Kazakh alphabets

Kazakh Arabic and Latin script in 1924

A 1902 Kazakh text in both Arabic and Cyrillic scripts. In modern orthography: «Бұрыңғы өткен заманда, бір данышпан кісі, Бағдат шаһарының бір үлкен қазысының үйіне келіп қоныпты. Қазыменен сөйлесіп, қазыны сөзге жеңе беріпті. Сонда қазы қорқып, — „Бұл маған келген бала — менің қазылығымды тартып алса керек! Не де болса, бұған жалынып, сый беріп, орнымда қалайын!“ — деп, қатынына ақылдасыпты.» Note the differences between the older Cyrillic here and the current Cyrillic alphabet.

The Kazakh alphabets are the alphabets used to write the Kazakh language. The Kazakh language uses the following alphabets:

• The Cyrillic script is officially used in the Republic of Kazakhstan and Bayan-Ölgiy Province in Mongolia. It is also used by native Kazakh populations belonging to the areas of Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, as well as diasporas in other countries of the former USSR. It was introduced by the Soviet Union in 1940.
• The Arabic script is officially used in People's Republic of China in the Altay Prefecture and the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.^[1] It is also used in Iran and Afghanistan. This is a modified script based on the alphabet used for Kazakh before 1927.
• A Latin alphabet based on the Turkish alphabet is unofficially used by the Kazakh diaspora in Turkey. The Kazakh diaspora also uses a surrogate Latin alphabet in Germany, the US and in other Western countries. As with other Central Asian Turkic languages, a Latin alphabet was introduced by the Soviets and used from 1927 to 1940 when it was replaced with Cyrillic.
• Kazakh Braille

Cyrillic script

The Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet is used in Kazakhstan and Mongolia. In the nineteenth century, Ibrahim Altynsarin, a prominent Kazakh educator, first introduced a Cyrillic alphabet for transcribing Kazakh. Russian missionary activity, as well as Russian-sponsored schools, further encouraged the use of Cyrillic in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The alphabet was reworked by Sarsen Amanzholov and accepted in its current form in 1940. It contains 42 letters: 33 from the Russian alphabet with 9 additional letters for sounds of the Kazakh language: Ә, Ғ, Қ, Ң, Ө, Ұ, Ү, Һ, І (until 1957 Ӯ was used instead of Ұ). Initially, Kazakh letters came after letters from the Russian alphabet, but now they are placed after Russian letters similar in sound or shape.

The letters В, Ё (since 1957), Ф, Х, Һ, Ц, Ч, Щ, Ъ, Ь and Э are not used in native Kazakh words. Of these, Ё, Ц, Ч, Щ, Ъ, Ь, Э, are used only in words borrowed from Russian or through the Russian language which are written according to Russian orthographic rules. The letter Х in conversational speech is pronounced similar to Қ. The letter Һ is used only in Arabic-Persian borrowings and is often pronounced like an unvoiced Х.

The letter И represents the tense vowel [i] obtained from the combinations ЫЙ /əj/ and ІЙ /ɪj/. The letter У represents /w/ and the tense vowel [u] obtained from the combinations ҰУ /ʊw/, ҮУ /ʉw/, ЫУ /əw/ and ІУ /ɪw/. Additionally, И and У are retained in words borrowed from Russian, where they represent the simple vowels [i] and [u] respectively.

Encoding

Before the spread of operating systems and text editors with support for Unicode, Cyrillic Kazakh often didn't fit on a keyboard because of the problem with 8-bit encoding, which was not supported at the system level and the absence of standard computer fonts. More than 20 variations of 8-bit encoding for Kazakh Cyrillic have been suggested, including the following government standards: (Note these are historical code pages, modern systems use Unicode Encoding, such as UTF-8)

• СТ РК 920-91 for DOS (a modification of code page 866)
• СТ РК 1048—2002 for Windows (a modification of code page 1251)

СТ РК 1048—2002 was confirmed in 2002, well after the introduction of different Windows character sets. Some Internet resources in part used the government information agency QazAqparat before the encoding of this standard. Today the encoding UTF-8 is being accepted.

Keyboard

The standard Windows keyboard layout used for Cyrillic Kazakh in Kazakhstan is a modification of the standard Russian keyboard, with characters found in Kazakh but not in Russian located on the number keys.

The Kazakh keyboard.

Arabic

The Arabic script is still the official alphabet for Kazakhs in the People's Republic of China. It was first introduced to the territory of Kazakhstan in the eleventh century, and was traditionally used to write Kazakh until the introduction of a Latin alphabet in 1927. In 1924, Kazakh intellectual Akhmet Baitursynov attempted to reform the Arabic script to better suit Kazakh. The letters ۆ, گ, ڭ, پ and چ are used to represent sounds not found in the Arabic language.

The Kazakh Arabic alphabet contains 29 letters and one digit, the 'upper hamza' used at the beginnings of words to create front vowels throughout the word. The direction the alphabet is written in is right to left.

Forms of the Kazakh Arabic alphabet

Separate	Beginning	Middle	End	Name	Cyrillic
ا			ـا	әліп	а
ٵ 0675			ـٵ	һәмзә-әліп	ә
ب	بـ	ـبـ	ـب	ба	б
ۆ 06C6			ـۆ	в	в
گ	گـ	ـگـ	ـگ	гәф	г
ع	عـ	ـعـ	ـع	аин	ғ
د			ـد	дәл	д
ە 06D5			ـە	ае	е
					ё
ج	جـ	ـجـ	ـج	жим	ж
ز			ـز	заин	з
ي	يـ	ـيـ	ـي	я екі нoқат	и
ي	يـ	ـيـ	ـي	я екі нoқат	й
ك	كـ	ـكـ	ـك	кәф	к
ق	قـ	ـقـ	ـق	қаф	қ
ل	لـ	ـلـ	ـل	ләм	л
م	مـ	ـمـ	ـم	мим	м
ن	نـ	ـنـ	ـن	нун	н
ڭ 06AD	ڭـ	ـڭـ	ـڭ	еңге / кәф үш нoқат	ң
و			ـو	уау	о
ٶ 0676			ـٶ	һәмзә-уау	ө
پ	پـ	ـپـ	ـپ	па	п
ر			ـر	ра	р
س	سـ	ـسـ	ـس	син	с
ت	تـ	ـتـ	ـت	та	т
ۋ 06CB			ـۋ	уа / уау үш нoқат	у
ۇ			ـۇ	дамма-уа / дамма-уау	ұ
ٷ 0677			ـٷ	һәмзә-уа / һәмзә-дамма-уау	ү
ف	فـ	ـفـ	ـف	фа	ф
ح	حـ	ـحـ	ـح	ха	х
ھ	ھـ	ـھـ	ـھ	һә	һ
چ	چـ	ـچـ	ـچ	ча	ч
ش	شـ	ـشـ	ـش	шин	ш
					щ
					ъ
ى	ىـ	ـىـ	ـى	ыэ	ы
ٸ 0678	ٸـ	ـٸـ	ـٸ	һәмзә-я	і
					ь
					э
ۉ 06C9			ـۉ		ю
					я
ٴ 0674				һәмзә
لا			ـلا	ләм-әліп	ла

Latin

A Kazakh newspaper in Latin script from 1937.

The Uniform Turkic Alphabet was used in the USSR from 1927 to 1940, when it was replaced by the current Cyrillic script. Kazakh speakers in countries that use the Latin script also use a different Latin alphabet based on the Turkish alphabet.

Selected works of Mao Zedong in Latin-script Kazakh, published in Beijing in 1977

A Latin alphabet was used for the Kazakh language in the People's Republic of China in 1964-84. Later, the use of the Kazakh Arabic alphabet was restored in China.^[2]

Recently as part of a modernization program the government has stated plans for replacing Cyrillic with Latin officially. As of 2007, the costs and consequences of such a move are being investigated.^[3]

Some websites of the government of Kazakhstan are available in both Latin and Cyrillic scripts. Among them are government.kz, the main government website, and national information agency Kazinform (also known as QazAqparat).

On December 13, 2007, Kazakhstan's President Nursultan Nazarbayev offered not to advance the transformation of the Kazakh alphabet from the Cyrillic to Latin one, as he noted: "For 70 years, the Kazakhstanis read and wrote in Cyrillic. More than 100 nationalities live in our state. Thus we need stability and peace. We should be in no hurry in the issue of alphabet transformation".^[4] However, on January 30, 2015, the Minister of Culture and Sports Arystanbek Mukhamediuly announced that a transition plan was underway, with specialists working on the orthography in order to accommodate the phonological aspects of the language.^[5]

Correspondence chart

Correspondence chart of official and most widespread writing scripts

Cyrillic	Latin (QazAqparat)	Braille	Arabic	Name of Arabic Letter	IPA transcription
А а	A a	⠁	ا	Alif	/ɑ/
Ә ә	Ä ä	⠜	ٵ	Hamza + Alif	/æ/
Б б	B b	⠃	ب	Ba	/b/
В в	V v	⠺	ۆ	Waw with V	/v/
Г г	G g	⠛	گ	Gaf	/ɡ/
Ғ ғ	Ğ ğ	⠻	ع	Ghain	/ʁ/
Д д	D d	⠙	د	Dal	/d/
Е е	E e	⠑	ە	Ha	/i̯ɘ/
Ё ё	Yo yo	⠡	يو	Yo	/jo/
Ж ж	J j	⠚	ج	Jeem	/ʒ/
З з	Z z	⠵	ز	Za	/z/
И и	Ï ï	⠊	ٸ	Ya	/əj/, /ɘj/
Й й	Y y	⠯	ي	Ya	/j/
К к	K k	⠅	ك	Kaf	/k/
Қ қ	Q q	⠹	ق	Qaf	/q/
Л л	L l	⠇	ل	Lam	/l/
М м	M m	⠍	م	Meem	/m/
Н н	N n	⠝	ن	Noon	/n/
Ң ң	Ñ ñ	⠩	ڭ	Kaf with 3 dots	/ŋ/
О о	O o	⠕	و	Waw	/u̯ʊ/
Ө ө	Ö ö	⠣	ٶ	Hamza + Waw	/y̯ʉ/
П п	P p	⠏	پ	Pa	/p/
Р р	R r	⠗	ر	Ra	/ɾ/
С с	S s	⠎	س	Seen	/s/
Т т	T t	⠞	ت	Ta	/t/
У у	W w	⠥	ۋ	Waw with 3 dots	/w/, /ʊw/, /ʉw/
Ұ ұ	U u	⠌	ۇ	Waw with damma	/ʊ/
Ү ү	Ü ü	⠬	ٷ	Hamza + Waw with damma	/ʉ/
Ф ф	F f	⠋	ف	Fa	/f/
Х х	X x	⠓	ح	Kha without dots	/x, χ/
Һ һ	H h	⠧	ھ	Initial Ha	/h/
Ц ц	C c	⠉	تس	Ta + Seen	/ts/
Ч ч	Ç ç	⠟	چ	Cheem	/t͡ɕ/
Ш ш	Ş ş	⠱	ش	Sheen	/ʃ/
Щ щ	Şş şş	⠭	شش	Sheen + Sheen	/ɕː/
Ъ ъ	(ʺ)	⠷	--	--	--
Ы ы	I ı	⠮	ى	Ya without dots	/ə/
І і	İ i	⠽	ٸ	Hamza + Ya without dots	/ɘ/
Ь ь	(ʹ)	⠾	--	--	--
Э э	É é	⠪	ە	Ha	/e/
Ю ю	Yw yw	⠳	يۋ	Ya + Waw with 3 dots	/jʉw/, /jʊw/
Я я	Ya ya	⠫	يا	Ya + Alif	/jɑ/

Symbols in parentheses are for bi-directional transliteration only; See Meniñ Qazaqstanım.

Historical alphabets

Runic

Orkhon-Yenisey Runes have a great similarity to Germanic Runes in shape. Unlike the Germanic runes, Old Turkic alphabet runes are read right to left as opposed to the Germanic runes that are read left to right. The script was used in some parts of Kazakhstan's territory in the fifth to the tenth centuries. The language of the inscriptions was the Old Turkic, the language of the Turkic Khaganate.

Kipchak Armenian

They migrated from the Armenian kingdom in the late twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the Armenians had an extensive liturgical, legal and other literature in the Kipchak language that differs from Old Kazakh only by the abundance of the Armenian-Christian vocabulary. These texts were written using the Armenian alphabet. Their descendants who settled around the world, almost to the end of the nineteenth century, the Armenian-Kipchak were writing business records, personal correspondence and more.

Latin Kipchak

Catholic missionaries in Crimea produced holy books in the Kipchak language, the ancestor of the Kazakh language, they produced the Gospel and the other liturgical books.

Other writing systems

There are epigraphic monuments of Turkic tribes (mainly to the period of Islamization).

Text sample

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ^[6]

Kazakh in Cyrillic script	Kazakh in Arabic script	Kazakh in Latin script	English
Барлық адамдар тумысынан азат және қадір-қасиеті мен құқықтары тең болып дүниеге келеді. Адамдарға ақыл-парасат, ар-ождан берілген, сондықтан олар бір-бірімен туыстық, бауырмалдық қарым-қатынас жасаулары тиіс.	بارلىق ادامدار تۋمىسىنان ازات جانە قادىر-قاسيەتى مەن كۇقىقتارى تەڭ بولىپ دۇنيەگە كەلەدى. ادامدارعا اقىل-پاراسات، ار-وجدان بەرىلگەن، سوندىقتان ولار ٴبىر-بىرىمەن تۋىستىق، باۋىرمالدىق قارىم-قاتىناس جاساۋلارى ٴتيىس.‎	Barlıq adamdar tumasınan azat jäne qadir-qasiyeti men quqıqtarı teñ bolıp düniyege keledi. Adamdarğa aqıl-parasat, ar-ojdan berilgen, sondıqtan olar bir-birimen tuwıstıq, bawırmaldıq qarım-qatınas jasawları tiyis.	All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

External links

• Kazakh alphabet (in Russian)
• Kazakh language, alphabet and pronunciation
• Kazakh Cyrillic–Arabic–Latin converter
• (ALASH Cyrillic–Latin–Arabic–Runic online converter

References

1. Minglang Zhou (2003). Multilingualism in China: the politics of writing reforms for minority languages, 1949-2002. Volume 89 of Contributions to the sociology of language (illustrated ed.). Published Walter de Gruyter. p. 149. ISBN 3-11-017896-6. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
2. Minglang Zhou (2003). Multilingualism in China: the politics of writing reforms for minority languages, 1949-2002. Volume 89 of Contributions to the sociology of language (illustrated ed.). Published Walter de Gruyter. p. 149. ISBN 3-11-017896-6. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
3. Kazakhstan: Moving forward with plan to replace Cyrillic with Latin alphabet, eurasianet.org
4. Kazakhstan should be in no hurry in Kazakh alphabet transformation to Latin: Nazarbayev, Kazinform, December 13, 2007
5. "Kazakh language to be converted to Latin alphabet – MCS RK". Kazinform. 30 January 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
6. Kazakh edition of Universal Declaration of Human Rights