Heilongjiang

For the river known in Mandarin as Heilong Jiang, see Amur River.
Heilongjiang Province
黑龙江省
Province
Name transcription(s)
 • Chinese 黑龙江省 (Hēilóngjiāng Shěng)
 • Abbreviation 黑 (pinyin: Hēi)
Map showing the location of Heilongjiang Province
Map showing the location of Heilongjiang Province
Coordinates: 48°N 129°E / 48°N 129°E / 48; 129Coordinates: 48°N 129°E / 48°N 129°E / 48; 129
Named for 黑 hēi—black
龙 lóng—dragon
江 jiāng—river
"Amur River"
Capital

Qiqihar(1949-1953)

Harbin(1954-now)
Largest city Harbin
Divisions 13 prefectures, 130 counties, 1274 townships
Government
 • Secretary Wang Xiankui
 • Governor Lu Hao
Area[1]
 • Total 454,800 km2 (175,600 sq mi)
Area rank 6th
Population (2010)[2]
 • Total 38,312,224
 • Rank 15th
 • Density 84/km2 (220/sq mi)
 • Density rank 28th
Demographics
 • Ethnic composition Han: 95%
Manchu: 3%
Korean: 1%
Mongol: 0.4%
Hui: 0.3%
 • Languages and dialects Northeastern Mandarin, Jilu Mandarin, Jiaoliao Mandarin
ISO 3166 code CN-23
GDP (2014) CNY 1.504 trillion
US$ 244.8 billion (20th)
 • per capita CNY 39,164
US$ 6,375 (20th)
HDI (2010) 0.704[3] (high) (12th)
Website www.hlj.gov.cn
Heilongjiang

"Heilongjiang" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese 黑龙江
Traditional Chinese 黑龍江
Postal Heilungkiang
Literal meaning "Black Dragon River"
Mongolian name
Mongolian Qaramörin
Manchu name
Manchu script ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ
History of the Priamurye region
(also including Heilongjiang,
Amur Oblast and southern part of Khabarovsk Krai)
Sushen
Mohe • Shiwei
Balhae
Khitan
Liao dynasty • Daurs
Jin dynasty (1115–1234) • Nivkh
Eastern Jin (1215–1234)
Yuan dynasty • Evenks
Yeren Jurchens • Solon Khanate
Qing dynasty • Nanais • Ulchs
Russian Exploration • Negidals
Manchus–Cossacks wars (1652–1689)
Nerchinsk
Government-General of Eastern Siberia
Aigun
Li–Lobanov Treaty
Siberian Regional Government
Far Eastern Republic
Far Eastern Oblast
Soviet invasion of Manchuria (1945)
Sino-Soviet border conflict
Far Eastern Federal District

Heilongjiang (Chinese: 黑龙江; pinyin:  Hēilóngjiāng ) is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. "Heilongjiang" literally means Black Dragon River, which is the Chinese name for the Amur. The one-character abbreviation is 黑 (pinyin: Hēi). The Manchu name of the region is Sahaliyan ula (literally, "Black River"), from which the name of Sakhalin is derived, and the Mongolian name with the same meaning is Qaramörin.

Heilongjiang borders Jilin in the south and Inner Mongolia to the west; it also borders Russia to the north and east.

The Amur River marks the border between the People's Republic of China and Russia to the north. Heilongjiang contains China's northernmost point (in Mohe County along the Amur) and easternmost point (at the junction of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers).

History

Saint Sofia Church

Ancient Chinese records and other sources state that Heilongjiang was inhabited by people such as the Buyeo, the Mohe, and the Khitan. Mongolic Donghu people lived in Inner Mongolia and the western part of Heilongjiang.[4] Some names are Manchu or Mongolian.[5] The eastern portion of Heilongjiang was ruled by the kingdom of Balhae between the 7th century and 10th century. The Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234) that subsequently ruled much of north China arose within the borders of modern Heilongjiang.

Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces on a 1734 French map

Heilongjiang as an administrative entity was created in 1683, during the Kangxi era of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, from the northwestern part of the Jilin province.[6] This Heilongjiang Province only included the western part of today's Heilongjiang Province, and was under the supervision of the General of Heilongjiang (the title is also translated as the Military Governor of Heilongjiang), whose power extended, according to the Treaty of Nerchinsk, as far north as the Stanovoy Mountains. The eastern part of what's today Heilongjiang remained under the supervision of the General of Jilin, whose power reached the Sea of Japan. These areas deep in Manchuria were closed off to Han Chinese migration.

The original seat of the Military Governor of Heilongjiang, as established in 1683, was in Heilongjang City (also known as Aigun or Heihe, or, in Manchu, Saghalien Ula), located on the Amur River. However, already in 1690 the seat of the governor was transferred to Nenjiang (Mergen) on the Nen River, and, in 1699, further south to Qiqihar. According to modern historians, the moves may have been driven by supply considerations: Nenjiang and Qiqihar are connected by a convenient waterway (Nen River) with southern Manchuria, whereas accessing Aigun (Heihe) would require either sailing all the way down the Sungari River until its confluence with the Amur and then up the Amur to Heihe, or using a portage over the Lesser Xing'an Mountains between the Nen River valley and the Amur valley. An additional advantage of Qiqihar may have been its location at the junction of a northbound road (to Nenjiang) and a westbound one (to Mongolia), enabling its garrison to defend both against the Russians and the Ölöt Mongols.[7]

Little Qing Military presence existed north of Aigun. According to the 18th and early 20th European sources, and the reports of the Russians in the 1850s, the farthest Qing "advance guard" post was at Ulusu-Modon (Ulussu-Mudan) (Chinese: 乌鲁苏穆丹), near the Amur River's famous S-shaped meander. (The post was actually on the left bank of the river, lost to the Russians in 1860).

In 1858 and 1860 the Qing government was forced to give up all land beyond the Amur and Ussuri Rivers to the Russian Empire, cutting off the Qing Empire from the Sea of Japan and giving Heilongjiang its present northern and eastern borders. At the same time, Manchuria was opened to Han Chinese migration by the Qing government. By the early twentieth century, due to the Chuang Guandong, the Han Chinese had become the dominant ethnic group in the region.[8]

In 1931, Japanese forces invaded Heilongjiang. In 1932, the Japanese completed their conquest of the province, which became part of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo.

In 1945, Japanese forces in Manchuria were defeated by the Soviet Army. During the Chinese Civil War, Soviet forces aided the Chinese communists. Heilongjiang became the first province to be completely controlled by the communists and Harbin the first major city to be controlled by them.

At the beginning of communist rule, Heilongjiang included only the western portion of the present-day province, and had its capital at Qiqihar. The remaining area was the province of Songjiang; its capital was Harbin. In 1954, these two provinces were merged into present-day Heilongjiang. During the Cultural Revolution, Heilongjiang was also expanded to include Hulunbuir League and some other areas previously in Inner Mongolia; this has since mostly been reversed.

Jixi

Geography

Heilongjiang is a land of varied topography. Much of the province is dominated by mountain ranges such as the Greater Khingan Range and Lesser Khingan Range, Zhangguangcai Mountains, Laoye Mountains, and Wanda Mountains. The highest peak is Mount Datudingzi at 1,690 metres (5,540 ft), located on the border with Jilin province. The Greater Khingan Range contains China's largest remaining virgin forest and is an important area for China's forestry industry.

The east and southwest of the province, which are relatively flat and low in altitude, contain the Muling River, the Naoli River, the Songhua River, the Nen River, and the Mudan River, all tributaries of the Amur, while the northern border forms part of the Amur valley. Xingkai Lake (or Khanka Lake) is found on the border with Russia's Primorsky Krai.

A humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa or Dwb) predominates in the province, though areas in the far north are subarctic (Köppen Dwc).[9] Winters are long and bitter, with an average of −31 to −15 °C (−24 to 5 °F) in January, and summers are short and warm to very warm with an average of 18 to 23 °C (64 to 73 °F) in July. The annual average rainfall is 400 to 700 millimetres (16 to 28 in), concentrated heavily in summer. Clear weather is prevalent throughout the year, and in the spring, the Songnen Plain and the Sanpingjiang Plain provide abundant sources of wind energy.

The province's largest cities include Harbin, Qiqihar, Mudanjiang, Jiamusi, Daqing, Jixi, Shuangyashan, Hegang, Qitaihe, Yichun, and Heihe.

Transport

A road and highway proposal was accepted in 2006; the project plans to develop 38,000 kilometers of new roads and expand Heilongjiang’s total road network to 2.3 million kilometers.

There are 60 rail lines of around 5,300 kilometers including a section of the Asia-Europe Continental Bridge. The Harbin–Dalian High-Speed Railway, completed in 2012, stretches from Harbin, Heilongjiang’s capital, to Dalian in Liaoning province via Changchun and Shenyang comprising 23 stops. It is expected to transport 37 million passengers per year by 2020 and 51 million by 2030.

Major airports include Harbin Taiping International Airport, Qiqihar Airport, Mudanjiang Airport, Jiamusi Airport and Heihe Airport. Harbin International Airport is capable of handling six million passengers every year and connects to over 70 domestic and international cities.

Administrative divisions

Heilongjiang is divided into thirteen prefecture-level divisions: twelve prefecture-level cities (including a sub-provincial city) and one prefecture:

Administrative divisions of Heilongjiang
№ Division code[10] English name Chinese Pinyin Area in km2[11] Population 2010[12] Seat Divisions[13]
Districts* Counties Aut. counties CL cities
  230000 Heilongjiang 黑龙江省 Hēilóngjiāng Shěng 454800.00 38,312,224 Harbin 65 43 1 19
1 230100 Harbin 哈尔滨市 Hā'ěrbīn Shì 53523.50 10,635,971 Songbei District 9 7 2
2 230200 Qiqihar 齐齐哈尔市 Qíqíhā'ěr Shì 42205.81 5,367,003 Jianhua District 7 8 1
3 231000 Mudanjiang 牡丹江市 Mǔdānjiāng Shì 38679.80 2,798,723 Dong'an District 4 1 5
4 230800 Jiamusi 佳木斯市 Jiāmùsī Shì 32704.00 2,552,097 Qianjin District 4 3 3
5 230600 Daqing 大庆市 Dàqìng Shì 21222.03 2,904,532 Sartu District 5 3 1
6 230300 Jixi 鸡西市 Jīxī Shì 22488.46 1,862,161 Jiguan District 6 1 2
7 230500 Shuangyashan 双鸭山市 Shuāngyāshān Shì 22036.19 1,462,626 Jianshan District 4 4
8 230700 Yichun 伊春市 Yīchūn Shì 32759.66 1,148,126 Yichun District 15 1 1
9 230900 Qitaihe 七台河市 Qītáihé Shì 6221.42 920,419 Taoshan District 3 1
10 230400 Hegang 鹤岗市 Hègǎng Shì 14679.98 1,058,665 Xiangyang District 6 2
11 231100 Heihe 黑河市 Hēihé Shì 66802.65 1,673,898 Aihui District 1 3 2
12 231200 Suihua 绥化市 Suíhuà Shì 34964.17 5,416,439 Beilin District 1 6 3
13 232700 Daxing'anling Prefecture 大兴安岭地区 Dàxīng'ānlǐng Dìqū 46,755.00≈ 511,564 Jiagedaqi District** 4** 3

* - including Ethnic districts
** - administrative districts not registered under the Ministry of Civil Affairs (not included in the total Districts' count)
≈ - not including territories within Inner Mongolia (if included: 82928.80 km2)

Qiqihar
Mudanjiang

(Additional information regarding the last prefecture can be found at Greater Khingan.)

The thirteen prefecture-level divisions of Heilongjiang are subdivided into 128 county-level divisions (65 districts, 19 county-level cities, 43 counties, and 1 autonomous county). Those are in turn divided into 1,284 township-level divisions (473 towns, 400 townships, 58 ethnic townships, and 353 subdistricts).

Politics

List of Secretaries of the CPC Heilongjiang Committee:

  1. Zhang Qilong 张启龙(1949–1950)
  2. Zhao Dezun 赵德尊 (1950–1953)
  3. Feng Jixin 冯纪新 (1953–1954)
  4. Ouyang Qin 欧阳钦 (1954–1965)
  5. Pan Fusheng 潘复生 (1965–1971)
  6. Wang Jiadao 汪家道 (1971–1974)
  7. Liu Guangtao 刘光涛 (1977)
  8. Yang Yichen 杨易辰 (1977–1983)
  9. Li Li'an 李力安 (1983–1985)
  10. Sun Weiben 孙维本 (1985–1994)
  11. Yue Qifeng 岳岐峰 (1994–1997)
  12. Xu Youfang 徐有芳 (1997–2003)
  13. Song Fatang 宋法棠 (2003–2005)
  14. Qian Yunlu 钱运录 (2005–2008)
  15. Ji Bingxuan 吉炳轩 (2008–2013)
  16. Wang Xiankui 王宪魁 (March 2013 – incumbent)

List of Governors:

  1. Yu Yifu 于毅夫 (1949–1952)
  2. Zhao Dezun 赵德尊 (1952–1953)
  3. Chen Lei 陈雷 (1953–1954)
  4. Han Guang 韩光 (1954–1956)
  5. Ouyang Qin 欧阳钦 (1956–1958)
  6. Li Fanwu 李范五 (1958–1966)
  7. Pan Fusheng 潘复生 (1967–1971)
  8. Wang Jiadao 汪家道 (1971–1974)
  9. Liu Guangtao 刘光涛 (February 1977 – December 1977)
  10. Yang Yichen 杨易辰(December 1977 – 1979)
  11. Chen Lei 陈雷 (1979–1985)
  12. Hou Jie 侯捷 (1985–1989)
  13. Shao Qihui 邵奇惠 (1989–1994)
  14. Tian Fengshan 田凤山(1994–2000)
  15. Song Fatang 宋法棠 (2000–2003)
  16. Zhang Zuoji 张左己 (2003 – December 2007)
  17. Li Zhanshu 栗战书 (December 2007 – August 2010)
  18. Wang Xiankui 王宪魁 (August 2010 – March 2013)
  19. Lu Hao 陆昊 (March 2013 – incumbent)

Economy

The agriculture of Heilongjiang, heavily defined by its cold climate, is based upon crops such as soybeans, maize, wheat and potatoes.[14] Commercial crops grown include beets, flax, and sunflowers.

Heilongjiang is also an important source of lumber for China. Pine, especially the Korean pine and larch are the most important forms of lumber produced in Heilongjiang. Forests are mostly to be found in the Daxingan Mountains and Xiaoxingan Mountains, which are also home to protected animal species such as the Siberian tiger, the red-crowned crane, and the lynx.

Herding in Heilongjiang is centered upon horses and cattle; the province has the largest number of milk cows and the highest production of milk among all the province-level divisions of China.

Petroleum is of great importance in Heilongjiang, and the Daqing oilfields are an important source of petroleum for China. Coal, gold, and graphite are other important minerals to be found in Heilongjiang. Heilongjiang also has great potential for wind power, with an average wind energy density of 200 watts per square metre.

Heilongjiang is part of northeast China, the country's traditional industrial base. Industry is focused upon coal, petroleum, lumber, machinery, and food. Due to its location, Heilongjiang is also an important gateway for trade with Russia. Since a wave of privatization led to the closure of uncompetitive factories in the 1990s, Manchuria has suffered from stagnation. As a result, the government has started the Revitalize Northeast China campaign to deal with this problem, promoting the private sectors as the preferred method of economic reform.

At least five miners were killed after a coal mine fire in Heilongjiang it was reported on September 21, 2008.[15]

Its GDP has been rising steadily since 2003, growing 37% from 2003 to 2007. The value of the private economy reached RMB234 billion in 2006 and accounted for 37.6 percent of the GDP. In that year, the tax revenue from private enterprises hit RMB20.5 billion.

Private enterprises in Heilongjiang led the overall economic growth of the province. Many leading private enterprises have begun to emerge. The province's three major private enterprises, namely the Heilongjiang Sunflower Medicine Ltd, Qitaihe Yidaxin Coal Co., and Heilongjiang Yiyang Group, each contributed more than RMB100 million in tax revenue in 2007.

During the first decade of this century, many private investors were involved in large construction projects in Heilongjiang. In 2006, 928 large projects absorbed private capital of RMB5 million each, and 101 projects attracted RMB100 million each within the province. In line with the central government’s policy to revitalize the Northeast, Heilongjiang also restructured its six pillar industries, namely equipment manufacturing, petrochemicals, food processing, energy, pharmaceuticals, and forest and timber processing.

In 2013, Heilongjiang's nominal GDP was 260.87 billion Chinese yuan,[16] with an annual growth rate of 12.2%. Its per capita GDP was 21,640 yuan (US$3,168). Its primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 108.9 billion yuan, 436.6 billion yuan, and 285.5 billion yuan respectively.[17] The per capita disposable income of urban residents in Heilongjiang reached 11,581 yuan (US$1,667), a rise of 13% from the previous year. The per capita net income of rural residents in the province reached 4,856 yuan (US$700), a rise of 17.5 from 2007.[18]

Economic and technological development zones

Daqing New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was constructed in April 1992 and was then approved as a national high-tech zone by the State Council later that year. Its initial zone area is 208.54 km2, and it recently expanded the area by 32.45 km2.[19]
Harbin High-tech Zone was set up in 1988 and was approved by the State Council as a national development zone in 1991. It has a total area of 34 km2 in the centralized parks, subdivided into Nangang, Haping Road and Yingbin Road Centralized Parks. The Nangang Centralized Park is designated for the incubation of high-tech projects and research and development base of enterprises as well as tertiary industries such as finance, insurance, services, catering, tourism, culture, recreation and entertainment, where the headquarters of major well-known companies and their branches in Harbin are located; the Haping Road Centralized Park is a comprehensive industrial basis for the investment projects of automobile and automobile parts manufacturing, medicines, foodstuffs, electronics, textile; the Yingbin Road Centralized Park is mainly for high-tech incubation projects, high-tech industrial development.[20]
Sino-Russia Dongning-Piurtaphca Trade Zone was approved by the State Council in 2000 and was completed in 2005. The zone has a planned area of 275.4 hectare. The Chinese part of the zone has a 22-hectare trade center with 4 subsidiary area A, B, C, D. in which more than 6,000 stalls are already set up, mainly dealing with clothes, household appliances, food, construction materials, etc.[21]
Suifenhe Border Economic Cooperation District (Suifenhe BECD) is located in the north of Suifenhe City, and borders Russia to the east. Suifenhe BECD is the largest among the three state-level border-trade zones of Heilongjiang, in terms of investor numbers. Suifenhe BECD has a convenient transport network. The Binzhou-Suifenhe Railway, which connects the Russian Far East Railway, is an important port for export. The railway distance between Suifenhe and Harbin is 548 km (341 mi). Buguranikinai, the corresponding Russian port city, is 21 km (13 mi) away.[22]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1912[23] 2,029,000—    
1928[24] 3,725,000+83.6%
1936-37[25] 3,751,000+0.7%
1947[26] 2,844,000−24.2%
1954[27] 11,897,309+318.3%
1964[28] 20,118,271+69.1%
1982[29] 32,665,546+62.4%
1990[30] 35,214,873+7.8%
2000[31] 36,237,576+2.9%
2010[32] 38,312,224+5.7%
Established in 1923; dissolved in 1932 and incorporated into Manchukuo / Heilongjiang Province (present).
Harbin part of Heilongjiang Province until 1947-1949 and 1953-1954.
Dongsheng SAR dissolved in 1932 and incorporated into Manchukuo / Heilongjiang Province (present).
Songjiang Province dissolved in 1955 and incorporated into Heilongjiang Province.
Hejiang Province dissolved in 1949 and incorporated into Songjiang Province / Heilongjiang Province (present).
Nenjiang Province dissolved in 1949 and incorporated into Heilongjiang Province.

The majority of Heilongjiang's population is Han Chinese, while other ethnic minorities include the Manchus, Koreans, Mongols, Hui, Daur, Xibe, Oroqin, Hezhen and Russians.

Ethnic groups in Heilongjiang (2000 census)
Nationality Population Percentage
Han Chinese 34,465,039 95.20%
Manchu 1,037,080 2.86%
Koreans 388,458 1.07%
Mongol 141,495 0.39%
Hui 124,003 0.34%
Daur 43,608 0.12%
Xibe 8,886 0.03%

Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service.
Source: Department of Population, Social, Science and Technology Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics of China (国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司) and Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China (国家民族事务委员会经济发展司), eds. Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China (《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》). 2 vols. Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House (民族出版社), 2003. (ISBN 7-105-05425-5)

Religion

Further information: Religion in Northeast China
Ji Le Temple (Temple of Bliss), a Buddhist temple in Harbin.

Most of Heilongjiang's residents are either non-religious or practice Chinese folk religions, including Taoism. Manchu shamanism is practiced by many Manchu people. Chinese Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism have an important presence in the province.

Culture

Heilongjiang's culture is part of a culture of Northeast China that is relatively homogeneous across this region, known in Mandarin Chinese as "Dongbei" (the northeast).

Media

Heilongjiang Television and Harbin Economy Radio serve as broadcasters.

Tourism

Harbin, the provincial capital, is a city of contrasts, with Chinese, Russian, and eclectic worldwide influences clearly apparent. Bukui Mosque, a national heritage site, is the largest glazed tile building in the province.[33] Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Protestant churches as well as synagogues dot the city.[34]

The long, cold winter is the backdrop for its famed ice sculpture exhibitions. In 2007 already the 8th Ice and Snow World opened to visitors in Harbin. More than 2000 ice sculptures were on display at the annual event.[35]

Wudalianchi Lakes are a series of five lakes formed between 1719 and 1721 when volcanic eruption shaped one section of a tributary of the Amur into five interconnected lakes. The second lake in particular is renowned for its irregular geological sights.

Lake Jingbo, in Ning'an County, is a section of the Mudan River that has been narrowed and shaped by volcanic eruption into a series of sights, including the Diaoshuilou Falls.

Colleges and universities

Sports

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Doing Business in China – Survey". Ministry Of Commerce – People's Republic Of China. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  2. ↑ "Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census [1] (No. 2)". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 29 April 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
  3. ↑ 《2013中国人类发展报告》 (PDF) (in Chinese). United Nations Development Programme China. 2013. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  4. ↑ Origins of Minority Ethnic Groups in Heilongjiang
  5. ↑ 浅谈黑龙江省地名的特点
  6. ↑ Edmonds, Richard Louis (1985). Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan: A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy. University of Chicago, Department of Geography; Research Paper No. 213. p. 6. ISBN 0-89065-118-3.
  7. ↑ Edmonds (1985), pp. 115–117
  8. ↑ Patrick Fuliang Shan, "Taming China's Wilderness: Immigration, Settlement, and the Shaping of the Heilongjiang Frontier, 1900–1931," Ashgate, 2014, ISBN 978-1-4094-6389-4
  9. ↑ Updated Asian map of the Köppen climate classification system
  10. ↑ "中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码". 中华人民共和国民政部.
  11. ↑ 深圳市统计局. 《深圳统计年鉴2014》. 深圳统计网. 中国统计出版社. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
  12. ↑ shi, Guo wu yuan ren kou pu cha ban gong; council, Guo jia tong ji ju ren kou he jiu ye tong ji si bian = Tabulation on the 2010 population census of the people's republic of China by township / compiled by Population census office under the state; population, Department of; statistics, employment statistics national bureau of (2012). Zhongguo 2010 nian ren kou pu cha fen xiang, zhen, jie dao zi liao (Di 1 ban. ed.). Beijing Shi: Zhongguo tong ji chu ban she. ISBN 978-7-5037-6660-2.
  13. ↑ 中华人民共和国民政部 (2014.08). 《中国民政统计年鉴2014》. 中国统计出版社. ISBN 978-7-5037-7130-9. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ↑ 李景华 (1990). "马铃薯". 中国大百科全书·农业卷. 中国大百科全书出版社.
  15. ↑ "50 dead in Chinese mining accidents." CNN. Retrieved on December 27, 2008.
  16. ↑ http://www.chinaknowledge.com/Newswires/NewsDetail.aspx?type=1&cat=INS&NewsID=51436
  17. ↑ NE China province reports record GDP growth
  18. ↑ 2006年黑龙江省农民人均收入达3552元 增长10.3%
  19. ↑ RightSite.asia | Daqing New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
  20. ↑ RightSite.asia | Harbin New & Hi-Tech Industrial Zone
  21. ↑ RightSite.asia | Sino-Russia Dongning-Piurtaphca Trade Zone
  22. ↑ RightSite.asia | Suifenhe Border Economic Cooperation District
  23. ↑ "1912年中国人口". Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  24. ↑ "1928年中国人口". Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  25. ↑ "1936-37年中国人口". Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  26. ↑ "1947年全国人口". Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  27. ↑ "中华人民共和国国家统计局关于第一次全国人口调查登记结果的公报". National Bureau of Statistics of China.
  28. ↑ "第二次全国人口普查结果的几项主要统计数字". National Bureau of Statistics of China.
  29. ↑ "中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报". National Bureau of Statistics of China.
  30. ↑ "中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报". National Bureau of Statistics of China.
  31. ↑ "现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下". National Bureau of Statistics of China.
  32. ↑ "Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census". National Bureau of Statistics of China.
  33. ↑ Bukui Mosque, a popular tourist attraction
  34. ↑ "China Expat city Guide". China Expat. 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
  35. ↑ Ice and Snow Festival in Harbin

External links

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