I (Cyrillic)
I (И и; italics: И и) is a letter used in almost all ancient and modern Cyrillic alphabets.
It commonly represents the close front unrounded vowel /i/, like the pronunciation of ⟨i⟩ in "machine", or the near-close near-front unrounded vowel /ɪ/, like the pronunciation of ⟨i⟩ in "bin".
History
The Cyrillic letter I was derived from the Greek letter Eta (Η η). This is why the earliest (up to the 13th century) shape of Cyrillic ⟨И⟩ was ⟨H⟩.
The name of the Cyrillic letter I in the Early Cyrillic alphabet was ижє (iže), meaning "which".
In the Cyrillic numeral system, the Cyrillic letter I had a value of 8.
In the Early Cyrillic alphabet there was little or no distinction between the letter ⟨И⟩ and the letter ⟨І⟩ which was derived from the Greek letter Iota (Ι ι). They both remained in the alphabetical repertoire because they represented different numbers in the Cyrillic numeral system, eight and ten. They are, therefore, sometimes referred to as octal I and decimal I.
Today they co-exist in Church Slavonic, with no pronunciation difference; and in Ukrainian, representing actual pronunciation differences. Other modern orthographies for Slavic languages eliminated one of the two letters in alphabet reforms of the 19th or 20th centuries: Russian, Macedonian, Serbian and Bulgarian languages use only ⟨И⟩, and Belarusian uses only ⟨І⟩.
Form
Originally, Cyrillic ⟨И⟩ had the shape identical to the capital Greek letter Eta ⟨Η⟩. Later, the middle stroke was turned counterclockwise resulting in the modern form looking like a mirrored capital Latin letter N ⟨N⟩ (this is why ⟨И⟩ is used in faux Cyrillic typography). But the style of the two letters is not fully identical: in roman fonts, ⟨И⟩ has heavier vertical strokes and serifs on all four corners, whereas ⟨N⟩ has a heavier diagonal stroke and lacks a serif on the bottom-right corner.
In roman and oblique fonts, the lowercase letter ⟨и⟩ has the same shape as the uppercase letter ⟨И⟩. In italic fonts, the lowercase letter ⟨и⟩ looks like the italic form of the lowercase Latin U ⟨u⟩. Both capital and small hand-written forms of the Cyrillic letter I look like hand-written forms of the Latin letter U.
Usage
Since the 1930s, ⟨и⟩ has been the tenth letter of the Russian alphabet, and in Russian, it represents /i/, like the i in machine except after some consonants (see below). In Russian, it typically denotes a preceding soft consonant and, therefore, is considered the soft counterpart to ⟨ы⟩ (which represents [ɨ]) but, unlike other "soft" vowels (⟨е⟩, ⟨ё⟩, ⟨ю⟩ and ⟨я⟩), ⟨и⟩ in isolation is not preceded by the /ɪ/ semivowel.
⟨И⟩ pronounced as [ɨ] in ⟨жи⟩ (sounds like ⟨жы⟩ [ʐɨ]), ⟨ши⟩ (sounds like ⟨шы⟩ [ʂɨ]) and ⟨ци⟩ (sounds like ⟨цы⟩ [t͡sɨ]), because in Russian, the sound [i] is inarticulable after "zh" ⟨ж⟩, "sh" ⟨H⟩ and "ts" ⟨ц⟩.
In Kazakh is romanized in an loanwords with the I with diaeresis, for the sounds /iy/, derived from Latin Ï with diaeresis, I letter is the Kazakh, it uses the Latin script Ï instead, appeared Latin Ï used in the И.
In Ukrainian and Belarusian, the sound /i/ is represented by another letter ⟨і⟩, sometimes called Ukrainian I, removed from the modern Russian alphabet.
Ukrainian and Belarusian ⟨і⟩ sounds like Russian ⟨и⟩ [i], but a clearly distinct sound [ɪ] is represented by ⟨и⟩ in Ukrainian, which differs only slightly from Russian ⟨ы⟩ and is perceived as ⟨ы⟩ by a Russian speaker.
The letter ⟨и⟩ is the eleventh letter of the Ukrainian alphabet.
In the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, ⟨и⟩ is the tenth letter of the alphabet. In Serbian, it represents /i/, like the i in machine or i in bill. In the Latin Serbian alphabet, the same vowel is represented by "I/i".
In Macedonian, it is the eleventh letter of the alphabet and represents the sound /i/.
It is transliterated from Russian as ⟨i⟩ or from Ukrainian as ⟨y⟩ or ⟨i⟩, depending on the romanization system. See romanization of Russian and romanization of Ukrainian.
In Tuvan the Cyrillic letter can be written as a double vowel.[1][2]
Accented forms and derived letters
The vowel represented by ⟨и⟩, as well as almost any other Slavonic vowel, can be stressed or unstressed. Stressed variants are sometimes (in special texts, like dictionaries, or to prevent ambiguity) graphically marked by acute, grave, double grave or circumflex accent marks.
Special Serbian texts also use ⟨и⟩ with a macron to represent long unstressed variant of the sound. Serbian ⟨и⟩ with a circumflex can be unstressed as well; then, it represents the genitive case of plural forms to distinguish them from other similar forms.
Modern Church Slavonic orthography uses the smooth breathing sign (Greek and Church Slavonic: psili, Latin: spiritus lenis) above the initial vowels (just for tradition, as there is no difference in pronunciation). It can be combined with acute or grave accents, if necessary.
None of those combinations is considered as a separate letter of respective alphabet, but one of them (⟨Ѝ⟩) has an individual code position in Unicode.
⟨И⟩ with a breve forms the letter ⟨й⟩ for the consonant /ɪ/ or a similar semivowel, like the y in English "yes" or "boy." The form has been used regularly in Church Slavonic since the 16th century, but it officially became a separate letter of alphabet much later (in Russian, only in 1918). The original name of ⟨й⟩ was I s kratkoy ('I with the short [line]'), later I kratkoye ('short I') in Russian. It is known similarly as I kratko in Bulgarian but as Yot in Ukrainian.
Cyrillic alphabets of non-Slavic languages have additional ⟨и⟩-based letters, like ⟨Ӥ⟩ or ⟨Ӣ⟩.
Related letters and other similar characters
- Η η : Greek letter Eta
- Ι ι : Greek letter Iota
- I i : Latin letter I
- Й й : Cyrillic letter Short I
Computing codes
| Character | И | и | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER I | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER I | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
| Unicode | 1048 | U+0418 | 1080 | U+0438 |
| UTF-8 | 208 152 | D0 98 | 208 184 | D0 B8 |
| Numeric character reference | И | И | и | и |
| KOI8-R and KOI8-U | 233 | E9 | 201 | C9 |
| Code page 855 | 184 | B8 | 183 | B7 |
| Code page 866 | 136 | 88 | 168 | A8 |
| Windows-1251 | 200 | C8 | 232 | E8 |
| ISO-8859-5 | 184 | B8 | 216 | D8 |
| Macintosh Cyrillic | 136 | 88 | 232 | E8 |
References
- ↑ "Tuvan language, alphabet and pronunciation". omniglot.com. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
- ↑ Campbell, George L.; King, Gareth (24 July 2013). "Compendium of the World's Languages". Routledge. Retrieved 14 June 2016 – via Google Books.
