Legislative Assembly (France)

Legislative Assembly Assemblée législative
Kingdom of France
Medal of the Legislative Assembly
Type
Type	Unicameral
History
Established	1 October 1791
Disbanded	20 September 1792
Preceded by	National Constituent Assembly
Succeeded by	National Convention
Seats	745
Meeting place
Salle du Manège, Paris

The Legislative Assembly (French: Assemblée législative) was the legislature of France from 1 October 1791 to 20 September 1792 during the years of the French Revolution. It provided the focus of political debate and revolutionary law-making between the periods of the National Constituent Assembly and of the National Convention.

History

Background

The National Constituent Assembly dissolved itself on 30 September 1791. Upon Robespierre's motion it had decreed that none of its members would be eligible to the next legislature. Its successor body, the Legislative Assembly, operating under the liberal French Constitution of 1791, lasted until 20 September 1792, when the National Convention was established after the insurrection of 10 August just the month before.

The Legislative Assembly entrenched the perceived left-right political spectrum that is still commonly used today. There were 746 members.

Elections

The elections of 1791, held by census franchise, brought in a legislature that desired to carry the Revolution further. Prominent in the legislature were the Jacobin Club and its affiliated societies throughout France.

The Legislative Assembly first met on 1 October 1791. It consisted of 745 members, mostly from the middle class. The members were generally young, and since none had sat in the previous Assembly, they largely lacked national political experience. They tended to be people who had made their name through successful political careers in local politics.

The rightists within the assembly consisted of about 260 "Feuillants", whose chief leaders, Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette and Antoine Barnave, remained outside the House, because of their ineligibility for re-election. They were staunch constitutional monarchists, firm in their defence of the King against the popular agitation.

The leftists were of 136 "Jacobins" (still including the party later known as the Girondins or Girondists) and Cordeliers. Its most famous leaders were Jacques Pierre Brissot, the philosopher Condorcet, and Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud. The Left drew its inspiration from the more radical tendency of the Enlightenment, regarded the émigré nobles as traitors, and espoused anticlericalism. They were suspicious of Louis XVI, some of them favoring a general European war, both to spread the new ideals of liberty and equality and to put the king's loyalty to the test.

The remainder of the House, 345 deputies, generally belonged to no definite party. They were called "the Marsh" (Le Marais) or "the Plain" (La Plaine). They were committed to the ideals of the Revolution, hence generally inclined to side with the Left but would also occasionally back proposals from the Right.

The king's ministers, named by him and excluded from the Assembly, are described by the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica as "mostly persons of little mark".

Formation

For a detailed description of the proceedings of the Legislative Assembly and related events, see The Legislative Assembly and the fall of the French monarchy.

The 27 August 1791 Declaration of Pillnitz already threatened France with attack by its neighbors. King Louis XVI favored war hoping to exploit a military defeat to restore his absolute power; the Assembly was leaning toward war and to spread the ideals of the Revolution.^[1] This led in April 1792 to the first of the French Revolutionary Wars.

The king vetoed many of the Assembly's bills throughout its existence such as these:

• Legislation declaring the émigrés guilty of conspiracy and prosecuted as such was passed on 8 November 1791 but vetoed by Louis.
• Enforcement of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy: on 29 November 1791 the Assembly decreed that every non-juring clergyman who did not take the civic oath within eight days would lose his pension and, if any troubles broke out, he would be deported. Louis vetoed the decree as a matter of conscience.

Louis XVI formed a series of cabinets, veering at times as far left as the Girondins. However, by the summer of 1792, amid war and insurrection, it had become clear that the monarchy and the now-dominant Jacobins could not reach any accommodation. On 11 July 1792, the Assembly formally declared the Nation in danger because of the dire military situation.

On 9 August 1792, a new revolutionary Commune took possession of Hôtel de Ville, and early on the morning of 10 August, the insurgents assailed the Tuileries, where the royal family resided. Louis and his family sought asylum with the Legislative Assembly.

The Assembly stripped Louis, suspected of intelligence with the enemy, of all his royal functions and prerogatives. The king and his family were subsequently imprisoned in the Temple. A resolution is adopted, on 10 August 1792, to summon a new National Convention, to be elected by universal suffrage.

Many who had sat in the National Constituent Assembly and many more who had sat in the Legislative Assembly were re-elected. The Convention met on 20 September 1792 and became the new government of France.

Reforms

On 15 February 1792, Honoré Muraire, reporting for the Legislative Committee, presented a series of recommendations on marriage reform, including the implementation of registers of civil status (replacing registers maintained by the clergy) and allowing younger people to get married.

Political groups

The Legislative Assembly was driven by two opposing groups. The members of the first group were conservative members of the bourgeoisie (Wealthy middle class in the Third Estate) that favored a constitutional monarchy, represented by the Feuillants, who felt that the revolution had already achieved its goal.^[2]

The other group was the democratic faction, for whom the king could no longer be trusted, represented by the new members of the Jacobin club^[3] that claimed that more revolutionary measures were necessary.^{[4][note 1]}

Presidents

Political parties

  Independent
  Feuillants Club
  Jacobin Club

N°		Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Political Party	Department	Legislature (Election)
	1		Claude-Emmanuel de Pastoret (1755–1840)	3 October 1791	30 October 1791	Feuillants Club	Seine	I (1791)
	2		Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud (1753–1793)	30 October 1791	15 November 1791	Jacobin Club	Gironde
	3		Vincent-Marie Viénot (1756–1845)	15 November 1791	28 November 1791	Feuillants Club	Seine-et-Marne
	4		Bernard Germain de Lacépède (1756–1825)	28 November 1791	10 December 1791	Feuillants Club	Seine
	5		Pierre-Édouard Lémontey (1762–1826)	10 December 1791	26 December 1791	Feuillants Club	Rhône
	6		François de Neufchâteau (1750–1828)	26 December 1791	22 January 1792	Jacobin Club	Vosges
	7		Marguerite-Élie Guadet (1758–1794)	22 January 1792	7 February 1792	Jacobin Club	Gironde
	8		Nicolas de Condorcet (1743–1794)	7 February 1792	19 February 1792	Jacobin Club	Seine
	9		Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas (1753–1837)	19 February 1792	4 March 1792	Feuillants Club	Seine-et-Oise
	10		Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau (1737–1816)	4 March 1792	19 March 1792	Jacobin Club	Côte-d'Or
	11		Armand Gensonné (1758–1793)	19 March 1792	15 April 1792	Jacobin Club	Gironde
	12		Félix-Julien-Jean Bigot de Préameneu (1747–1825)	15 April 1792	29 April 1792	Feuillants Club	Ille-et-Vilaine
	13		Jean-Gérard Lacuée (1752–1841)	29 April 1792	13 May 1792	Feuillants Club	Lot-et-Garonne
	14		Honoré Muraire (1750–1837)	13 May 1792	27 May 1792	Feuillants Club	Var
	15		François-Alexandre Tardiveau (1761–1833)	27 May 1792	10 June 1792	Feuillants Club	Ille-et-Vilaine
	16		François-Alexandre Tardiveau (1756–1836)	10 June 1792	24 June 1792	Independent	Loire-Atlantique
	17		Louis Stanislas de Girardin (1762–1827)	24 June 1792	8 July 1792	Jacobin Club	Oise
	18		Jean-Baptiste Annibal Aubert du Bayet (1759–1797)	8 July 1792	22 July 1792	Feuillants Club	Isère
	19		André-Daniel Laffon de Ladebat (1746–1829)	22 July 1792	7 August 1792	Feuillants Club	Gironde
	20		Jean-François Honoré Merlet (1761–1830)	7 August 1792	20 August 1792	Jacobin Club	Maine-et-Loire
	21		Jean-François Delacroix (1753–1794)	20 August 1792	2 September 1792	Jacobin Club	Eure-et-Loir
	22		Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles (1759–1794)	2 September 1792	16 September 1792	Jacobin Club	Seine
	23		Pierre-Joseph Cambon (1756–1820)	16 September 1792	16 September 1792	Jacobin Club	Hérault

References

1. Immediately there was a great deal of dissension between the Feuillants and the democratic faction from changes made to the Constitution and the Flight to Varennes. The democrats felt that the influence of the majority of the populace was minimised because of census suffrage.^[5]

1. Thomas Lalevée, « National Pride and Republican grandezza: Brissot’s New Language for International Politics in the French Revolution », French History and Civilisation (Vol. 6), 2015, pp. 66-82
2. Albert Mathiez, La Révolution française, Librairie Armand Colin 1922, p. 170
3. Bernardine Melchior-Bonnet, Les Girondins, Tallandier 1989, p. 52
4. Jean-Paul Bertaud, La Révolution française, Perrin 1989 « rééd. coll. Tempus », 2004, p. 81-133
5. Jean-Paul Bertaud, La Révolutions française, p. 81

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "^{article name needed}". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.