Heaven's Gate (film)

Heaven's Gate

Theatrical release poster by Tom Jung[1]
Directed by Michael Cimino
Produced by Joann Carelli
Written by Michael Cimino
Starring
Music by David Mansfield
Cinematography Vilmos Zsigmond
Edited by
Production
company
Partisan Productions
Distributed by United Artists
Release dates
  • November 19, 1980 (1980-11-19)
Running time
 Workprint: 325 minutes
Theatrical: 219 minutes
Edited: 149 minutes[2]
Country United States
Language English
Budget $44 million[3]
Box office $3.5 million[4]

Heaven's Gate is a 1980 American epic Western film written and directed by Michael Cimino. Loosely based on the Johnson County War, it portrays a fictional dispute between land barons and European immigrants in Wyoming in the 1890s. The cast includes Kris Kristofferson, Christopher Walken, Isabelle Huppert, Jeff Bridges, John Hurt, Sam Waterston, Brad Dourif, Joseph Cotten, Geoffrey Lewis, David Mansfield, Richard Masur, Terry O'Quinn, Mickey Rourke, Willem Dafoe and Nicholas Woodeson, the last two in their first film roles. It is generally considered one of the biggest box office bombs of all time, often being described as one of the worst films ever made.[5][6][7]

There were major setbacks in the film's production due to cost and time overruns, negative press (including allegations of animal abuse on-set), and rumors about Cimino's allegedly overbearing directorial style; the film resultantly opened to poor reviews, earning only $3.5 million domestically (from an estimated $44 million budget),[8] eventually causing its parent studio, United Artists, to collapse, and effectively destroying the reputation of its director, Cimino, previously a rising Hollywood auteur from the success of his 1978 film The Deer Hunter, winner of the Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Director in 1979.[9] Cimino had an expensive and ambitious vision for the film, pushing it nearly four times over its planned budget. Its resulting financial problems and United Artists' consequent demise led to a move away from the brief 1970s period of director-driven film production in the American film industry, back towards greater studio control of films, as had been predominant in Hollywood until the late 1960s.[10]

In the decades since the film's release, however, general assessment of it has become more nuanced, and, in some cases, more positive,[11][12] with some critics now describing Heaven's Gate as a "modern masterpiece"; the 1980 re-edit of which after poor test screenings being characterized as "one of the greatest injustices of cinematic history".[13] The BBC ranked Heaven's Gate 98th on their 100 greatest American films of all-time list.[14]

Plot summary

In 1870, two young men, Jim Averill and Billy Irvine, graduate from Harvard College. The Reverend Doctor speaks to the graduates on the association of "the cultivated mind with the uncultivated" and the importance of education. Irvine, brilliant but obviously intoxicated, follows this with his opposing, irreverent views. A celebration is then held after which the male students serenade the women present, including Averill's girlfriend.

Twenty years later, Averill is passing through the booming town of Casper, Wyoming, on his way north to Johnson County where he is now a Marshal. Poor European immigrants new to the region are in conflict with wealthy, established cattle barons organized as the Wyoming Stock Growers Association; the newcomers sometimes steal their cattle for food. Nate Champion – a friend of Averill and an enforcer for the stockmen – kills a settler for suspected rustling and dissuades another from stealing a cow. At a formal board meeting, the head of the Association, Frank Canton, tells members, including a drunk Irvine, of plans to kill 125 named settlers, as thieves and anarchists. Irvine leaves the meeting, encounters Averill, and tells him of the Association's plans. As Averill leaves, he exchanges bitter words with Canton. Canton slaps Averill across the face, which is immediately retaliated, knocking Canton to the floor. That night, Canton recruits men to kill the named settlers.

Ella Watson, a Johnson County bordello madam from Quebec who accepts stolen cattle as payment for use of her prostitutes, is infatuated with both Averill and Champion. Averill and Watson skate in a crowd, then dance alone, in an enormous roller skating rink called "Heaven's Gate", which has been built by local entrepreneur John L. Bridges. Averill gets a copy of the Association's death list from a baseball-playing U.S. Army captain and later reads the names aloud to the settlers, who are thrown into terrified turmoil. Cully, a station master and friend of Averill's, sees the train with Canton's posse heading north and rides off to warn the settlers but is murdered en route. Later, a group of men come to Watson's bordello and rape her. All but one are shot and killed by Averill. Champion, realizing that his landowner bosses seek to eliminate Watson, goes to Canton's camp and shoots the remaining rapist, then refuses to participate in the slaughter.

Canton and his men encounter one of Champion's friends leaving a cabin with Champion and his friend Nick inside, and a gunfight ensues. Attempting to save Champion, Watson arrives in her wagon and shoots one of the hired guns before escaping on horseback. Champion and his two friends are killed in a massive, merciless barrage which ends with his cabin in flames. Watson warns the settlers of Canton's approach at another huge, chaotic gathering at "Heaven's Gate". The agitated settlers decide to fight back; Bridges leads the attack on Canton's gang. With the hired invaders now surrounded, both sides suffer casualties (including a drunken, poetic Irvine) as Canton leaves to bring help. Watson and Averill return to Champion's charred and smoking cabin and discover his body along with a hand written letter documenting his last minutes alive.

The next day, Averill reluctantly joins the settlers, with their cobbled-together siege machines and explosive charges, in an attack against Canton's men and their makeshift fortifications. Again there are heavy casualties on both sides, before the U.S. Army, with Canton in the lead, arrives to stop the fighting and save the remaining besieged mercenaries. Later, at Watson's cabin, Bridges, Watson and Averill prepare to leave for good. But they are ambushed by Canton and two others who shoot and kill Bridges and Watson. After killing Canton and his men, a grief-stricken Averill holds Watson's body in his arms.

In 1903 – about a decade later – a well-dressed, beardless, but older-looking Averill walks the deck of his yacht off Newport, Rhode Island. He goes below, where an attractive middle-aged woman is sleeping in a luxurious boudoir. The woman, Averill's old Harvard girlfriend (perhaps now his wife), awakens and asks him for a cigarette. Silently he complies, lights it, and returns to the deck.

Cast

Differences from actual history

Apart from being set in Wyoming and the fact that many of the characters have the names of key figures in the Johnson County War, the plot and the characters in the film bear almost no relation to the actual historical people and events.[16]

While there were certainly small numbers of settlers arriving in northern Wyoming, there were not hordes of poor European immigrants streaming en masse,[17] let alone killing rich men's cattle out of hunger. Secondly, far from being an "enforcer" for the stockmen and a murderer, Nate Champion was a well-liked small rancher in Johnson County, whom the rich stockmen dubbed "king of the rustlers" because he stood up against their tactic of claiming all unbranded young cattle on the range.[16]

Jim Averell was also a small-time rancher, about 100 miles (160 kilometers) southwest of Johnson County. Along with his common-law wife Ellen (or Ella) Watson, he was murdered by rich stockmen two years before the Johnson County War began. Stockmen spread a story that Ella had exchanged sexual favors for stolen cattle, but this was false, and she was certainly not a bordello madam as portrayed in the film. It is highly unlikely that Watson or Averell ever knew Nate Champion.

Production

In 1971, rising Hollywood film director Michael Cimino submitted an original script for Heaven's Gate (then called The Johnson County War) but the project was shelved when it failed to attract big-name talent.[18] In 1979, after two hit films in a row – 1974's Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (filmed in Montana), and on the eve of winning two Academy Awards (Best Director and Best Picture) for 1978's The Deer Hunter – Cimino, now one of the hottest directors in Hollywood, used his "star power" to convince United Artists to resurrect the project with Kris Kristofferson, Isabelle Huppert, and Christopher Walken as the three main characters. He was given an initial budget of $11.6 million,[19] but was also provided with carte blanche.[20]

Shooting demands, overruns, and endless retakes

Principal photography began on April 16, 1979,[21] in Glacier National Park,[22] east of Kalispell, Montana, with the majority of the town scenes filmed in the Two Medicine area, north of the village of East Glacier Park.[23] Shooting also included the town of Wallace, Idaho.[23] The project had a December 14 projected release date[24] and $11.6 million budget and promptly fell behind schedule.[25]

According to legend, by the sixth day of filming the project was already five days behind schedule.[18] As an example of Cimino's fanatical attention to detail, a street built to his precise specifications had to be torn down and rebuilt because it reportedly "didn't look right". The street in question needed to be six feet wider; the set construction boss said it would be cheaper to tear down one side and move it back six feet, but Cimino insisted that both sides be dismantled and moved back three feet, then reassembled.[26]

An entire tree was cut down, moved in pieces, and relocated to the courtyard where the Harvard 1870 graduation scene was shot.[27]

Cimino had an irrigation system built under the land where the major battlefield scene would unfold, so that it would remain vividly green, to contrast with the red color it would later be awash with after the bloody carnage.[28]

Cimino shot more than 1.3 million feet (nearly 220 hours) of footage, costing the studio in salary, locations, and acting fees approximately $200,000 per day.[29] Privately, it was said Cimino had expressed his wish to surpass Francis Ford Coppola's mark of shooting one million feet of footage for Apocalypse Now (1979).[18]

Cimino's obsessive behavior soon earned him the nickname "The Ayatollah". Production fell behind schedule as rumors spread of Cimino's demanding up to 50 takes of individual scenes and delaying filming until a cloud that he liked rolled into the frame.[30] As a result of the numerous delays, several of the musicians originally brought to Montana to work on the film for only three weeks ended up stranded, waiting to be called for shoots to materialize, and simply sat there for six months. The experience, as the Associated Press put it, "was both stunningly boring and a raucous good time, full of jam sessions, strange adventures and curiously little actual shooting." The jam sessions served as the beginning of numerous musical collaborations between Bridges and Kristofferson.

As production staggered forward, United Artists seriously considered firing Cimino and replacing him with another director.[31]

Actor John Hurt spent so long waiting around on the production for something to do, he went off and made The Elephant Man (1980) for David Lynch in the interim, and then came back to shoot more scenes on Heaven's Gate.[32]

Heaven's Gate finished shooting in March 1980, having cost nearly $30 million.[33] Reportedly, during post-production Cimino changed the lock to the studio's editing room, prohibiting executives from seeing the film until he completed his cut, although Cimino disputed the story. Working with Oscar-winning editor William H. Reynolds, Cimino slaved over his project.[31] As one person involved in the project noted, "Michael didn't want respect. He wanted awe. The idea was that the magic man was in his workshop doing his magic, and we should all just leave him alone and let him finish."

Workprint cut and eventual plans for release

On June 26, 1980, Cimino previewed a workprint for executives at United Artists that reportedly ran five hours and twenty-five minutes (325 minutes), which Cimino said was "about 15 minutes longer than the final cut would be."[34]

The executives flatly refused to release the film at that length and once again contemplated firing Cimino.[34] However, Cimino promised them he could re-edit the film and spent the entire summer and fall of 1980 doing so, finally paring it down to its original premiere length of 3 hours and 39 minutes (219 minutes). The original wide-release opening on Christmas of 1979 had come and gone, so UA and Cimino finally set up a release date in November 1980.[33]

Reception

Initial reactions

The final cut finally premiered at New York's Cinema 1 theater on November 19, 1980. The premiere was, by all accounts, a disaster. During the intermission, the audience was so subdued that Cimino was said to have asked why no one was drinking the champagne. He was reportedly told by his publicist, "Because they hate the movie, Michael."[34]

New York Times critic Vincent Canby panned the film, calling it "an unqualified disaster," comparing it to "a forced four-hour walking tour of one's own living room."[35] Canby went even further by stating that "[i]t fails so completely that you might suspect Mr. Cimino sold his soul to obtain the success of The Deer Hunter and the Devil has just come around to collect."[35]

After a sparsely attended one-week run, Cimino and United Artists quickly pulled the film from any further releases, completely postponing a full worldwide release.[11]

In April 1981 in Los Angeles, the film resurfaced in a "director's cut" two-hour-twenty-nine-minute (149 minute) version that Cimino had recut for a third time.[11] Reviewing the shorter cut in the Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert criticized the film's formal choices and its narrative inconsistencies and incredulities, concluding that the film was "[t]he most scandalous cinematic waste I have ever seen, and remember, I've seen Paint Your Wagon."[36] Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times issued a dissenting opinion when he reviewed the shortened film, becoming one of its few American champions and calling it "a true screen epic" while stating that in two decades as a critic, he had never felt "so totally alone".[11]

The film closed after the second week, having grossed only $1.3 million total on its $44 million budget.[11]

Writing in the The Guardian in 2008, Joe Queenan declared Heaven’s Gate the worst film made up to that time. “This is a movie that destroyed the director's career,” he wrote. “This is a movie that lost so much money it literally drove a major American studio out of business. This is a movie about Harvard-educated gunslingers who face off against eastern European sodbusters in an epic struggle for the soul of America. This is a movie that stars Isabelle Huppert as a shotgun-toting cowgirl. This is a movie in which Jeff Bridges pukes while mounted on roller skates. This is a movie that has five minutes of uninterrupted fiddle-playing by a fiddler who is also mounted on roller skates. This is a movie that defies belief.” [37]

Reassessments

In subsequent years, some critics have come to the film's defense, beginning with European critics who praised it after the film played at the Cannes Film Festival.[11][12] Robin Wood was an early champion of Heaven's Gate and its reassessment, calling it "one of the few authentically innovative Hollywood films ... It seems to me, in its original version, among the supreme achievements of the Hollywood cinema."[38][39] David Thomson calls the film "a wounded monster" and argues that it takes part in "a rich American tradition (Melville, James, Ives, Pollock, Parker) that seeks a mighty dispersal of what has gone before. In America, there are great innovations in art that suddenly create fields of apparent emptiness. They may seem like omissions or mistakes at first. Yet in time we come to see them as meant for our exploration."[40] Martin Scorsese has said that the film has many overlooked virtues.[41] Some of these critics have attempted to impugn the motives of the earliest reviewers. Robin Wood noted, in his initial review of the film, reviewers tended to pile on the film, attempting to "outdo [one an]other with sarcasm and contempt."[38] Several members of the cast and crew have complained that the initial reviews of the film were tainted by its production history and that daily critics were reviewing it as a business story as much as a motion picture.[11] In April 2011, the staff of Time Out London selected Heaven's Gate as the 12th greatest Western.[42] While Peter Biskind covered the many excesses and problems with the movie in his book Easy Riders, Raging Bulls, he also noted that Heaven's Gate was not dissimilar to other big-budget, troubled projects of the late 1970s and early 1980s (such as Steven Spielberg's 1941 and Warren Beatty's Reds), and that the backlash against Heaven's Gate could have easily been directed elsewhere. Biskind speculated that Michael Cimino's personal unpopularity was the main reason this film became so widely reviled.

2012–13 re-release and acclaim

In the fall of 2012, the film was re-released to "soak up acclaim" as a 216-minute "director's cut" at the 69th Venice Film Festival[43][44][45] on August 30 in the presence of Cimino, followed one month later by screening at the New York Film Festival,[13] and then at the Festival Lumière in France. Venice Festival director Alberto Barbera described the film as an "absolute masterpiece" that had disappeared, and whose 1980 cutting was characterized as a "massacre" by nervous producers and had been "one of the greatest injustices of cinematic history" that had destroyed careers (Cimino and Kristofferson) following "annihilat[ing]" critical reviews.[13]

In March 2013, the new director's cut was again featured back in New York City in a week-long run screening at the Film Forum. A major article by New York Times critic Manohla Dargis opined that the film's "second coming ... brightens a murky, legendary work of art" in a restoration that also "reveals the contradictions of a great flop."[28] An article by Nicholas Barber on the BBC website in December 2015 traced the history of the critical reception of Heaven's Gate and concludes: "so much of Heaven’s Gate is patently splendid that it is mind-boggling that anyone could pronounce it an 'unqualified disaster'. And the scenes which were slammed in 1980 as being symptomatic of waste and excess – the Harvard waltz, the massed rollerskating – are the scenes which take your breath away." Reflecting on the depicted negative attitudes to immigrants, he writes: "However unwelcome Heaven’s Gate may have been in 1980, there hasn’t been a more urgently topical film in 2015."[46]

Controversy

Impact on the U.S. film industry

The film's $44 million cost (equivalent to $126 million as of 2015) and poor performance at the box office ($3,484,331 gross in the United States) generated more negative publicity than actual financial damage, causing Transamerica Corporation, United Artists' corporate owner, to become anxious over its own public image and to abandon film production altogether.

Transamerica then sold United Artists to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, which effectively ended the studio's existence. MGM would later revive UA as a subsidiary division. While the money loss due to Heaven's Gate was considerable, United Artists was still a thriving studio with a steady income provided by the James Bond, The Pink Panther and Rocky franchises. But many movie insiders have argued that UA was already struggling at the time after the executive walkout in 1978 as well as several box office flops, including Cruising, Foxes and Roadie, that were released earlier in 1980.

The fracas had a wider effect on the American film industry. During the 1970s, relatively young directors such as Francis Ford Coppola, Peter Bogdanovich, George Lucas, William Friedkin, and Steven Spielberg had been given large budgets with very little studio control (see New Hollywood). The studios evolved away from the director-driven film and eventually led to the new paradigm of the high concept feature, epitomized by Jaws and Star Wars. However, the directors' power lessened considerably, as a result of disappointing box-office performers such as both Friedkin's Sorcerer (1977) and Cruising (1980), and culminating in Coppola's One from the Heart and Cimino's Heaven's Gate. As the new high-concept paradigm of filmmaking became more entrenched, studio control of budgets and productions became tighter, ending the free-wheeling excesses that had begotten Heaven's Gate.

The very poor box office performance of the film contributed to a negative impact on the Western genre, which had enjoyed a revival in the late 1960s. From that point on, very few Western films were released by major studios, save for Pale Rider and Silverado, both released in 1985 and another brief revival in the early 1990s with the Oscar-winning hits Dances with Wolves (1990) and Unforgiven (1992), and the commercially successful Tombstone (1993).

Accusations of cruelty to animals

The film was marred by accusations of cruelty to animals during production. One assertion was that live horses were bled from the neck without giving them pain-killers so that their blood could be collected and smeared upon the actors in a scene. The American Humane Association (AHA) asserted that four horses were killed and many more injured during a battle scene. It was claimed that one of the horses was blown up by dynamite. This footage appears in the final cut of the film.

The AHA was barred from monitoring the animal action on the set. According to the AHA, the owner of an abused horse filed a lawsuit against the producers, director, Partisan Productions, and the horse wrangler. The owner cited wrongful injury and breach of contract for willfully depriving her Arabian gelding of proper care. The suit cited "the severe physical and behavioral trauma and disfigurement" of the horse. The case was settled out of court.[47]

There were accusations of actual cockfights, decapitated chickens, and a group of cows disemboweled to provide "fake intestines" for the actors.[47] The outcry prompted the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) and the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers (AMPTP) to contractually authorize the AHA to monitor the use of all animals in all filmed media.[47]

The film is listed on AHA's list of unacceptable films.[47] The AHA protested the film by distributing an international press release detailing the assertions of animal cruelty and asking people to boycott it. AHA organized picket lines outside movie theaters in Hollywood while local humane societies did the same across the USA. Though Heaven's Gate was not the first film to have animals killed during its production, it is believed that the film was largely responsible for sparking the now common use of the "No animals were harmed ..." disclaimer and more rigorous supervision of animal acts by the AHA, which had been inspecting film production since the 1940s.[48]

Versions of the film

There were several versions of the film.

  1. Workprint cut 325-minutes
    • Print for studio executives, early 1980
  2. Initial "Premiere" Release: 219-minutes
    • Cinema release, November 1980, aborted after 1 week
    • Shown on Z Channel cable, 1982, as "The Directors cut"
    • Released on VHS and LaserDisc by MGM as "The Legendary Uncut Version"
  3. Director's Second edit: 149-minutes
    • Wide cinema release, April 1981
    • Released on DVD in France and the Netherlands
  4. Radical Cut: 219-minute[49]
    • 2005 special screening in Paris and New York
      • Reassembled by MGM with available high quality footage (using alternative footage where required)
  5. Digitally restored Directors Cut: 216 minutes
    • Restored in 2012 for the 69th Venice Film Festival, followed by a BD & DVD release.
      • Based on the initial release with the intermission removed, and slightly shortened.

Workprint cut, premiere cut and an alternative cut

Notwithstanding the five-hour-and-twenty-five-minute (325 minute) "workprint" cut shown to executives in June 1980, Cimino had rushed through post-production and editing in order to meet his contractual requirements to United Artists, and to qualify for the 1980 Academy Awards.[11] The version screened at the November 1980 premiere ran 3 hours and 39 minutes (219 minutes). Bridges joked that Cimino had worked on the film so close to the premiere that the print screened was still wet from the lab.[11]

After the aborted one-week premiere run in New York, Cimino and United Artists pulled the film; Cimino wrote an open letter to the studio that was printed in several trade papers blaming unrealistic deadline pressures for the film's failure.[50] United Artists reportedly also hired its own editor to try to edit Cimino's footage into a releasable film with no real success.[50]

Ultimately, Cimino's second edited version, a 149-minute version, premiered in April 1981 and was the only cut of the film screened in wide release. The original negative for the longer version no longer exists because it was directly edited on for the 149-minute version. (An interpositive of the longer version was used as the source for the Criterion Collection release.) This cut of the film is not just shorter but differs radically in placement of scenes and selection of takes.[38] This version, after leaving theaters, was not released on home video of any kind in the United States, but was later released on DVD in France ("la Porte du Paradis"). This version has also aired on the MGM HD cable channel.

In 1982, Z Channel aired the 219-minute 1980 premiere version of the film on cable television – the first time that the longer version was widely exhibited – and which Z Channel dubbed the "director's cut". As critic F.X. Feeney noted in the documentary Z Channel: A Magnificent Obsession, Z Channel's broadcast of Heaven's Gate first popularized the concept of a "director's cut".[51]

When MGM (which acquired the rights to United Artists's catalog after its demise) released the film on VHS and videodisc in the 1980s, it released Cimino's 219-minute cut with the tagline "Heaven's Gate... The Legendary Uncut Version." Subsequent releases on LaserDisc and DVD have contained only the 219-minute cut.

Due to the wide availability of the 219-minute 1980 premiere version of Heaven's Gate and its frequent labeling as either "uncut" or the "director's cut", Cimino insisted that the so-called "original version" did not fully correspond to his intentions, and that he was under pressure to bring it out for the predetermined date and did not consider the film ready, making even the 219-minute version essentially an "unfinished" film.[38]

The 216-minute version shown in Venice is quite similar to the 219-minute version, but with no intermission. Some shots in the second part are slightly shorter and a shot with a single line has been cut (just after John Hurt is beaten by Sam Waterston).

149-minute cut

In the 149-minute version of Heaven's Gate released in 1981, the following scenes are cut:

2005 radical cut

In 2005, MGM released the film in selected cinemas in the United States and Europe.[52] The 219-minute cut was reassembled by MGM archivist John Kirk, who reported that large portions of the original negative had been discarded, making this an all-new radical version using whatever alternative available scenes that could be found.[52] The restored print was screened in Paris and presented to a sold-out audience at New York's Museum of Modern Art with a live introduction by Isabelle Huppert.[53] Because the project was commissioned by then-MGM executive Bingham Ray, who was ousted shortly thereafter, the budget for the project was cut and a planned wider release and DVD never materialized and probably never will.[52]

2012 digitally restored Director's Cut

In 2012, MGM released yet another version, digitally restored and 216 minutes long. It premiered at the 2012 Venice Film Festival as part of the Venice Classics series.[54][55]

The Criterion Collection released the restored 216 minute version on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on November 20, 2012. This "Director's Cut" was personally supervised by Michael Cimino and Joann Carelli. Cimino explains in the special features portion of the DVD that this is his preferred version of the film, and he feels it is the complete version he intended to make.

Accolades

Nominated: Best Art Direction-Set Decoration (Tambi Larsen and James L. Berkey)
In Competition: Palme d'Or (Michael Cimino)
Won: Worst Director – Michael Cimino
Nominated: Worst Picture
Nominated: Worst Screenplay – Michael Cimino
Nominated: Worst Musical Score
Nominated: Worst Actor – Kris Kristofferson

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Heaven's Gate – Poster #1". IMP Awards. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
  2. ↑ "HEAVEN'S GATE (X)". British Board of Film Classification. July 3, 1981. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
  3. ↑ Hughes, p.170
  4. ↑ "Heaven's Gate (1980)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 15, 2011.
  5. ↑ Queenan, Joe (March 20, 2008). "From hell" – via The Guardian.
  6. ↑ "Critics At Large  : Michael Cimino's Heaven's Gate and the Death of the Auteur Theory".
  7. ↑ "Retro Review – Heaven's Gate (1980)". March 8, 2013.
  8. ↑ Eller, Claudia,"The costliest box office flops of all time", Los Angeles Times (January 15, 2014)
  9. ↑ Queenan, Joe (March 21, 2008). "From Hell". The Guardian. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
  10. ↑ Biskind, Peter (1998). Easy Riders, Raging Bulls: How the Sex-Drugs-and-Rock-'n'-Roll Generation Saved Hollywood. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80996-6. pp. 401–403.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Epstein, Michael (2004). Final Cut: The Making and Unmaking of Heaven's Gate (television). Viewfinder Productions.
  12. 1 2 Khan, Omar. "Heaven's Gate (1981)"
  13. 1 2 3 Hoyle, Ben (October 1, 2012). "Heaven's Gate: Box Office Turkey That Sank a Studio Is a Modern Masterpiece". The Times. p. 4. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
  14. ↑ "The 100 greatest American films".
  15. ↑ "Spalding Gray's Tortured Soul". The New York Times Magazine. October 6, 2011. p. 5 of online version. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  16. 1 2 Davis, John W. (2010). Wyoming Range War: The Infamous Invasion of Johnson County. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-4106-0.
  17. ↑ Larson, T.A. (1990). History of Wyoming. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-7936-0.
  18. 1 2 3 Robey, Tim (19 July 2013). "Heaven's Gate: the bomb that almost destroyed Hollywood". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  19. ↑ Burr, Ty (24 November 2012). "Ty Burr revisits 'Heaven's Gate'". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  20. ↑ Matthews, Christopher (20 March 2012). "The Top 10 Biggest Money-Losing Movies of All Time". Time. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  21. ↑ Bach, Steven (1999). Final Cut: Art, Money, and Ego in the Making of Heaven's Gate, the Film that Sank United Artists. Newmarket Press. ISBN 9781557043740.
  22. ↑ Janiskee, Bob (1 September 2009). "Was "Heaven's Gate" the Worst Movie Ever Filmed in a National Park?". Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  23. 1 2 Gapay, Les (16 December 1979). "'Heaven's Gate' swings open". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  24. ↑ Bach, Steven (1999). Final Cut: Art, Money, and Ego in the Making of Heaven's Gate, the Film that Sank United Artists. Newmarket Press. ISBN 9781557043740.
  25. ↑ Thomas, Bob (19 September 1979). "Will 'Heaven's Gate' ever finish?". The Spokesman-Review. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  26. ↑ Molloy, Mick; Wrathall, John (2006). Movie Idols. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 9781402736742.
  27. ↑ Cochrane, John (21 May 2013). "A Hollywood Elegy: Revisiting Heaven's Gate". Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  28. 1 2 Dargis, Manohla (17 March 2013). "The Second Coming of 'Heaven's Gate'". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  29. ↑ Prince, Stephen (2002). A New Pot of Gold: Hollywood Under the Electronic Rainbow, 1980-1989. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520232662.
  30. ↑ "The 15 Biggest Box Office Bombs -> Heaven's Gate #8". CNBC. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
  31. 1 2 Mentel, Thomas (17 February 2015). "7 Craziest Film Productions of All Time". Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  32. ↑ Lambie, Ryan (27 March 2014). "10 stories of excess from the production of Heaven's Gate".
  33. 1 2 Dargis, Manhola (15 March 2013). "The Second Coming of 'Heaven's Gate'". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  34. 1 2 3 Bach, Steven (1999) [1985]. Final Cut: Art, Money, and Ego in the Making of Heaven's Gate, the Film That Sank United Artists (New ed.). New York, NY: Newmarket Press.
  35. 1 2 Canby, Vincent (November 19, 1980). "'Heaven's Gate,' A Western by Cimino". The New York Times. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
  36. ↑ Ebert, Roger (1981). "Heaven's Gate review". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved March 13, 2012.
  37. ↑ Queenan, Joe (20 March 2008). "From hell". The Guardian.
  38. 1 2 3 4 Wood, Robin (1986). Hollywood from Vietnam to Reagan. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 267, 269, 283. ISBN 0-231-12966-1.
  39. ↑ "Top Ten Lists by Critics and Filmmakers". Combustible Celluloid. Retrieved November 25, 2010.
  40. ↑ Thomson, David (October 14, 2008). "Have You Seen ...?": A Personal Introduction to 1,000 Films. New York City: Random House. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-307-26461-9.
  41. ↑ LaGravenese, Richard (director); Demme, Ted (director). (2003). A Decade Under the Influence: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow. [Film]. IFC.
  42. ↑ "The 50 greatest westerns". Time Out. London. April 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  43. ↑ Lim, Dennis (August 31, 2012). "Venice Film Festival: Michael Cimino Revisits 'Heaven's Gate'". The New York Times (ArtBeats). Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  44. ↑ Sotinel, Thomas (August 31, 2012). "Venise 2012: Michael Cimino retrouve la clé du paradis". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  45. ↑ Crousse, Nicolas (August 31, 2012). "Mostra de Venise : Cimino est (enfin) au paradis". Le Soir (in French). Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  46. ↑ Barber, Nicholas (4 December 2015). "From Hollywood Disaster to Masterpiece". Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  47. 1 2 3 4 "Heaven's Gate". American Humane Association. Retrieved March 19, 2013. Archived June 26, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
  48. ↑ "Cruel Camera". The Fifth Estate. CBC Television. May 5, 1982 and January 16, 2008. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
  49. ↑ "HEAVEN'S GATE (15) (!)". British Board of Film Classification. 2013-03-27. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  50. 1 2 Egan, Jack (December 8, 1980). "Bombs Away". New York (via Google Books). p. 16. Retrieved March 13, 2012.
  51. ↑ Cassavetes, Xan (director), Feeney, F.X. (critic). (2004). Z: A Magnificent Obsession. [Film]. IFC.
  52. 1 2 3 Macnab, Geoffrey (February 23, 2005). "Heaven Can Wait". The Guardian. Retrieved March 13, 2012.
  53. ↑ "Michael Cimino – Paris Heaven's Gate Master class". ecranlarge.com. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
  54. ↑ Drees, Rich (August 31, 2012). "Cimino Premiers 216-Minute Cut of Heaven's Gate at Venice Film Festival". FilmBuffOnline. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
  55. ↑ Lang, Brett (July 26, 2012). "Venice Film Festival Unveils Line-Up with Films from Malick, De Palma and Demme". The Wrap. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
  56. 1 2 3 "Heaven's Gate (1980) – Awards". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved October 15, 2010.
  57. ↑ "Heaven's Gate". The New York Times. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
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