KLM

For other uses, see KLM (disambiguation).
KLM
Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij
IATA ICAO Callsign
KL KLM KLM
Founded 7 October 1919 (1919-10-07)
Hubs Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
Frequent-flyer program Flying Blue
Airport lounge
  • KLM Crown Lounge
  • SkyTeam Lounge
Alliance SkyTeam
Subsidiaries
Fleet size 156
Destinations 145
Company slogan Journeys of Inspiration
Parent company Air France–KLM
Headquarters Amstelveen, Netherlands
Key people
Revenue €9.905 billion (2015)
Operating income €384 million (2015)
Employees 35,488 (2015)
Website klm.com

KLM, legally Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N.V. (Royal Dutch Airlines), is the flag carrier airline of the Netherlands.[4] KLM is headquartered in Amstelveen, with its hub at nearby Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. It is part of the Air France–KLM group, and is a member of the SkyTeam airline alliance. KLM was founded in 1919; it is the oldest airline in the world still operating under its original name and had 32,505 employees as of 2013.[5]

KLM operates scheduled passenger and cargo services to approximately 130 destinations. Passenger aircraft are configured in a three-class layout, including Business Class, Economy Comfort, Economy Class. KLM has a reputation as one of the world's safest airlines. Its frequent-flyer program is called Flying Blue, and has codeshare agreements with other airlines—both members and non-members of SkyTeam.

History

Early years

A KLM poster, probably dating to the late 1920s, after it started service to Jakarta[6]

In 1919, a young aviator lieutenant named Albert Plesman sponsored the ELTA aviation exhibition in Amsterdam. The exhibition was a great success; after it closed several Dutch commercial interests intended to establish a Dutch airline, which Plesman was nominated to head.[7] In September 1919, Queen Wilhelmina awarded the yet-to-be-founded KLM its "Royal" ("Koninklijke") predicate.[8] On 7 October 1919, eight Dutch businessmen, including Frits Fentener van Vlissingen, founded KLM—the abbreviation of Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij ("Royal Aviation Society") as one of the first commercial airline companies. Plesman became its first administrator and director.[7]

The first KLM flight took place on 17 May 1920. KLM's first pilot, Jerry Shaw, flew from Croydon Airport, London, to Amsterdam.[8] The flight was flown using a leased Aircraft Transport and Travel De Haviland DH-16,[8] registration G-EALU, which was carrying two British journalists and some newspapers. In 1920, KLM carried 440 passengers and 22 tons of freight. In April 1921, after a winter hiatus, KLM resumed its services using its own pilots, and Fokker F.II and Fokker F.III aircraft.[8] In 1921, KLM started scheduled services.

KLM Fokker F-XVIII departing from the Dutch East Indies, 1932.

KLM's first intercontinental flight took off on 1 October 1924.[8] The final destination was Jakarta (then called 'Batavia'), Java, in the Dutch East Indies; the flight used a Fokker F.VII[8] with registration H-NACC and was piloted by Van der Hoop.[9] In September 1929, regular scheduled services between Amsterdam and Batavia commenced. Until the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, this was the world's longest-distance scheduled service by airplane.[8] By 1926, it was offering flights to Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Brussels, Paris, London, Bremen, Copenhagen, and Malmö, using primarily Fokker F.II and Fokker F.III aircraft.[10]

KLM's Douglas DC-2 aircraft Uiver in transit at Rambang airfield on the east coast of Lombok island following the aircraft being placed second in the MacRobertson Air Race from RAF Mildenhall, England, to Melbourne in 1934.

In 1930, KLM carried 15,143 passengers. The Douglas DC-2 was introduced on the Batavia service in 1934. The first experimental transatlantic KLM flight was between Amsterdam and Curaçao in December 1934 using the Fokker F.XVIII "Snip".[8] The first of the airline's Douglas DC-3 aircraft were delivered in 1936; these replaced the DC-2s on the service via Batavia to Sydney. KLM was the first airline to serve Manchester's new Ringway airport, starting June 1938. KLM was the only civilian airline to receive the Douglas DC-5; the airline used two of them in the West Indies and sold two to the East Indies government, and is thus the only airline to have operated all Douglas 'DC' models other than the DC-1.

Revenue Passenger-Kilometers, scheduled flights only, in millions
Year Traffic
1947 454
1950 766
1955 1,485
1960 2,660
1965 3,342
1971 6,330
1975 10,077
1980 14,058
1985 18,039
1995 44,458
Source: ICAO Digest of Statistics for 1947–55, IATA World Air Transport Statistics 1960–1995

Second World War

KLM Douglas DC-3 at Manchester Airport in 1947

When Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940, a number of KLM aircraft—mostly DC-3s and a few DC-2s—were en route to or from the Far East, or were operating services in Europe. Five DC-3s and one DC-2 were taken to England. During the war, these aircraft and crew members flew scheduled passenger flights between Bristol and Lisbon under BOAC registration.

The Douglas DC-3 PH-ALI "Ibis", then registered as G-AGBB, was attacked by the Luftwaffe on 15 November 1942, 19 April 1943, and finally on 1 June 1943 as BOAC Flight 777, killing all passengers and crew. Some KLM aircraft and their crews ended up in the Australia-Dutch East Indies region, where they helped transport refugees from Japanese aggression in that area.

Post-World War II

After the end of the Second World War in August 1945, KLM immediately started to rebuild its network. Since the Dutch East Indies were in a state of revolt, Plesman's first priority was to re-establish KLM's route to Batavia. This service was reinstated by the end of 1945.[7] Domestic and European flights resumed in September 1945, initially with a fleet of Douglas DC-3s and Douglas DC-4s.[8] On 21 May 1946, KLM was the first continental European airline to start scheduled transatlantic flights between Amsterdam and New York City using Douglas DC-4 aircraft.[8] By 1948, KLM had reconstructed its network and services to Africa, North and South America, and the Caribbean resumed.[7]

Lockheed L-749A Constellation of KLM in 1953.

Long-range, pressurized Lockheed Constellations[11] and Douglas DC-6s[12] joined KLM's fleet in the late 1940s; the Convair 240 short range pressurized twin engined airliner began European flights for the company in late 1948.

During the immediate post-war period, the Dutch government expressed interest in gaining a majority stake in KLM, thus nationalizing it. Plesman wanted KLM to remain a private company under private control; he allowed the Dutch government to acquire a minority stake in the airline.[7] In 1950, KLM carried 356,069 passengers. The expansion of the network continued in the 1950s with the addition of several destinations in western North America.[7] KLM's fleet expanded with the addition of new versions of the Lockheed Constellation and Lockheed Electra, of which KLM was the first European airline to fly.[7]

KLM Vickers Viscount 803

On 31 December 1953, the founder and president of KLM, Albert Plesman, died at the age of 64.[1][2] He was succeeded as president by Fons Aler.[13] After Plesman's death, the company and other airlines entered a difficult economic period. The conversion to jet aircraft placed a further financial burden on KLM. The Netherlands government increased its ownership of the company to two-thirds, thus nationalizing it. The board of directors remained under the control of private shareholders.[7]

On 25 July 1957, the airline introduced its flight simulator for the Douglas DC-7C – the last KLM aircraft with piston engines – which opened the transpolar route from Amsterdam via Anchorage to Tokyo on 1 November 1958.[8] Each crew flying the transpolar route over the Arctic was equipped with a winter survival kit, including a 7.62 mm selective-fire AR-10 carbine for use against polar bears, in the event the plane was forced down onto the polar ice.[14]

Jet age

Beginning in September 1959, KLM introduced the four-engine turboprop Lockheed Electra onto some of its European and Middle Eastern routes. In March 1960, the airline introduced the first Douglas DC-8 jet into its fleet.[8] In 1961, KLM reported its first year of losses.[7] In 1961, the airline's president Fons Aler was succeeded by Ernst van der Beugel. This change of leadership, however, did not lead to a reversion of KLM's financial difficulties.[7] Van der Beugel resigned as president in 1963 due to health reasons.[15] Horatius Albarda was appointed to succeed Ernst van der Beugel as president of KLM in 1963.[16] Alberda initiated a reorganization of the company, which led to the reduction of staff and air services.[7] In 1965, Alberda died in an air crash and was succeeded as president by Dr. Gerrit van der Wal.[17][18] Van der Wal forged an agreement with the Dutch government that KLM would be once again run as a private company. By 1966, the stake of the Dutch government in KLM was reduced to a minority stake of 49.5%.[7] In 1966, KLM introduced the Douglas DC-9 on European and Middle East routes.

KLM Lockheed Electra turboprop airliner in 1965

The new terminal buildings at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol opened in April 1967, and in 1968 the stretched Douglas DC-8-63 entered service.[8] With 244 seats, it was the largest airliner at the time. KLM was the first airline to put the higher-gross-weight Boeing 747-200B, powered by Pratt & Whitney JT9D engines, into service in February 1971;[19] this began the airline's use of widebody jets.[8] In March 1971, KLM opened its current headquarters in Amstelveen.[8] In 1972, it purchased the first of several Douglas DC-10 aircraft—McDonnell Douglas's response to Boeing's 747.[7]

In 1973, Sergio Orlandini was appointed to succeed Gerrit van der Wal as president of KLM.[7][20] At the time, KLM, as well as other airlines, had to deal with overcapacity. Orlandini proposed to convert KLM 747s to "combis" that could carry a combination of passengers and freight.[7] In November 1975, the first of these Boeing 747-200B Combi aircraft were added to the KLM fleet.[8]

The oil crisis of 1973, which caused difficult economic conditions, led KLM to seek government assistance in arranging debt refinancing. The airline issued additional shares of stock to the government in return for its money. In the late 1970s, the government's stake had again increased to a majority of 78%, re-nationalizing it.[7] The company management remained under the control of private stakeholders.[8]

1980s and 1990s

This McDonnell Douglas DC-10 operated by Northwest Airlines (tail number N237NW) has a Northwest-KLM livery. This photo shows the starboard (above) and port side of the aircraft (below)

In 1980, KLM carried 9,715,069 passengers. In 1983, it reached an agreement with Boeing to convert ten of its Boeing 747-200 combo aircraft to stretched-upper-deck configuration. The work started in 1984 at the Boeing factory in Everett, Washington, and finished in 1986. The converted aircraft were called Boeing 747-200SUD or 747-300, which the airline operated in addition to three newly build Boeing 747-300s. In 1983, KLM took delivery of the first of ten Airbus A310 passenger jets.[7] Sergio Orlandini retired in 1987 and was succeeded as president of KLM by Jan de Soet.[21] In 1986, the Dutch government's shareholding in KLM was reduced to 54.8 percent.[7] It was expected that this share would be further reduced during the decade.[7] The Boeing 747-400 was introduced into KLM's fleet in June 1989.[8]

With the liberalization of the European market, KLM started developing its hub at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol by feeding its network with traffic from affiliated airlines.[7] As part of its development of a worldwide network, KLM acquired a 20% stake in Northwest Airlines in July 1989.[8] In 1990, KLM carried 16,000,000 passengers. KLM president Jan de Soet retired at the end of 1990 and was succeeded in 1991 by Pieter Bouw.[22] In December 1991, KLM was the first European airline to introduce a frequent flyer loyalty program, which was called Flying Dutchman.[8]

Joint venture

In January 1993, the United States Department of Transportation granted KLM and Northwest Airlines anti-trust immunity, which allowed them to intensify their partnership.[8] As of September 1993, the airlines operated their flights between the United States and Europe as part of a joint venture.[8] In March 1994, KLM and Northwest Airlines introduced World Business Class on intercontinental routes.[8] KLM's stake in Northwest Airlines was increased to 25% in 1994.[7]

KLM introduced the Boeing 767-300ER in July 1995.[8] In January 1996, KLM acquired a 26% share in Kenya Airways, the flag-carrier airline of Kenya.[8] In 1997, Pieter Bouw resigned as president of KLM and was succeeded by Leo van Wijk.[23] In August 1998, KLM repurchased all regular shares from the Dutch government to make KLM a private company.[8] On 1 November 1999, KLM founded AirCares, a communication and fundraising platform supporting worthy causes and focusing on underprivileged children.[8]

KLM renewed its intercontinental fleets by replacing the Boeing 767s, Boeing 747-300s, and eventually the McDonnell Douglas MD-11, with Boeing 777-200ERs and Airbus A330-200s. Some 747s were withdrawn from service first. The MD-11s remained in service until October 2014.[24][25] The first Boeing 777 was received on 25 October 2003, while the first Airbus A330-200 was introduced on 25 August 2005.[8]

Air France–KLM merger

On 30 September 2003, Air France and KLM agreed to a merger plan in which Air France and KLM would become subsidiaries of a holding company called Air France–KLM. Both airlines would retain their own brands, and both Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol would become key hubs.[26] In February 2004, the European Commission and United States Department of Justice approved the proposed merger of the airlines. .[27][28] In April 2004, an exchange offer in which KLM shareholders exchanged their KLM shares for Air France shares took place.[29] Since 5 May 2004, Air France–KLM has been listed on the Euronext exchanges in Paris, Amsterdam and New York.[30] In September 2004, the merger was completed by creation of the Air France–KLM holding company.[30] The merger resulted in the world's largest airline group and should have led to an estimated annual cost-saving of between €400 million and €500 million.[31]

It did not appear that KLM's longstanding joint venture with Northwest Airlines—which merged with Delta Air Lines in 2008—was affected by the merger with Air France. KLM and Northwest joined the SkyTeam alliance in September 2004. Also in 2004, senior management came under fire for providing itself with controversial bonuses after the merger with Air France, while 4,500 jobs were lost at KLM. After external pressure, management gave up on these bonuses.[32]

In March 2007, KLM started to use the Amadeus reservation system, along with partner Kenya Airways. After 10 years as president of the airline, Leo van Wijk resigned from his position and was succeeded by Peter Hartman.[33]

2010s

KLM was the last airline to operate the McDonnell Douglas MD-11 in passenger service, retiring the type in 2014

Beginning in September 2010, KLM integrated the passenger division of Martinair into KLM, transferring all personnel and routes. By November 2011, Martinair consisted of only the cargo and maintenance division.[34] In March 2011, KLM and InselAir reached an agreement for mutual cooperation on InselAir destinations, thus expanding its passenger services. Beginning 27 March 2011, KLM passengers could fly to all InselAir destinations through InselAir's hubs in Curacao and Sint Maarten.[35][36] This cooperation was extended to a codeshare agreement in 2012.[37]

On 20 February 2013, KLM announced that Peter Hartman would resign as president and CEO of KLM on 1 July 2013. He was succeeded by Camiel Eurlings. Hartman remained employed by the company until he retired on 1 January 2014.[38] On 15 October 2014, KLM announced that Eurlings, in joint consultation with the supervisory board, had decided to immediately resign as president and CEO. As of this date, he was succeeded by Pieter Elbers.[3]

KLM received the award for "Best Airline Staff Service" in Europe at the World Airline Awards 2013. This award represents the rating for an airline's performance across both airport staff and cabin staff combined.[39] It is the second consecutive year that KLM won this award; in 2012 it was awarded with this title as well.[40]

On 19 June 2012, KLM made the first transatlantic flight fueled partly by sustainable biofuels to Rio de Janeiro. This was the longest distance any aircraft had flown on biofuels.[41]

Corporate affairs and identity

Management

As of October 2015, KLM's corporate leader is its president and chief executive officer (CEO) Pieter Elbers, who replaced Camiel Eurlings suddenly on 15 October 2014. The president and CEO is part of the larger Executive Committee, which manages KLM and consists of the statutory managing directors and executive vice-presidents of KLM's business units that are represented in the Executive Committee.[42] The supervision and management of KLM are structured in accordance with the two-tier model; the Board of Managing Directors is supervised by a separate and independent Supervisory Board. The Supervisory Board also supervises the general performance of KLM.[43] The Board of Managing Directors is formed by the four Managing Directors, including the CEO. Nine Supervisory Directors comprise the Supervisory Board.[42]

Head office

KLM company head office in Amstelveen

KLM's head office is located in Amstelveen,[44] on a 16-acre (6.5 ha) site near Schiphol Airport. The airline's current headquarters was built between 1968 and 1970.[45] Before the opening of the new headquarters, the airline's head office was on the property of Schiphol Airport in Haarlemmermeer.[46]

Subsidiaries

Companies with a major KLM stake include:[47]

CompanyTypePrincipal activitiesIncorporated inGroup's equity shareholding
Cobalt Ground SolutionsSubsidiaryGround handlingUnited Kingdom60%
CygnificSubsidiarySales and serviceNetherlands100%
EPCORSubsidiaryMaintenanceNetherlands100%
High Speed AllianceJoint VentureHigh speed trainsNetherlands5% (10% voting right)[48][49]
Kenya AirwaysAssociateAirlineKenya27%
KLM AsiaSubsidiaryAirlineTaiwan100%
KLM Catering ServicesSubsidiaryCatering servicesNetherlands100%
KLM CityhopperSubsidiaryAirlineNetherlands100%
KLM Cityhopper UKSubsidiaryAirlineUnited Kingdom100%
KLM Equipment ServicesSubsidiaryEquipment supportNetherlands100%
KLM Financial ServicesSubsidiaryFinancingNetherlands100%
KLM Flight AcademySubsidiaryFlight academyNetherlands100%
KLM Health ServicesSubsidiaryHealth servicesNetherlands100%
KLM UK EngineeringSubsidiaryEngineering and maintenanceUnited Kingdom100%
MartinairSubsidiaryCargo airlineNetherlands100%
Schiphol Logistics ParkJoint controlled entityLogisticsNetherlands53% (45% voting right)
TransaviaSubsidiaryAirlineNetherlands100%
Transavia FranceAssociateAirlineFrance40%

Former subsidiaries

Subsidiaries, associates, and joint ventures of KLM in the past include:

Company Type Year of establishment Year of rejection Notes References
Air UK Associate 1987 1998 renamed KLM uk upon obtaining majority stake [50]
Braathens Joint Venture 1998 2003 — [51][52]
Buzz Subsidiary 2000 2003 Sold to Ryanair [53][54][55]
De Kroonduif Subsidiary 1955 1963 Acquired by Garuda Indonesia [56]
KLM alps Subsidiary 1998 2001 franchise agreement with Air Engiadina and Air Alps [57][58]
KLM exel Subsidiary 1991 2004 — [59]
KLM Helicopters Subsidiary 1965 1998 Sold to Schreiner Airways [60][61][62]
KLM Interinsulair Bedrijf (KLM-IIB) Subsidiary 1947 1949 Nationalized and renamed Garuda Indonesia [63]
KLM uk Subsidiary 1998 2002 Merged with KLM Cityhopper [50][64]
NetherLines Subsidiary 1988 1991 Merged with NLM CityHopper and formed KLM Cityhopper [65][66]
NLM CityHopper Subsidiary 1966 1991 Merged with NetherLines and formed KLM Cityhopper [66][67]

KLM Asia

A KLM Asia Boeing 747-400

KLM Asia (Chinese: 荷蘭亞洲航空公司; pinyin: Hélán Yàzhōu Hángkōng Gōngsī) is a wholly KLM-owned subsidiary registered in Taiwan. The airline was established in 1995 to operate flights to Taipei without compromising the traffic rights held by KLM for destinations in the People's Republic of China.[68]

The livery of KLM Asia does not feature Dutch national symbols, such as the flag of the Netherlands, nor KLM's stylised Dutch Crown logo. Instead, it features a special KLM Asia logo. The airline has three Boeing 747-400 Combi aircraft (included in the KLM fleet as 747-400M), seven Boeing 777-200ER and two Boeing 777-300ER. KLM Asia initially operated the Amsterdam-Bangkok-Taipei route with a B747-400 Combi or a B747-400 non-combi aircraft. Since March 2012, it has operated the revised Amsterdam-Taipei-Manila route with Boeing 777-200ER/-300ER aircraft. Some aircraft are already painted in the revised KLM Asia livery of 2014.[69]

Branding

Dirk Roosenburg designed the KLM logo at its establishment in 1919; he intertwined the letter K, L, and M, and gave them wings and a crown. The crown was depicted to denote KLM's royal status, which was granted at KLM's establishment.[70] The logo became known as the "vinklogo" in reference to the common chaffinch.[71] The KLM logo was largely redesigned in 1961 by F.H.K. Henrion. The crown, formed by a line, four blue circles and a cross, was retained. In 1991, the logo was further revised by Chris Ludlow of Henrion, Ludlow & Schmidt.[72] In addition to its main logo, KLM displays its alliance status in its branding, including "Worldwide Reliability" with Northwest Airlines (1993–2002) and the SkyTeam alliance (2004–present).[73]

Livery and uniforms

Current KLM pilot's wing
A Douglas DC-6 seen in 1953
A Lockheed L-188 Electra in the airline's 1950s livery


KLM has utilized several major liveries since its founding, with numerous variations on each. Initially many aircraft featured a bare-metal fuselage with a stripe above the windows bearing the phrase "The Flying Dutchman". The rudder was divided into three segments and painted to match the Dutch flag. Later aircraft types sometimes bore a white upper fuselage, and additional detail striping and titling. In the mid-1950s, the livery was changed to feature a split cheatline in two shades of blue on a white upper fuselage, and angled blue stripes on the vertical stabilizer. The tail stripes were later enlarged and made horizontal, and the then-new crown logo was placed in a white circle. The final major variation of this livery saw the vertical stabilizer painted completely white with the crown logo in the center. All versions of this livery had small "KLM Royal Dutch Airlines" titles, first in red, and later in blue.

Since 1971, the KLM livery has primarily featured a bright blue fuselage, with variations on the striping and details. Originally a wide, dark blue cheatline covered the windows, and was separated from the light gray lower fuselage by a thin white stripe. The KLM logo was placed centrally on the white tail and on the front of the fuselage. In December 2002, KLM introduced an updated livery in which the white strip was removed and the dark-blue cheatline was significantly narrowed. The bright blue color was retained and now covers most of the fuselage. The KLM logo was placed more centrally on the fuselage while its position on the tail and the tail design remained the same.[74] In 2014, KLM modified its livery with a swooping cheatline that wraps around the entire forward fuselage. The livery was first introduced on Embraer 190 aircraft.[75]

KLM also has several aircraft painted in special liveries; they include the following:

In April 2010, KLM introduced new uniforms for its female cabin attendants, ground attendants and pilots at KLM and KLM Cityhopper. The new uniform was designed by Dutch couturier Mart Visser. It retains the KLM blue color that was introduced in 1971 and adds a touch of orange—the national color of the Netherlands.[77]

Marketing slogans

KLM has used several slogans for marketing throughout its operational history:

Social media

KLM has an extensive presence on social media platforms Twitter, Facebook, Pinterest, Instagram, LinkedIn, Google+, and YouTube, and also runs a blog.[83] Customers can make enquiries through these channels. The airline also uses these networks to inform customers of KLM news, marketing campaigns and promotions.

The airline's use of social media platforms to reach customers peaked when the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull erupted in April 2010, causing widespread disruption to air traffic. Customers used the social networks to contact the airline, which used them to provide information about the situation.[84] Following the increased use of social media, KLM created a centralized, public social media website named the Social Media Hub in October 2010.[85]

KLM has developed several services based on these social platforms, including:

In June 2013, KLM launched its own 3D strategy game "Aviation Empire" for iOS and Android platforms. The game allows users to experience airline management. Players manage KLM from its establishment until the present; they can by investing in a fleet, build a network with international destinations and develop airports. The game combines the digital world with the real world by enabling the unlocking of airports by GPS check-ins.[90]

Philanthropy

KLM started KLM AirCares, a program that aids underprivileged children in developing countries to which KLM flies, in 1999.[91] The airline collects money and airmiles from passengers. In 2012, new applications for support from the program were suspended because it needed an overhaul.[92]

Destinations

Main article: KLM destinations
KLM destinations (December 2015)[93]

KLM and its partners serve 133 destinations in 70 countries on five continents from their hub at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport. KLM Asia will also offer seasonal flights to Colombo, Sri Lanka, starting October 31, 2016.[94][95]

Codeshare agreements

KLM codeshares with the following airlines:[96]

Fleet

Current fleet

KLM Airbus A330-200
KLM Boeing 737-800 wearing the new 2014 livery
KLM Boeing 747-400
KLM Boeing 777-300ER
wearing the SkyTeam livery
KLM Cargo Boeing 747-400ERF

As of October 2016, the KLM fleet (excluding its subsidiaries KLM Cityhopper, Transavia and Martinair) consists of the following aircraft:[97][98]

KLM Fleet
Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers[99] Notes
C Y+ Y Total
Airbus A330-200 8 — 30 35 178 243
Airbus A330-300 5 — 30 40 222 292
Airbus A350-900 — 7 TBA Expected In service: 2020
Boeing 737-700 18 — 20 6 106 132
Boeing 737-800 25 — 20 6 150 176
Boeing 737-900 5 — 28 18 132 178
Boeing 747-400 5 — 35 36 337 408 3 to be phased out by 2018
Boeing 747-400M 15 — 35 36 197 268 7 to be phased out by 2018
Boeing 777-200ER 15 — 34 40 242 316
Boeing 777-300ER 12 2 35 40 350 425 New configuration 34/40/334
34 334 408
Boeing 787-9 8 6 30 48 216 294
Boeing 787-10 — 7 TBA Expected in service: 2020
KLM Cargo Fleet
Boeing 747-400ERF 3 — 112,760 kg
Total 119 22

Former fleet

Over the years, KLM has operated the following aircraft types:[100]

KLM historical fleet
Aircraft Introduced Retired
Lockheed Super Electra-14 1938 1948
Douglas DC-3 1936 1964
Fokker F.XXXVI 1935 1939
Fokker F.XXII 1935 1939
Douglas DC-2 1934 1946
Fokker F.XX 1933 1936
Fokker F.XVIII 1932 1946
Fokker F.XII 1931 1936
Fokker F.IX 1930 1936
Fokker F.VIII 1927 1940
Fokker F.VII 1925 1936
Fokker F.III 1921 1930
Fokker F.II 1920 1924
De Havilland DH.16 1920 1924
McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 1972 1995
Boeing 747-200 1971 2004
Douglas DC-9-10 / McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 1966 1989
Douglas DC-8 1960 1985
Lockheed L-188 Electra 1959 1969
Vickers Viscount 1957 1966
Douglas DC-7 1953 1966
Lockheed Super Constellation L-1049 1953 1966
Convair 340 1953 1964
Douglas DC-4 1946 1958
Convair 240 1948 1959
Douglas DC-6 1948 1963
Douglas Skymaster C-54 1945 1959
Douglas DC-5 1940 1941
Boeing 767-300ER 1995 2007
McDonnell Douglas MD-11 1993 2014
Boeing 737-400 1989 2011
Boeing 737-300 1986 2011
Airbus A310-200 1983 1997
Boeing 747-300 1983 2004

Cabin

New KLM World Business Class
Old KLM World Business Class
Economy Class on board a KLM Boeing 777-200ER
Economy Class on board a KLM Boeing 777-300ER

KLM has three cabin classes for international long-haul routes; World Business Class, Economy Comfort and Economy. Personal screens with audio-video on demand, satellite telephone, SMS, and e-mail services are available in all cabins on all long-haul aircraft . European short-haul and medium-haul flights have Economy seats in the rear cabin, and Economy Comfort and Europe Business in the forward cabin.

World Business Class

World Business Class is KLM's long-haul business class product. Seats in the older World Business Class are 20 inches (51 cm) wide and have a 60-inch (150 cm) pitch.[101] Seats can be reclined into a 170-degree angled flat bed with a length of 75 inches (190 cm). Seats are equipped with a 10.4-inch (26 cm) personal entertainment system with audio and video on demand in the armrest, privacy canopy, massage function and laptop power ports.[102] World Business Class seating is in a 2–3–2 abreast arrangement on all Boeing 777s, a 2–2–2 abreast arrangement on Airbus A330s, and a 2–2 abreast arrangement on the main deck and upper deck of Boeing 747-400s.[103] All Boeing 777-300ER and Airbus A330-300 aircraft have newer World Business Class seats based on the Business Class seats used by Air France. These seats are arranged in a pod-style layout and recline into a 175 degree-angled flat bed.

In March 2013, KLM introduced a new World Business Class seat to the long-haul fleet. Dutch designer Hella Jongerius designed the new cabin and the new flat-bed seat,which will replace both versions of the angled flat seats that are currently offered. The diamond-type seat is manufactured by B/E Aerospace and is installed on Boeing 747-400, Boeing 777 and Airbus A330 aircraft. The new seats are fully flat and offer 17-inch (43 cm)-high definition personal entertainment systems. When fully flat, the bed is about 2 metres (6.6 ft) long. The cabin features a cradle-to-cradle carpet made from old uniforms woven in an intricate pattern, which is combined with new pillows and curtains with a similar design.[104]

A completely new design of Business Class seat was introduced with the launch of KLM's Boeing 787; this aircraft's business class seats are based on the Zodiac Cirrus platform used by Air France. The new seats lie fully-flat, with a 1-2-1 layout so every passenger has direct aisle access, a large side-storage area and 16-inch (41 cm) HD video screen.[105][106] Dutch design group Viktor & Rolf has designed and provides amenity kits to World Business Class passengers. A new design will be introduced each year and the color of the kits will change every six months. The kit contains socks, eye mask, toothbrush, toothpaste, earplugs and Viktor & Rolf lip balm.[107][108][109][110]

Europe Business Class

Europe Business Class is KLM's and KLM Cityhopper's, short-haul business-class product. Europe Business Class seats are 17-inch (43 cm) wide and have an average pitch of 33 inches (84 cm).[101] Middle seats in rows of three are blocked to increase passengers' personal space. Europe Business Class seats feature extra legroom and recline further than regular Economy Class seats. In-seat power is available on all Boeing 737 aircraft.[111] Europe Business Class has no personal entertainment. Seating is arranged 3–3 abreast with the middle seat blocked on the Boeing 737 aircraft, a 3–2 abreast arrangement with the middle seat blocked on the Fokker 70 aircraft, and a 2–2 abreast arrangement on the Embraer 190 aircraft.[103]

Economy Comfort

Economy Comfort is the premium economy product offered on all KLM and KLM Cityhopper flights. Economy Comfort seats on long-haul flights have 4 inches (10 cm) more pitch than Economy Class, a 35–36-inch (89–91 cm) pitch and recline up to 7 inches (18 cm); double the recline of Economy.[112] Economy Comfort seats on short-haul flights have 3.5 inches (8.9 cm) more pitch, totaling 33.5–34.5-inch (85–88 cm), and can recline up to 5 inches (13 cm) (40%) further.[113] Except for the increased pitch and recline, seating and service in Economy Comfort is the same as in Economy Class. Economy Comfort is located in a separate cabin before the Economy Class; passengers can exit the aircraft before Economy passengers.[114]

Economy Comfort seats can be reserved by Economy Class passengers. The service is free for passengers with a full-fare ticket, for Flying Blue Platinum members and for Delta Air Lines SkyMiles Platinum or Diamond members. Discounts apply for Flying Blue Silver or Gold members, SkyTeam Elite Plus members and Delta SkyMiles members.[114]

Economy Class

The Economy Class seats on long-haul flights have a 31-to-32-inch (79–81 cm) pitch and are 17.5 inches (44 cm) wide.[101][112] All seats are equipped with adjustable winged headrests, a 9-inch (23 cm) PTV with AVOD, and a personal handset satellite telephone that can be used with a credit card. Economy Class seats in Airbus A330-300 aircraft are also equipped with in-seat power.[101] The Economy Class seats on short-haul flights have a 30-to-31-inch (76–79 cm) pitch and are 17 inches (43 cm) wide.[101][112] The Economy Class seats on short-haul flights do not feature any personal entertainment. The long-haul Economy Class seating is in a 3–4–3 abreast arrangement on the Boeing 747-400 and Boeing 777-300ER aircraft, a 3–4–3 abreast arrangement on Boeing 777-200ER aircraft and a 2–4–2 abreast arrangement on the Airbus A330 aircraft. The short-haul Economy Class seating is in a 3–3 abreast arrangement on the Boeing 737 aircraft, a 3–2 abreast arrangement on the Fokker 70 aircraft and a 2–2 abreast arrangement on the Embraer 190 aircraft.[103]

Services

In-flight entertainment

KLM's in-flight entertainment system is available in all classes on all widebody aircraft; it provides all passengers with Audio/Video on Demand (AVOD). The system includes interactive entertainment including movies, television programs, music, games, and language courses. About 80 movies including recent releases, classics and world cinema are available in several languages. The selection is changed every month.[115] The in-flight entertainment system can be used to send SMS text messages and emails to the ground. Panasonic's 3000i system is installed on all Boeing 747-400, Boeing 777-200ER, and on most of the Airbus A330-200 aircraft.[116] All Airbus A330-300 and Boeing 777-300ER aircraft, and some Airbus A330-200 aircraft are fitted with the Panasonic eX2 in-flight entertainment system.[117]

KLM provides a selection of international newspapers to its passengers on long-haul flights; on short-haul flights they are only offered to Europe Business Class passengers. A selection of international magazines is available for World Business Class passengers on long-haul flights.[118] All passengers are provided with KLM's in-flight magazine, the Holland Herald.[119] On board flights to China, South Korea and Japan, the airline offers in-flight magazines EuroSky (China and Japan), in either Chinese or Japanese, and Wings of Europe (South Korea) in Korean.[120] On 29 May 2013, KLM and Air France launched a pilot scheme to test in-flight Wi-Fi internet access. Each airline equipped one Boeing 777-300ER in its fleet with Wi-Fi, which passengers can use with their Wi-Fi-enabled devices. Wireless service was available after the aircraft reached 20,000 feet (6,100 m) in altitude.[121]

Catering

World Business Class passengers are served a three-course meal. Each year KLM partners with a leading Dutch chef to develop the dishes that are served on board. Passengers in Europe Business Class are served either a cold meal, a hot main course, or a three-course meal depending on the duration of the flight.[122] All chicken served in World and Europe Business Class meets the standards of the Dutch Beter Leven Keurmerk (Better Life Quality Mark).[123] KLM partnered with Dutch designer Marcel Wanders to design the tableware of World and European Business Class.[124]

Economy Class passengers on long-haul flights are served a hot meal and a snack, and second hot meal or breakfast, depending on the duration of the flight. On short-haul flights, passengers are served sandwiches or a choice of sweet or savory snack, depending on the duration and time of the day. If the flight is at least two hours long, "stroopkoekje" cookies are served before descent. Most alcoholic beverages are free of-charge for all passengers. After a successful trial period, KLM introduced à la carte meals in Economy Class on 14 September 2011; Dutch, Japanese, Italian, cold delicacies, and Indonesian meals are offered.[125][126]

Special meals, include children's, vegetarian, medical, and religious meals, can be requested in each class up to 24 or 36 hours before departure.[127] On flights to India, China, South Korea, and Japan, KLM offers authentic Asian meals in all classes.[120] Meals served on KLM flights departing from Amsterdam are provided by KLM Catering Services.[128]

In September 2016, KLM launched world's first in-flight draft beer under the partnership with Heineken. The new service made its premiere this week aboard a flight to Curacao in the airline's World Business Class cabin.[129]

Delft Blue houses

Selection of KLM Delft Blue Houses

Since the 1950s, KLM presents its World Business Class passengers with a Delft blue, miniature, traditional, Dutch house.[130] These miniatures are reproductions of real Dutch houses and are filled with Dutch genever.[131] Initially the houses were filled with Bols liqueur, which in 1986 was changed for Bols young genever.[132]

In 1952, KLM started to give the houses to its First Class passengers. With the elimination of First Class in 1993, the houses were handed out to all Business Class passengers.[133] The impetus for these houses was a rule aimed at curtailing a previously widespread practice of offering incentives to passengers by limiting the value of gifts given by airlines to 0.75 US cents. KLM did not bill the Delft Blue houses as a gift, but as a last drink on the house, which was served in the house.[133][134]

Every year, a new house is presented on 7 October, the anniversary of KLM's founding in 1919.[131] The number on the last-presented house thus represents the number of years KLM has been in operation. Special edition houses—the Dutch Royal Palace and the 17th century Cheese Weighing House De Waag in Gouda—are offered to special guests, such as VIPs and honeymoon couples.[133]

Ground services

KLM offers various check-in methods to its passengers, who can check in for their flights at self-service check-in kiosks at the airport, via the Internet, or via a mobile telephone or tablet. At destinations where these facilities are not available, check-in is by an airline representative at the counter. Electronic boarding passes can be received on a mobile device while boarding passes can be printed at airport kiosks.[135][136]

Since 4 July 2008 KLM, in cooperation with Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, has been offering self-service baggage drop-off to its passengers. The project started with a trial that included one drop-off point.[137] The number of these points has gradually increased; as of 8 February 2012 there are 12 of them.[138] KLM passengers can now drop off their bags themselves. Before they are allowed to do that they are being checked by a KLM employee.

In November 2012, KLM started a pilot scheme at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol to test self-service boarding. Passengers boarded the aircraft without interference of a gate agent by scanning their boarding passes, which opened a gate. KLM partner airline Air France ran the same pilot at its hub at Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport. The pilot ran until March 2013, which was followed by an evaluation.[139]

KLM is the first airline to offer self-service transfer kiosks on its European and intercontinental routes for passengers connecting through Amsterdam Airport Schiphol.[140] The kiosks enable connecting passengers to view flight details of connecting flights, to change seat assignments or upgrade to a more comfortable seat. When a passenger misses a connecting flight, details about alternative flights can be viewed on the kiosk and a new boarding pass can be printed. Passengers who are entitled to coupons for a beverage, meal, the use of a telephone, or a travel discount can have these printed at the kiosk.[141]

Bus services and train codeshares

KLM has bus services for customers living in certain cities without flights from KLM, transporting them to airports where they may board KLM flights. It operates buses from Nijmegen railway station and Arnhem Central Station in the Netherlands to Amsterdam Schiphol, and from Ottawa Railway Station to Montreal Dorval Airport in Canada. In addition KLM has codeshares with Thalys and SNCF services so passengers from various French cities may travel to Charles de Gaulle Airport and passengers from Belgium may go to Schiphol (from Antwerp) or Charles de Gaulle (from Brussels).[142]

Flying Blue

Air France-KLM's frequent flyer program, Flying Blue, awards miles based on the distance traveled, ticket fare and class of service. Other airlines that adopted the Flying Blue programme include Air Europa, Garuda Indonesia, Kenya Airways, Aircalin, and TAROM.[143] Miles can also be earned from all other SkyTeam partners.[144] Membership in the program is free.[145] Two types of miles can be earned within the Flying Blue program; Award Miles and Level Miles. Award Miles can be exchanged for rewards and expire after 20 months without flying. Level Miles are used to determine membership level and remain valid until 31 December of each year.[146]

Award Miles can be earned on Flying Blue partner airlines including Alaska Airlines, Air Corsica, Airlinair, Bangkok Airways, Chalair Aviation, Comair, Copa Airlines, Gol Transportes Aéreos, Japan Airlines, Jet Airways, Malaysia Airlines, Qantas, TAAG Angola, Twin Jet, and Ukraine International Airlines, as well as SkyTeam partners.[147][148] Award Miles are redeemable for free tickets, upgrades to a more expensive seating class, extra baggage allowance, and lounge access. They can also be donated to charity through KLM AirCares,[149] or can be spent in the Flying Blue Store.[150]

The Flying Blue programme is divided into four tiers; Ivory, Silver (SkyTeam Elite), Gold (SkyTeam Elite Plus) and Platinum (SkyTeam Elite Plus).[151] The membership tier depends on the number of Level Miles earned and is recalculated each calendar year. Flying Blue privileges are additive by membership tier; higher tiers include all benefits listed for prior tiers. There is an additional fifth tier, Platinum for Life, which can be obtained after 10 consecutive years of Platinum membership. After the Platinum for Life status is obtained, re-qualification is not required.[152] Level Miles can be earned with Air France, KLM, Air Europa, Kenya Airways, TAROM, and other SkyTeam partners.[146] Qualification levels and general benefits with SkyTeam airline partners of the Flying Blue tiers are:[152][153][154][155][156]

Flying Blue membership tiers
Tier Level Mileage requirements Membership benefits Validity
General benefits (tier additive) Mileage bonus Economy Comfort discount Extra baggage Lounge access
Ivory None
  • Earn Award and Level Miles on qualifying flights
  • Flying Blue Award Miles benefits
 None None None None Permanent
Silver (Elite)

25,000 Level Miles
or 15 one-way flights within one year
  • Priority and exclusive check-in
  • Priority baggage drop-off
  • Priority boarding
  • Elite transfer desks
  • Extra baggage allowance
  • Preferred waitlist status
  • Preferred standby status
  • Preferred seating
  • Transfer Level Miles above threshold to next year
 50% 25% 1 23 kg piece in Economy

1 32 kg piece in Business

 Cardholder (for a fee) 1-year
Gold (Elite Plus)

40,000 Level Miles
or 30 one-way flights within one year
  • Priority service at immigration
  • Priority service at the ticket office and transfer desk
  • SkyPriority label will be displayed at boarding pass
  • Guaranteed seat in Economy Class
  • Economy Comfort at 50% discount
  • Elite reservation service
  • Late Check out from Pullman(if member of Accor Le Club), and MGallery Hotels
 75% 50% 1 23 kg piece in Economy

1 32 kg piece in Business

 Cardholder and 1 guest 1-year
Platinum

70,000 Level Miles
or 60 one-way flights within one year
  • Free seating in Economy and Economy Comfort
  • Late Check out from Sofitel, Pullman(if member of Accor Le Club), and MGallery Hotels
  • Eligible for free room upgrades at Sofitel, and MGallery Hotels
 100% 100% 1 23 kg piece in Economy

1 32 kg piece in Business

 Cardholder and 2 guests 1-year

Incidents and accidents

At JACDEC Airline Safety Ranking 2015, KLM is ranked fifth place out of 60 major airlines.[157] It is the only European airline in the JACDEC top ten.[157] The most notable accident involving a KLM aircraft was the 1977 Tenerife airport disaster, which led to 583 fatalities. Since the Tenerife disaster, no KLM flight has led to fatalities.

Tenerife airport disaster

The Tenerife disaster, which occurred on 27 March 1977, remains the accident with the highest number of airliner passenger fatalities. 583 people died when a KLM Boeing 747-206B attempted to take off without clearance, and collided with a taxiing Pan Am 747-121 at Los Rodeos Airport on the Canary Island of Tenerife, Spain. There were no survivors from the KLM aircraft; 61 of the 396 passengers and crew on the Pan Am aircraft survived. Pilot error from the KLM aircraft was the primary cause. Owing to a communication misunderstanding, the KLM captain thought he had clearance for takeoff.[158][159] Another cause was dense fog, meaning the KLM flight crew was unable to see the Pan Am aircraft on the runway until immediately prior to the collision.[160] The accident had a lasting influence on the industry, particularly in the area of communication. An increased emphasis was placed on using standardized phraseology in air traffic control (ATC) communication by both controllers and pilots alike, thereby reducing the chance for misunderstandings. As part of these changes, the word "takeoff" was removed from general usage, and is only spoken by ATC when actually clearing an aircraft to take off.[161]

Other fatal accidents

1920s–1930s

1940s

1950s–1970s

Notable incidents without fatalities

Notable KLM employees

See also

References

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  131. 1 2 "KLM Delft Blue houses". KLM. KLM. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  132. ↑ "House of Bols". Bols. Bols. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  133. 1 2 3 Michaels, Daniel (31 May 2008). "The Ultimate Dutch Status Symbol: House-Shaped Booze Bottles; Jet-Setters Hoard, but Avoid Drinking, KLM's Freebies; The $1,000 Cheese Building". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  134. ↑ "Discover all our houses; About KLM Houses". KLM. KLM. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  135. ↑ "All about checking in". KLM. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  136. ↑ "KLM App". KLM. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  137. ↑ "Amsterdam airport Schiphol and KLM launch innovative self-service baggage drop-off trial" (Press release). KLM. 4 July 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  138. ↑ "Amsterdam Airport Schiphol: Six new Self-Service Baggage Drop-Off units now in use at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol" (Press release). Schiphol Group. 8 February 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  139. ↑ "KLM test 'self service boarding' op Schiphol en Parijs CDG" [KLM tests 'self service boarding' at Schiphol and Paris CDG]. Luchtvaartnieuws (in Dutch). Reismedia. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
  140. ↑ "KLM and Schiphol Airport first to launch European and intercontinental Self Service Transfer Kiosks" (Press release). KLM. 15 December 2006. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  141. ↑ "Transfer to another flight". KLM. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  142. ↑ "Travel by bus or rail with a KLM ticket." KLM. Retrieved on October 29, 2016.
  143. ↑ "All about Flying Blue Miles". FlyingBlue.com. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  144. ↑ "Earn Miles". FlyingBlue.com. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  145. ↑ "Levels and benefits". FlyingBlue.com. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  146. 1 2 "Earn Miles". KLM. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  147. ↑ KLM (May 2015). "KLM Maps - World". Holland Herald. G+J Media. 50 (5): 96, 97. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  148. ↑ "Flying Blue Partners". Flying Blue News. Air France – KLM. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  149. ↑ "AirCares". KLM. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  150. ↑ "Spend Miles". KLM. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  151. ↑ "All about benefits". KLM. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  152. 1 2 "Platinum benefits with SkyTeam airline partners". KLM. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  153. ↑ "Membership thresholds". KLM. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  154. ↑ "Ivory membership". KLM. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  155. ↑ "Silver benefits with SkyTeam airline partners". KLM. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  156. ↑ "Gold benefits with SkyTeam airlines partners". KLM. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  157. 1 2 "JACDEC Airline Safety Ranking 2015".
  158. ↑ Tonyleather. "The Deadliest Airplane Accidents in History". Retrieved 7 May 2012.
  159. ↑ Sebastien Freissinet. "The Tenerife crash-March 27th, 1977". Retrieved 7 May 2012.
  160. ↑ "ASN Accident Description". Aviation Safety Network.
  161. ↑ "The Tenerife Airport Disaster - the worst in aviation history". The Tenerife Information Centre. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  162. ↑ "Lost Aeroplane. Unavailing Search For Dutch Machine". The Times (43636). London. 26 April 1923. col F, p. 10.
  163. ↑ "The Fokker Disaster". Flight. No. 25 August 1927. p. 599.
  164. ↑ "Uiver verbrand, inzittenden gedood". De Telegraaf. 42 (15920). 21 December 1934. p. 1.
  165. ↑ Accident description for PH-ALP at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 30 October 2014.
  166. ↑ Accident description for PH-ALF at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 30 October 2014.
  167. ↑ Accident description for PH-ALS at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 30 October 2014.
  168. ↑ Accident description for PH-ARY at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 30 October 2014.
  169. ↑ Accident description for PH-APE at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 30 October 2014.
  170. ↑ "DC-3 PH-TCR bij start in Copenhagen verongelukt". Aviacrash.nl. Retrieved 27 October 2007.
  171. ↑ De Tijd (Netherlands) 24 June 1949, cited in Heijn (1969)
  172. ↑ "Constellation "Franeker" stort neer bij Bombay". 15 December 2005. Retrieved 27 October 2007.
  173. ↑ Accident description for PH-TEU at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2 June 2015.
  174. ↑ "Accident Synopsis: 03221952 – Accident Database". Airdisaster.com. 22 March 1952. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
  175. ↑ "PH-DAA Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  176. ↑ De Telegraaf 17 July 1935, cited in Heijn (1969)
  177. ↑ "ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-47A-25-DK PH-TBO Shere". Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
  178. ↑ "Photos d'accidents 1946". Baaa-acro.com. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
  179. ↑ KLM PH-TFF Bangkok Crash Ralph M. Pettersen's Constellation Survivors Website, March 2006
  180. ↑ Harro Ranter (4 September 1976). "ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-9-33RC PH-DNM Larnaca Airport (LCA)". aviation-safety.net.
  181. ↑ "Behind the Headlines the Failure of Nerve". Jewish Telegraphic Agency.
  182. ↑ https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19830603-0
  183. ↑ "Aircraft accident Boeing-747-406 PH-BFC Anchorage, AK – Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
  184. ↑ ANC90FA020 NTSB Archived 24 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine.

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