Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority

"Los Angeles Metro" redirects here. For other uses, see Los Angeles Metro (disambiguation).
This article is about the present transit agency. For the transit agency from 1951 to 1964, see Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority.
"Metro.net" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Metronet.
Metro

Four Metro-operated modes of service.
Overview
Locale Los Angeles County, California
Transit type Rapid transit (subway)
Light rail
Bus
Bus rapid transit
Number of lines Heavy rail: 2
Light rail: 4
Bus rapid transit: 2
Bus: 170
Number of stations Rail: 93
Bus rapid transit: 29[1][2]
Daily ridership 1,286,723 (December 2015; avg. weekday boardings)[3]
Chief executive Phillip Washington[4]
Website www.metro.net
Operation
Began operation April 1, 1993[5]
Technical
System length Rail: 98.5 miles (158.5 km)
Bus: 1,433 miles (2,306 km)[3]

The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (branded as Metro; formerly branded as MTA or LACMTA) is the public transportation operating agency for the County of Los Angeles formed in 1993 out of a merger of the Southern California Rapid Transit District and the Los Angeles County Transportation Commission. It is chartered under state law as a regional transportation planning agency (RTPA).

Metro directly operates bus, light rail, heavy rail, and bus rapid transit services. It provides funding and directs planning for commuter rail and freeway/expressway projects within Los Angeles County.

Overview

The agency develops and oversees transportation plans, policies, funding programs, and both short-term and long-range solutions that address the county's increasing mobility, accessibility and environmental needs. The agency is also the primary transit provider for the City of Los Angeles providing the bulk of such services while the City of Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT) operates a much smaller system of its own Commuter Express bus service to outlying suburbs in the city of Los Angeles and the popular DASH (Downtown Area Short Hop) mini-bus service in downtown and other neighborhoods in the city of Los Angeles. Metro has its headquarters in downtown Los Angeles.[6]

The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates the third-largest public transportation system in the United States by ridership with a 1,433 mi² (3,711 km²) operating area and 2,000 peak hour buses on the street any given business day.[7] Metro also designed, built and now operates 98.5 miles (158.5 km) of urban rail service.[3] The authority has 9,892 employees, making it one of the region's largest employers.[3]

The authority also partially funds sixteen municipal bus operators and a wide array of transportation projects including bikeways and pedestrian facilities, local roads and highway improvements, goods movement, Metrolink regional commuter rail, Freeway Service Patrol and freeway call boxes within the greater metropolitan Los Angeles region.

Security and law enforcement services on Metro property (including buses and trains) are currently provided by the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department's Transit Services Bureau via contract, in conjunction with Metro Transit Enforcement Department. Between 2003 and 2008 Part I crimes have decreased 29.4% on Metro rails and 10% on the Metro buses.

In 2006, the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority was named Outstanding Transportation System for 2006 by the American Public Transportation Association. Most buses and trains have "America's Best" decals affixed.[8]

Services

Metro Rail

Metro Rail and Metro Liner system map

Metro Rail is a rail mass transit system with two subway and four light rail lines. As of May 2016, the system runs a total of 115.9 miles, with 119 stations and over 316,000 daily weekday boardings as of February 2012.

Blue Line  The Blue Line (opened 1990) is a light rail line running between Downtown Los Angeles and Downtown Long Beach.
Red Line  The Red Line (opened 1993) is a subway line running between Downtown Los Angeles and North Hollywood.
Purple Line  The Purple Line (opened 1993) is a subway line running between Downtown Los Angeles and the Mid-Wilshire district of Los Angeles. Most of its route is shared with the Red Line.
Green Line  The Green Line (opened 1995) is a light rail line running between Redondo Beach and Norwalk, largely in the median of the 105 Freeway. It provides indirect access to Los Angeles International Airport via a shuttle bus.
Gold Line  The Gold Line (opened 2003) is a light rail line running between East Los Angeles and Azusa via Downtown Los Angeles.[9]
Expo Line  The Expo Line (opened 2012) is a light rail line running between Downtown Los Angeles and Santa Monica.[10]

Metro Liner

A Metro Liner vehicle at the North Hollywood station on the Orange Line.

Metro Liner is an express bus system with characteristics of bus rapid transit with two lines operating on dedicated or shared-use busways. The system runs a total of 40 miles, with 27 stations and over 38,000 daily weekday boardings as of February 2012.

The Metro Liner system is meant to mimic the Metro Rail system, both in the vehicle's design and in the operation of the line. Vehicles stop at dedicated stations (except the Metro Silver Line portion in Downtown Los Angeles), vehicles receive priority at intersections and are painted in a silver livery similar to newer Metro Rail vehicles.

Orange Line  The Metro Orange Line (opened in 2005) is a bus rapid transit line running between North Hollywood, Warner Center and select trips to Chatsworth.
Silver Line  The Metro Silver Line (began operation in 2009) is a fast limited-stop bus line running between El Monte, Harbor Gateway and select trips to San Pedro via Downtown Los Angeles. The portion between Union Station in downtown Los Angeles and El Monte opened in 1973 as the El Monte Busway.

Metro Bus

Metro is the primary bus operator in the Los Angeles Basin, the San Fernando Valley, and the western San Gabriel Valley. Other transit providers operate more frequent service in the rest of the county. Regions in Los Angeles County that Metro Bus does not serve at all include rural regions, the Pomona Valley, the Santa Clarita Valley, and the Antelope Valley.

Metro operates two types of bus services which are distinguished by the color of the buses as first designed and indicated by former Metro CEO Nik Visger.[11] However, when mechanical problems or availability equipment occurs, a bus of any color may be substituted to continue service on the route.

A Metro Local bus on Line 81 (Figueroa St.) with its trademark orange color

Metro Local buses are painted in an off-orange color the agency has dubbed “California Poppy”. This type of service makes frequent stops along major thoroughfares. There are 18,500 stops on 189 bus lines. Some Metro Local routes make limited stops along part of their trip but do not participate in the Rapid program. Some Metro Local bus lines are operated by MV Transportation, Southland Transit, and Transdev (formerly Veolia).

A Metro Rapid articulated bus on Line 720 (Wilshire Blvd. Whittier Blvd.).

Metro Rapid buses are distinguished by their bright red color the agency has dubbed “Rapid Red”. This bus rapid transit service offers limited stops on many of the county's more heavily traveled arterial streets. Metro claims to reduce passenger commute times by up to 25 percent by several methods, among them the lack of a bus schedule so that drivers are not held up at certain stops.

A Metro Express bus on Line 577X (San Gabriel River Frwy.) at CSULB in Long Beach

Metro Express buses used to be painted in a dark blue color the agency has formerly dubbed “Business Blue”, the routes are designed as premium, minimal stop services along Los Angeles's extensive freeway network. The service has been debranded in recent years. Currently there is one line, the 577.

Some Metro Local lines also use the county's freeway system along their trip. They are labeled as Express services but make more stops on their trips and are not considered to be "premium" Metro Express lines.

All Metro buses are CNG-powered, the largest such fleet in the United States.[12] The CNG fleet reduces emissions of particulates by 90 percent, carbon monoxide by 80 percent, and greenhouse gases by 20 percent compared to diesel powered buses. Alternative fuel buses have logged more than 450 million operating miles since 1993, an industry record.

Transitways

Metro operates two transitways that carry multiple bus routes for part of their trips through Southern California. When traveling within the transitways, the buses run in express service, stopping only at stations. The transitways are meant to mimic the Metro Rail lines, because while each bus may have a different final destination passengers can board any bus and travel to any of the other stations. The two transitways are connected by a dedicated Metro Liner route, the Metro Silver Line.

Other services

Fares

The following table shows Metro fares, effective 15 September 2014 (in US dollars). All Metro passes are sold on TAP Cards, smart fare cards on which customers can load value or a pass; they are valid on all Metro buses and trains as well as most city buses.

Fare Type Regular Senior/
Disabled/
Medicare
Base Fare $1.75 $0.75*/$0.35**
Base Fare (Metro Silver Line) $2.50 $1.35*/$0.95**
Tokens $1.75
Metro Day Pass*** $7 $2.50
Metro Day Pass + TAP Card (on the bus) $8
7-Day Pass $25
K-12 Student 30-Day Pass $24
College/Vocational Student 30-Day Pass
    • Must be enrolled in at least 12 units or more in order to qualify for reduced fare
 $43
30-Day Pass $100 $20
Regional EZ Pass $110 $42
Metro-to-Muni Transfer $0.50 $0.25
Zone charge (one zone) $0.75 $0.60
Monthly zone stamp (one zone) $22 ^
* $0.75 fare 05:00–09:00 and 15:00-19:00 non-holiday weekdays.
** $0.35 fare 09:00-15:00 and 19:00-05:00 weekdays and all day weekends and holidays.
*** As of 15 March 2009, no day passes are sold on buses without possession of a TAP card, which can be purchased at various retail outlets for $2 (or $1 at TVMs) for use on the bus. All passes are now available on TAP card. A Reduced Fare TAP card is now available for Senior/Disabled, College/Vocational students and K–12 Students.
^ Zone charges are not imposed for discount pass holders, but are imposed for discount cash fare payers.

There are faregates at some Metro Rail stations and the Orange Line that require a TAP card, but Metro as a whole operates on a proof-of-payment system. The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department and Metro's fare inspectors conduct random ticket inspections throughout the system. If customers are caught without a ticket they may be fined up to US$250 and/or subject to 48 hours community service.

Fare evasion was estimated in 2007 to be at 6%, costing Metro $2.6 million annually. In response to this, the Metro board approved fare gating of all stations on the Red and Green Lines, and selected stations on the Orange, Blue, and Gold Lines, capturing 84% of passengers using the system. Adding fare gates was selected to increase fare collections, implement distance based fares on rail and transitways in the future, and reduce the potential of the system to terrorist attack.[15] Former Metrolink executive director Richard Stanger critiqued the gate installation by citing its cost and ineffectiveness, concerns ultimately dismissed by the Metro board.[16]

In 2007, with the consent decree with the BRU expired, Metro announced plans for a fare hike. They said that they needed to reduce their $US 100 million deficit, which would be done either by raising fares or reducing service. This proposal garnered strong opposition from Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa, Councilman Bernard Parks, the Bus Riders Union, and low-income residents.

On 24 May 2007, the Metro board approved fare increases, which were lower than their original proposal, but eliminated the semi-monthly pass.

Measure R had all senior and disabled fares, as well as student passes, frozen at current rates thru 14 September 2014.[17]

The Rider Relief Transportation Program (RRTP) provides fare subsidy coupons to eligible riders who purchase daily, weekly, or monthly Metro passes, TAP cash value, and EZ transit passes from participating transit systems. Eligible riders include adult regular riders, Senior/Disabled/Medicare, K–12 grade students, and college/vocational students who are pre-qualified by a participating community-based agency. RRTP subsidy coupons are available to Los Angeles County residents whose household income levels meet the following criteria. Persons in:

Residents of the Cities/County and students of schools and colleges already being subsidized for Metro fare media will not be eligible to receive the coupon subsidy.

Ridership

Percentage of workers commuting to work by public transport in Los Angeles County, in 2007

The Metro Red Line has the highest ridership of all the Metro Rail Lines. The Metro Red Line's operational cost is the lowest of all of the Metro Rail lines because of its highest ridership. The Metro Liner Metro Silver Line has the lowest ridership of all color-branded lines. Average daily boardings for March 2016 are as follows:[3]

Service Weekdays Saturdays Sundays and Holidays Weekday ridership per mile (km)
Heavy Rail/Metro
 Red Line  Red Line
 Purple Line  Purple Line		 142,270 94,205 76,476 8,645 (5,372)
Light Rail
 Blue Line  Blue Line 76,003 48,418 41,034 3,744 (2,353)
 Expo Line  Expo Line 30,368 21,074 15,144 3,519 (2,193)
 Gold Line  Gold Line 52,672 32,988 32,013 2,269 (1,410)
 Green Line  Green Line 37,459 17,565 13,763 2,020 (1,263)
Bus and BRT
Metro Bus 1,004,341 711,898 503,596
 Orange Line  Orange Line 25,369 16,798 11,632 1,409 (875)
 Silver Line  Silver Line 12,935 5,526 4,117 498 (309)
Total Bus and Rail (annual) 347,700,750 50,108,708 44,242,890

Cost per ride

Budget (2015)[18] $5,508,000,000
Budget w/o Highway programs $5,063,000,000
Budget w/o Regional bus subsidies $3,994,000,000
LA metro Rides (2015)[19] 469,471,000
Cost per ride $14.50
Fares collected per ride $1.75

Governance

Metro is governed by a Board of Directors whose 13 members are:

In addition, Service Councils, composed of political appointees from various regions of Los Angeles County, approve service changes and oversee routes within a region. There are five regions: Gateway Cities, San Fernando Valley, San Gabriel Valley, South Bay, and Westside/Central. Service councils advise on planning and implementation of service within their area; call and conduct public hearings and evaluate Metro bus programs to their area; make policy recommendations to the Metro Board; and participate in quarterly meetings with the Metro Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Deputy CEO and management staff.

Service councils were created as governance councils in 2001, in response to complaints about the effectiveness of Metro service in suburban areas. Communications between sectors and riders was poor, according to a report by the California State Auditor which was released one year into the new structure.[20] In addition, each sector had its own scheduling, operations, and maintenance divisions, causing effort duplication, organizational silos, and inefficiency.[21] Thus, in 2009, the sectors were eliminated, and transportation, maintenance, service planning, and administration were recentralized under the guidance of Metro's Chief Operations Officer. Governance councils, renamed service councils, now have more responsibility over local issues such as stop placement and service changes, while larger issues are handled by the Metro board.[22]

Funding

A complex mix of federal, state, county and city tax dollars as well as bonds and fare box revenue funds Metro. The Metro budget for 2015 is $5.508 billion. Below is an example of funding sources for a Metro budget many years ago, and the example below does not include an additional sales tax revenue from Measure R that passed a few years ago. Funding sources as per earlier budget.

Resources US$ in Millions 2009[23] US$ in Millions 2015
Fare Revenue 324 351
ExpressLane Tolls + Advertising and other revenue 161 93
Prop A - 1/2 Cent Sales Tax 621 740
Prop C - 1/2 Cent Sales Tax 621 740
Measure R - 1/2 Cent Sales Tax 0 740
Transportation Development Act (TDA) 310370
State Transit Assistance (STA) 77105
Federal and State Grants 802 1264
Carry over and Bond proceeds 133 1105
Total Resources (US$ thousands) $3,044 $5,508
Warner Center Orange Line Station.

Fleet

Expo Line train arriving at La Cienega station.

As part of Metro's ATMS project, most buses include a marquee displaying the date and time, Automatic Voice Annunciation (AVA) for audio and visual announcements for each stop, and an audio and visual Stop Requested announcement.

MV Transportation, Southland Transit, and Transdev are bus contractors; these contractors currently operate a few NABI 40-LFW (7300-7514), (7600-7949) series, all NABI 31-LFW (3100-3149) series, and some NFI XN40 (5600-6149) series.

Metro Local buses are painted orange ("California Poppy"), Metro Rapid buses are painted red, and Metro Silver Line buses are painted silver. Metro Local buses acquired prior to the adoption of these colors in 2004 are white with a gold stripe around the bus; these buses been painted orange during their mid-life rehabilitation (except for the 5300-series New Flyer buses assigned to Metro Rapid lines, which were repainted in red livery in 2004-05). The 7000- and 7600-series buses acquired for Metro Rapid service in 2000 and 2002 are red with a white stripe along the top (7102-7112, 7617-7618, 7628, 7643, 7646 were white with a red Metro Rapid logo on all sides and some of these buses have been repainted to standard red and white and a few have been converted to Metro Local service), but some have been repainted to the current red and silver livery. Most had been repainted beginning in 2007; some have been repainted either in the updated Metro Rapid scheme or in Metro Local colors.

Metro operates the nation's largest fleet of CNG-powered buses. The CNG fleet reduces emissions of particulates by 90%, carbon monoxide by 80%, and greenhouse gases by 20% over the 500 remaining diesel powered buses in the fleet. Alternative fuel buses have logged more than 450 million operating miles since 1993, an industry record. Metro has retired all diesel buses (not including contracted buses) and became an entirely clean-air fleet in January 2011.

Beginning December 17, 2006, Metro Local Lines 233 (Van Nuys Blvd.) and 204 (Vermont Ave.) were the first Metro Local lines to use 60-foot (18 m) NABI articulated buses (9400-9494 and some 9500-9594 series). These buses are also currently in use on Metro Local Line 40 (Hawthorne Bl./Crenshaw Bl./MLK Bl./Broadway Ave.), Metro Local Line 66 (8th Street/E. Olympic Bl.) and Metro Local Line 207 (Western Ave.).

Bicycle transportation planning

In May 2009 Metro started to set up a Multi Mobility Working Group, which may lead to a change in TDM funding for bicycle projects as detailed in a separate entry on bicycle transportation planning in Los Angeles.

History

Main article: History of LACMTA

LACMTA was formed in 1993 from the merger of two previous agencies: the Southern California Rapid Transit District (SCRTD or more often, RTD) and the Los Angeles County Transportation Commission (LACTC). RTD was during the 1960s to 1980s (until the LACTC was created) the "800 pound gorilla" in bus transportation in Southern California, operating most public transportation in Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino, and Riverside Counties, although outlying services began to be divested in the early 1980s.

Future

A TAP gate at a Metro station

Metro has expanded its Metro Rapid bus system with a goal of 28 lines since 2008.[24] A Special Master ruling in December 2005 requires Metro to increase service on all Rapid bus routes to every 10 minutes during the peak period and every 20 minutes during the mid-day and evening. Service would be required to operate between 5 a.m. and 9 a.m. on all Rapid routes. Metro has chosen not to appeal the ruling and began implementation on all Rapid routes in June 2006.

In addition, the agency is embarking on a massive bus restructuring effort entitled Metro Connections. The project is designed to convert the current grid-based bus system, implemented in 1980, to a hub and spoke system focused on activity centers.[25] The system is to be phased in the next four years, and will include new express routes and reconfigured local service. Suburban service and low ridership shuttles will be considered for operation by municipal agencies, restructuring, or cancellation.

A new Universal Fare system called 'TAP' which stands for Transit Access Pass was introduced to the public in early 2010. The TAP smart card allows bus and rail passengers to physically tap their cards on the farebox for faster boarding. This automated fare system will eventually be implemented on eleven other Los Angeles County transit operators and intends to replace the EZ Pass which allows travel between these transit agencies for one monthly price. Commuters from surrounding cities and communities will be able to travel across the county switching from one transit operator's system to another using one smart card to pay for fares.

In 2015, Metro studied renaming its rail and bus rapid transit lines using a letter-based scheme.[26]


Crenshaw/LAX Line

Further information: Crenshaw/LAX Line

The Crenshaw/LAX Line is being built from Aviation/LAX station on the Green Line to Expo/Crenshaw station on the Expo Line, passing through Inglewood and Crenshaw, Los Angeles. It will connect with a people mover to serve Los Angeles International Airport. A further possible phase will extend the line to Hollywood to connect with the Red Line.

Gold Line Foothill Extension

Further information: Gold Line Foothill Extension

Metro is planning an extension of the Gold Line into the San Gabriel Valley to the San Bernardino County border city of Montclair. The first phase of this extension, to Azusa, opened on March 5, 2016. Funding for the second phase is not yet available.


Regional Connector

Further information: Regional Connector

The Regional Connector is a tunnel under Downtown Los Angeles, joining the Gold Line at Union Station to the Blue and Expo Lines at 7th Street/Metro Center. This will lead to the creation of two lines, one between Long Beach and Azusa, and the other between East Los Angeles and Santa Monica.

Purple Line Extension

Further information: Purple Line Extension

Phase 1 of the Purple Line Extension will add three new subway stations at Wilshire/La Brea, Wilshire/Fairfax, and Wilshire/La Cienega. Further phases will extend the line to Century City and Westwood.

West Santa Ana Transit Corridor

The West Santa Ana Branch via Stanton and Garden Grove to Santa Ana is an additional corridor identified for possible future expansion of rail or busway service. The current proposal is a light rail line with a new route from Union Station to the Green Line, then the West Santa Ana Branch right-of-way to Artesia.[27]

Measure M

Measure M, passed on November 2016, extends and increases the Measure R thirty-year half-cent sales tax to a permanent one-cent sales tax. This tax is expected to fund $120 billion in highway and transit projects over forty years.[28]

Projects to be funded by Measure M include:[28][29]

The Metro rail and bus fleet often make appearances in films and television shows produced in the Los Angeles area, including 2012, Crash,[30] Volcano, Superbad, Collateral, The 40-Year-Old Virgin,[31] and Battle: Los Angeles.[32] One of the earliest appearances was in the 1994 movie Speed with Keanu Reaves and Sandra Bullock, in which the Metro plays a key part in the plot.

See also

People

References

  1. ↑ https://d1akjheu06qp1r.cloudfront.net/riding_metro/bus_overview/images/901.pdf|title=https://d1akjheu06qp1r.cloudfront.net/riding_metro/bus_overview/images/901.pdf
  2. ↑ https://d1akjheu06qp1r.cloudfront.net/riding_metro/bus_overview/images/910.pdf|title=https://d1akjheu06qp1r.cloudfront.net/riding_metro/bus_overview/images/910.pdf
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Facts At A Glance". Metro. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  4. ↑ "Phillip Washington, Denver transit chief, to become Metro's new CEO". KPCC. March 12, 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  5. ↑ Klugman, Mark. Brief Report: L.A.’s Transit Policing Partnership. Spring 1998. Retrieved April 4, 2006
  6. ↑ "Help & Contacts." Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
  7. ↑ APTA Ridership Reports Statistics - United States Transit Agency Totals Index. Retrieved April 4, 2006
  8. ↑ LA County’s Metro Cited as Nation’s 2006 Outstanding Public Transportation System. Retrieved June 8, 2006
  9. ↑ Scauzillo, Steve (February 26, 2016). "When is the grand opening of the Gold Line Foothill Extension?". San Gabriel Valley Tribune.
  10. ↑ Nelson, Laura J. (February 25, 2016). "Metro Expo Line to begin service to Santa Monica on May 20". Los Angeles Times.
  11. ↑ "Bold New Look Proposed For Metro Buses, Trains, 'M' Logo". Los Angeles County Metro. 19 June 2003. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
  12. ↑ "Metro Gets Grant For Purchase of More Clean-Air Buses". Los Angeles County Metro. 26 April 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-07.
  13. ↑ "Introducing Metro Bike Share". Retrieved September 15, 2016.
  14. ↑ Grasso, Samantha J. (June 25, 2015). "Metro's Launching a Big Bike-Share Program Downtown". Los Angeles Magazine. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  15. ↑ https://www.metro.net/board/Items/2007/11_November/20071115EMACItem27_Handout.pdf
  16. ↑ https://www.metro.net/board/Items/2008/02_February/20080228RBMItem36.pdf
  17. ↑ "News and Media Now".
  18. ↑ "LA metro 2015 funding sources" (PDF).
  19. ↑ "Ridership Statistics". www.metro.net. Retrieved 2016-04-17.
  20. ↑ "Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority: It Is Too Early to Predict Service Sector Success, but Opportunities for Improved Analysis and Communication Exist." page 41, California State Auditor, December 2003. Retrieved May 1, 2006.
  21. ↑ https://www.metro.net/board/Items/2009/11_November/20091118OPItem48.pdf
  22. ↑ "Metro in Transition". Streetsblog Los Angeles. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
  23. ↑ "Metro Adopts Fiscal Year 2011-12 Budget". www.metro.net. Retrieved 2016-04-17.
  24. ↑ Overview of Transportation Topics. Realtor.org. Retrieved April 4, 2006.
  25. ↑ https://www.metro.net/board/Items/2006/01_January/20060103OtherSectorWES_Item4.pdf
  26. ↑ Loos, Chris (April 2, 2015). "Metro Proposes Simplified Naming Convention for Rail Lines". Urbanize.LA. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  27. ↑ Sharp, Steven (September 15, 2015). "Metro Exploring New Options for West Santa Ana Branch". Urbanize.LA. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
  28. 1 2 "Measure M: Metro's Plan to Transform Transportation in LA.". The Plan. Retrieved 2016-11-11.
  29. ↑ "Measure M project descriptions". The Source. 2016-11-09. Retrieved 2016-11-11.
  30. ↑ "New Flyer C 40 LF in "Crash"".
  31. ↑ "Neoplan AN 440 Transliner in "The 40 Year Old Virgin"".
  32. ↑ "NABI 416 in "Battle: Los Angeles"".
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