14.3%
C Africa	Other Chadic	Cameroon (Nth)	AA/Chadic	4	75.0%	75.0%	0.0%	25.0%	50.0%
C Africa	Shuwa Arabs	Cameroon (Nth)	AA/Semitic	5	40.0%	40.0%	0.0%	40.0%	0.0%
C Africa	Kanuri	Cameroon (Nth)	NS/Saharan	7	14.3%	14.3%	0.0%	14.3%	0.0%
C Africa	Fulbe	Cameroon (Nth)	NC/Atlantic	18	11.1%	11.1%	0.0%	5.6%	5.6%
C Africa	Moundang	Cameroon (Nth)	NC/Adamawa	21	66.7%	66.7%	0.0%	14.3%	52.4%
C Africa	Fali	Cameroon (Nth)	NC/Adamawa	48	20.8%	20.8%	0.0%	10.4%	10.4%
C Africa	Tali	Cameroon (Nth)	NC/Adamawa	22	9.1%	9.1%	0.0%	4.5%	4.5%
C Africa	Mboum	Cameroon (Nth)	NC/Adamawa	9	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
C Africa	Composite	Cameroon (Sth)	NC/Bantu	90	0.0%	1.1%	0.0%	1.1%	0.0%
C Africa	Biaka Pygmies	CAR	NC/Bantu	33	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
W Africa		Composite	—	123	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
E Africa		Composite	—	442	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
S Africa		Composite	—	105	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
			TOTAL	1822

V88	un-defined R-V88* (R1b1c*) M18 R-M18 (R1b1c1) V35 R-V35 (R1b1c2) V69 R-V69 (R1b1c3)

As can be seen in the above data table, R1b1c is found in northern Cameroon in west central Africa at a very high frequency, where it is considered to be caused by a pre-Islamic movement of people from Eurasia.^[29][82]

R1b1a2a (R-M18)

R1b1a2a is a sub-clade of R-V88, which is defined by the presence of SNP marker M18.^[8] It has been found only at low frequencies in samples from Sardinia^[39][83] and Lebanon.^[61]

R1b1b (R-M335)

R1b1b is defined by the presence of SNP marker M335. This haplogroup was created by the 2008 reorganisation of nomenclature and should not be confused with R1b1b2, which was previously called R1b1c. Its position in relation to the much more populous sub-clade R1b1a is uncertain.^[8] The M335 marker was first published in 2004, when one example was discovered in Turkey, which was classified at that time as R1b4.^[2]

Prominent members

The DNA tests that assisted in the identification of Czar Nicholas II of Russia found that he belonged to R1b.^[84]

In popular culture

Bryan Sykes, in his book Blood of the Isles, gives the populations associated with R1b the name of Oisín for a clan patriarch, much as he did for mitochondrial haplogroups in The Seven Daughters of Eve.

Stephen Oppenheimer also deals with this haplogroup in his book Origins of the British, giving the R1b clan patriarch the Basque name "Ruisko" in honour of what he thinks is the Iberian origin of R1b.

Artem Lukichev has created a (non-scientific) animation based on a Bashkir epic about the Ural, which outlined the history of the clusters of haplogroup R1: R1a and R1b.^[85]

The R1b-YDNA discussion group ^[86] is available for updates on the latest research and genetic genealogy.

See also

• Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
• Atlantic Modal Haplotype
• Genealogical DNA test
• Prehistoric Europe
• Y-DNA haplogroups in European populations

Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
	"Y-chromosomal Adam"
		A00	A0-T [χ 3]
			A0	A1 [χ 4]
				A1a	A1b
					A1b1		BT
							B	CT
								DE						CF
							D	E		C		F
															F1	F2		F3	GHIJK
																				G	HIJK
																							IJK	H
																						IJ	K
																				I	J		LT [χ 5]		K2
																								L	T [χ 6]		NO [χ 7]	K2b [χ 8]	K2c	K2d		K2e [χ 9]
																											N	O		K2b1 [χ 10]	P
																													K2b1a[χ 11]	K2b1b	K2b1c	M		P1	P2
																									K2b1a1	K2b1a2	K2b1a3	S [χ 12]		Q	R
Y-DNA by populations Famous Y-DNA haplotypes
Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809. International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.) Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A0'1'2'3'4. Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4. Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1. Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T (M184) was known as "Haplogroup K2" – that name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT. Haplogroup NO (M214) is also known as Haplogroup K2a (although the present Haplogroup K2e was also previously known as "K2a"). Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a, also known as Haplogroup NO). Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is similar to the former Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure. Haplogroup K2b1a has also been known as Haplogroup S-P405. Haplogroup S (S-M230), also known as K2b1a4, was previously known as Haplogroup K5.

References

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3. Karafet, Tatiana; Mendez, Fernando; Sudoyo, Herawati (2014). "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". Nature. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106.
4. Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe, Haak et al, 2015
5. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia, Allentoft et al, 2015
6. Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe, Mathieson et al, 2015
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8. Karafet, TM; Mendez, FL; Meilerman, MB; Underhill, PA; Zegura, SL; Hammer, MF (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.
9. Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ, Lin AA, Arbuzova S, Beckman LE, De Benedictis G, Francalacci P, Kouvatsi A, et al. (2000). "The genetic legacy of paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective". Science. 290 (5494): 1155–59. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. PMID 11073453.
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13. Morelli, Laura; Contu, Daniela; Santoni, Federico; Whalen, Michael B.; Francalacci, Paolo; Cucca, Francesco (2010). Lalueza-Fox, Carles, ed. "A Comparison of Y-Chromosome Variation in Sardinia and Anatolia Is More Consistent with Cultural Rather than Demic Diffusion of Agriculture". PLoS ONE. 5 (4): e10419. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010419. PMC 2861676. PMID 20454687
14. http://www.pnas.org/content/95/15/9053.full.pdf+html
15. Maglio, Michael R. (2014-08-14). "Biogeographical Evidence for the Iberian Origins of R1b-L278 via Haplotype Aggregation (2014)". Origins DNA. Retrieved 2014-11-12.
16. Chiaroni, J; Underhill, P; Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. (2009). "Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift and cultural evolution". PNAS. 106 (48): 20174:20179. doi:10.1073/pnas.0910803106. PMC 2787129. PMID 19920170
17. Cruciani; Trombetta, Beniamino; Antonelli, Cheyenne; Pascone, Roberto; Valesini, Guido; Scalzi, Valentina; Vona, Giuseppe; Melegh, Bela; et al. (2010). "Strong intra- and inter-continental differentiation revealed by Y chromosome SNPs M269, U106 and U152". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 5 (3): e49. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.07.006. PMID 20732840
18. Lee, Esther J.; et al. (3 May 2012). "Emerging genetic patterns of the european neolithic: Perspectives from a late neolithic bell beaker burial site in Germany". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 148 (4): 571–9. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22074. PMID 22552938.
19. Lacan, Marie; et al. (May 2, 2011). "Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (24): 9788–91. doi:10.1073/pnas.1100723108. PMC 3116412. PMID 21628562. Check date values in: |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
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21. eupedia.com/genetics
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23. Supplementary Table S4 (xls 62K) -> http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v19/n1/suppinfo/ejhg2010146s1.html
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25. Flores et. al. (2005) found that 20 out of all 146 men tested (13.7%) – including 20 out of 45 men tested from the Dead Sea area of Jordan – were positive for M173 (R1), and negative for both the R1a markers SRY10831.2 and M17, as well as the R1b subclades P25 (R1b1) and M269 (R1b1a2), a study indicates that they are R1b2 (R-V88). Wood et al. (2005) reported two Egyptian cases of R1-M173 that were negative for SRY10831 (R1a1) and P25 (R1b1), out of a sample of 1,122 males from African countries, including 92 from Egypt. Hassan et al. (2008) found an equally surprising 14 out of 26 (54%) of Sudanese Fula people who were M173+ and P25-
26. Natalie M Myres, Siiri Rootsi, Alice A Lin, Mari Järve, Roy J King, Ildus Kutuev, Vicente M Cabrera, Elza K Khusnutdinova, Andrey Pshenichnov, Bayazit Yunusbayev, Oleg Balanovsky, Elena Balanovska, Pavao Rudan, Marian Baldovic, Rene J Herrera, Jacques Chiaroni, Julie Di Cristofaro, Richard Villems, Toomas Kivisild & Peter A Underhill, 2010, "A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe", Nature 2010, v. 19, no. 1 (28 May 2016)
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29. Wood, ET; Stover, DA; Ehret, C; Destro-Bisol, G; Spedini, G; Mcleod, H; Louie, L; Bamshad, M; et al. (2005). "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 13 (7): 867–76. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408. PMID 15856073. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 26, 2008.
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