List of aviation pioneers

Aviation pioneers are people directly and indirectly responsible for the advancement of flight, including people who worked to achieve manned flight before the invention of aircraft, as well as others who achieved significant "firsts" in aviation after heavier-than-air flight became routine. Pioneers of aviation have contributed to the development of aeronautics in one or more ways: through science and theory, theoretical or applied design, by constructing models or experimental prototypes, the mass production of aircraft for commercial and government request, achievements in flight, and providing financial resources and publicity to expand the field of aviation.

Wright brothers first powered, controlled, and sustained flight, captured on film.

Table key

Pioneer type

• Science: Contributions to aerodynamic theory, aviation principles, discoveries advancing aircraft development, etc.
• Design: Original or derivative ideas or drawings for conceptual/experimental/practical methods of air travel
• Construction: Building prototypes/experimental/practical aircraft
• Manufacture: Building aircraft to fill commercial or government requests
• Aviator: International firsts, major records, major awards received
• Support: Significant industrial endorsements, philanthropic, founding of relevant organizations, etc.
• (†) : A dagger following the pioneer's name indicates they died in or as a result of an aircraft accident. When available, the aircraft type/model and the place of the accident are included in the text.

Sorting

The table is organized by pioneer name in alphabetical order. Columns for Name, Date of birth/Date of death, Country and Achievement can be sorted in either ascending or descending order. If two pioneers are paired together, sorting by DOB or Country uses the information for the first of the pair. The Achievement column will sort according to the date of the pioneer’s earliest significant contribution to aviation.

Inclusion criteria

At least one of the following criteria is met:

• Scientific contribution to theory and principles (whether correct or not) that were used as contemporary resources, building blocks, or influenced period thought, significant scientific or theoretical achievements with model aircraft;
• Designing any aircraft (pre-1910), or a distinct/innovative new design;
• Constructing a prototype aircraft (pre-1910);
• Manufacturing aircraft (including some direct or supervisory control over design) for commercial and/or military contracts (intended to represent founders of the aviation industry);
• Flying (Aviator) solo in an aircraft and receiving a relevant flying certificate (pre-1910); or any significant national (e.g., a flight representing a country’s first) or international achievement, or flight award (initial record holders or demolishing existing records, but not simply breaking established records);
• Supporting aviation (e.g., positive publicity; personal, corporate and/or philanthropic sponsorship, education).

Table

List of aviation pioneers

Name	Date of birth Date of death	Country birth (work)	Pioneer	Type	Achievements
Ader, ClémentClément Ader	1841-02-044 Feb 1841 5 Mar 1925	France	Science Design Construction Manufacture Aviator	Propeller	1890-10-09First brief uncontrolled powered flight (“hop”) for 50 m (160 ft), 20 cm (8 in) from the ground in steam-powered Éole (9 Oct 1890),[1][2] designed, constructed and tested Ader Avion II (1893) and Ader Avion III (14 Oct 1897).[3][4][nb 1]
Aguilera, Diego MarínDiego Marín Aguilera	1757 1799	Spain	Science Design Construction	Glider	1793-05-15Reportedly glided ~400 m distance at ~5 m height using his own invention (15 May 1793).[6][7]
Alcock, JohnJohn Alcock† and Arthur Brown	1892-11-055 Nov 1892 18 Dec 1919 and 23 Jul 1886 4 Oct 1948	England (Great Britain) Scotland (Great Britain)	Aviator	Propeller	1919-06-15 First non-stop transatlantic flight in a modified Vickers Vimy (14/15 June 1919);[8][9] (†) Vickers Viking, Rouen, France, en route to Paris.
brothers, AldasoroAldasoro brothers Juan Pablo and Eduardo	1893-09-1414 Sep 1893 4 Oct 1962 and 27 Oct 1894 10 Nov 1968	Mexico	Science Design Construction	Glider Propeller	1913-03-12First Mexican aviators to graduate from the Moissant School; Juan Pablo was the first to fly over the Statue of Liberty (12 Mar 1913).[nb 2]
al-Jawhari, Ismail ibn HammadIsmail ibn Hammad al-Jawhari†	975unk c. 1005	Kazakhstan	Design Construction Aviator	Pre-history Glider	1005(†) attempted flight from the roof of the Nishapur Mosque in Khorosan (c. 1005).[10]
Baldwin, Frederick W. "Casey"Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin	1882-01-022 Jan 1882 7 Aug 1948	Canada	Design Construction Manufacture Aviator	Propeller	1909-03-12Chief Engineer, Aerial Experiment Association (1907–09);[11] first powered flight by a Canadian in the Red Wing (12 Mar 1909);[12][13] co-designer Red Wing (1908), White Wing (1908), and Silver Dart (1909);[14] with J.A.D. McCurdy (and financial support from Alexander Graham Bell) formed the Canadian Aerodrome Company (1909), Canada’s first aircraft manufacturing company.[15]
Loriga, JoaquínJoaquín Loriga	1895 1927	Spain	Aviator	Breguet XIX	1926-05-13First raid between Spain and Philippines (5 May 1926).[16]
Bell, Alexander GrahamAlexander Graham Bell	1847-03-033 Mar 1847 2 Aug 1922	Scotland (United States) (Canada)	Science Design Construction Support	Glider Propeller	1907-09-30Founder and chair, Canadian-American aeronautical research group Aerial Experiment Association (AEA) (30 Sep 1907 – 31 Mar 1909);[11] in 1908 and 1909, the AEA designed, constructed, and flew four powered aircraft: the Red Wing, White Wing, June Bug, and Silver Dart; technical innovations include the tricycle landing gear[17] [nb 3] and the wingtip aileron.[12]
Bell, MabelMabel Bell	1857-11-2525 Nov 1857 3 Jan 1923	United States (United States) (Canada)	Support	n/a	1907-09-30Financial sponsorship, Aerial Experiment Association (1907–09).[12][19]
Bellanca, Giuseppe MarioGiuseppe Mario Bellanca	1886-03-1919 Mar 1886 26 Dec 1960	Italy (Italy) (United States)	Design Construction Manufacture	Propeller	1917Bellanca Flying School (1912–16);[nb 4] designed first enclosed monoplane cabin (1917);[21] founded Bellanca Aircraft Company (1927).[22]
Bider, OskarOskar Bider†	1891-07-1212 Jul 1891 7 Jul 1919	Switzerland	Aviator Support	Propeller	1913-01-24First crossing of the Pyrenees (24 Jan 1913);[nb 5] Swiss airmail flight (9 Mar 1913);[nb 6] crossing of the Alps (13 May 1913);[nb 7][25] (†) Nieuport 21, Duebendorf, Switzerland.
Bladud	-8809th Century BC	unk	Design Construction Aviator	Pre-history Glider	-852According to Historia Regum Britanniae (written c. 1138 by Geoffrey of Monmouth), Bladud, a legendary King of Britain, reportedly made wings from feathers and attempted a flight (852 BC).[26][27][nb 8]
Blériot, LouisLouis Blériot	1872-07-011 Jul 1872 1 Aug 1936	France	Design Construction Manufacture Aviator	Propeller	1909-07-25First heavier-than-air crossing of the English Channel in a Blériot XI (25 Jul 1909).[29]
Bossi, Sr., EneaEnea Bossi, Sr.	1888-03-2929 Mar 1888 9 Jan 1963	Italy (United States)	Science Design Construction Manufacture	Propeller Rotor	1931Founder, American Aeronautical Corporation (1928); designer, Budd BB-1 Pioneer (1931), the first stainless-steel airplane;[30] co-designer of the Pedaliante ("Pedal Glider") (1936), the first human-powered aircraft;[31][32][nb 9] subsequent improvements (combined with a catapult-assisted launch) led to a 1 km (0.62 mi) flight 9 m (29.5 ft) from the ground (18 Mar 1937).[34]
Brackley, Herbert G.Herbert G. Brackley	1894-04-104 Oct 1894 15 Nov 1948	England United States Japan	Aviator	Propeller	1919-10-09First flight from Newfoundland to New York (1919);[35]1919-10-09Organised the Japanese Naval Air Arm (1921-1924);[36]1919-10-09First Air Superintendent of Imperial Airways (1924);[37]
Bradley, EduardoEduardo Bradley	1887-04-099 Apr 1887 3 Jun 1951	Argentina	Design Construction Aviator	Balloon	1916-06-24First crossing of the Andes in a (coal gas-filled) balloon (24 Jun 1916);[38][nb 10] set numerous ballooning records: duration (28 hours 10 minutes); distance 900 km (559 mi).[nb 11]
Moulinais, Marcel Brindejonc desMarcel Brindejonc des Moulinais†	1892-02-1818 Feb 1892 18 Aug 1916	France	Aviator	Propeller	1913Finished first (but did not win) the Geisler Challenge Trophy (1913);[nb 12] long distance champion ;[41] (†), Vadelaincourt, France (shot down).
Cabral, Artur de SacaduraArtur de Sacadura Cabral†	1881-05-2323 May 1881 15 Nov 1924	Portugal	Aviator	Propeller	1922-06-17Director, Naval Aviation Services (1918); first aerial crossing of the South Atlantic with Gago Coutinho using a Fairey III-D[42] (30 Mar – 17 Jun 1922);[nb 13] († disappeared) , English Channel crossing.
Cayley, GeorgeGeorge Cayley	1773-12-2727 Dec 1773 15 Dec 1857	England	Science Design Construction	Glider Propeller Rotor	1799Experimented in aeronautics at age 13 with a Chinese top (1796);[26] first design of a fixed-wing aircraft (1799);[44] used a whirling arm to test aerofoils at varying angles (1804);[44] presented a paper outlining specific design parameters for building a glider (1810);[44] designed, constructed, and had flown (short hop) a tri-plane (1849). Cayley was one of the most significant pioneers in aviation history.[nb 14]
Cei, GiuseppeGiuseppe Cei†	1889-01-2525 Jan 1889 28 Mar 1911	Italy (Italy) (France)	Aviator	Propeller	1911-03-19Flew around the Eiffel tower (19 Mar 1911);[45] (†) (Bleriot airplane), near Puteaux, France.
Celebi, HHezârfen Ahmed Çelebi	1609 1640	Turkey	Design Construction Aviator	Glider	1638Reportedly achieved sustained unpowered flight for 3.36 km (2 mi) (c. 1638).[46][nb 15]
Celebi, LLagari Hasan Çelebi	1609-164017th century	Turkey	Design Construction Aviator	Rocket	1630Reported to have achieved flight (20 seconds to an elevation of roughly 300 meters) using a winged rocket powered by gunpowder (c. 1630’s).[48]
Coandă, HenriHenri Coandă	1886-06-077 Jun 1886 25 Nov 1972	Romania (France) (Great Britain) (Romania)	Science Design Construction	Glider Propeller Jet	1910-12-16Designed Coandă-1910 with a propeller-less aero-reactive engine, exhibited Paris Air Show (Oct 1910),[49][50] followed by a claimed but generally discounted first flight (16 Dec 1910);[51] before WWI designed the Bristol-Coanda Monoplanes in Great Britain; discovered Coandă effect (1930).[52][nb 16]
Cody, Samuel FranklinSamuel Franklin Cody†	1867-03-066 Mar 1867 7 Aug 1913	United States (United States) (Great Britain)	Design Construction Aviator	Glider Propeller	1908-10-16Developed and flew human-lifting kites; kite instructor for the Royal Engineers (1904); contributed to the development of the British Army Dirigible No 1 Nulli Secundus (1907);[54] first flight of a piloted airplane in Great Britain (16 Oct 1908, 1,390 ft);[55][56] issued Royal Aero Club certificate No.10 (14 Jun 1910); (†) Cody Floatplane, with passenger William Evans, Aldershot, England.
Comte, AlfredAlfred Comte	1895-06-044 Jun 1895 1 Nov 1965	Switzerland	Design Manufacture	Propeller	1913Swiss pilot’s license (1908); partner and chief pilot Ad Astra Aero (1920); designed and built aircraft (1923–35);[57] established an aviation school (1946–50).
Coutinho, GagoGago Coutinho	1869-02-1717 Feb 1869 18 Feb 1959	Portugal	Aviator	Propeller	1922-06-17 First aerial crossing of the South Atlantic using a Fairey III-D[58] with Artur de Sacadura Cabral (30 Mar – 17 Jun 1922);[nb 17] developed a sextant-type instrument to create an artificial horizon.[60]
Curtiss, GlennGlenn Curtiss	1878-05-2121 May 1878 23 Jul 1930	United States (United States) (Canada)	Design Construction Manufacture Aviator	Propeller Rotor	1908-07-04Director of Experiments, Aerial Experiment Association (1907–09);[11] designed the June Bug (1908) and won the Scientific American Trophy (4 Jul 1908) by making the first official one-kilometer flight in North America;[61] co-designer Red Wing (1908), White Wing (1908), and Silver Dart (1909); founded his own company (1909) which became the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company (1916); designed, built, and flew the first successful flying-boat (12 Jan 1912);[62] established Canada’s first aviation training school in Toronto (1915);[63] awarded the Langley Gold Medal (1913).[64]
D'Angelis, GiacomoGiacomo D'Angelis	1844	France (India)	Design Construction Aviator	Propeller	1910-03-10First reported flight in Asia (Madras, India) (10 Mar 1910)[65] in a self-constructed biplane.[66]
du Temple, FélixFélix du Temple	1823-07-1818 Jul 1823 4 Nov 1890	France	Science(?) Design Construction Aviator	Propeller	1874With his brother, built a monoplane which (accelerating down a slope) “staggered briefly into the air” (1874),[2] considered by some to be the powered take-off[67] or hop of a powered fixed-wing aircraft.[68][69]
Dufaux, ArmandArmand Dufaux and Henri Dufaux	1883-01-1313 Jan 1883 17 Jul 1941 and 18 Sep 1879 25 Dec 1980	Switzerland	Design Construction Aviator	Propeller Rotor	1910-08-28Working together patented a design for a helicopter (1904), constructed and demonstrated a working model (13–17 Apr 1905);[70][71] designed and built the first Swiss airplanes,[72] including the biplane Dufaux 4 and Dufaux 5; Armand set a new over-water distance record of 66 km (41 mi) crossing Lake Geneva (28 Aug 1910).[73]
Dunne, John WilliamJohn William Dunne	1875 24 Aug 1949	Ireland	Science Design Construction Aviator	Glider(?) Propeller	1908Discussed aeronautics and aviation with H.G. Wells (c. 1901);[74] member Royal Engineers, working on design and construction of the first British military airplane (1906–08);[74] in secret military trials, and with a career goal of improving stability during flight,[75] Dunne’s aircraft flew approximately 40 meters (1908);[74] development of his V-shaped swept wing design significantly advanced flight stability[nb 18]
Earhart, AmeliaAmelia Earhart†	1897-07-2424 Jul 1897 2 Jul 1937	United States	Aviator Support	Propeller	1932-05-20First woman passenger to fly across the Atlantic (17/18 Jun 1928);[76] to fly solo across the Atlantic (20 May 1932);[77] to fly non-stop transcontinental (24/25 Aug 1932);[76][nb 19] († disappeared in Lockheed Electra, attempting a global circumnavigation of the equator).
Eilmer of Malmesbury	984c. 984 unk	unk	Design Construction Aviator	Pre-history Glider	1005Reportedly flew 200 meters from a tower[26] using rigid wings (c. 1005).[10]
Ely, EugeneEugene Ely†	1886-10-2121 Oct 1886 19 Oct 1911	United States	Aviator	Propeller	1910-11-14First airplane (Curtiss Model D) take-off from a ship (USS Birmingham (14 Nov 1910);[nb 20][80] first landing (Curtiss Model D) on a ship (USS Pennsylvania) using a tailhook (18 Jan 1911);[nb 21] (†) , Macon, Georgia, flight exhibition.
Euler, AugustAugust Euler	1868-11-2020 Nov 1868 1 Jul 1957	Germany	Design Manufacture Aviator	Propeller	1909Built Voisin Freres aircraft (1908); first German pilot’s license (1909);[82] German flight duration record (3hr 6min 18sec) (1910).[83]
Failloubaz, ErnestErnest Failloubaz	1892-07-2727 Jul 1892 14 May 1919	Switzerland	Construction Aviator Support	Propeller	1910-05-10Constructed and piloted the first aircraft in Switzerland (10 May 1910);[84] first Swiss pilot’s license (10 Oct 1910).[84]
Farman, HenryHenry Farman	1874-05-2626 May 1874 17 Jul 1958	France [nb 22]	Design Construction Manufacture Aviator	Propeller	1908-01-13Winner (in the Voisin-Farman No.1) of the Deutsch-Archdeacon Prize (13 Jan 1908);[nb 23] with brothers Richard and Maurice founded Farman Aviation Works (1908).[85]
Ferber, FerdinandFerdinand Ferber†	1862-02-088 Feb 1862 22 Sep 1909	France	Design Construction Aviator Support	Glider Propeller	1905-05Attempted (unsuccessfully) to replicate the Wright 1901 Glider from photographs; designed a series of aircraft (Ferber I through Ferber IX) for the Antoinette Company; designed, constructed, and flew the first tractor configuration biplane (May 1905);[87] (†) Voisin biplane, Boulogne, France.[88]
Fokker, Anton “Anthony”Anton “Anthony” Fokker	1890-04-066 Apr 1890 23 Dec 1939	Dutch East Indies (Germany) (Netherlands) (United States)	Design Construction Manufacture Aviator(?)	Propeller	1911-08-31Designed, built, and flew the "Spin" (31 Aug 1911);[89] involved with the Luftstreitkräfte during WWI; constructed[nb 24] a machine gun synchronizer (22 Apr 1915),[91] leading to an aviation period known as the Fokker Scourge;[91] founded the US-based Atlantic Aircraft Corporation (1924) to manufacture his product in the United States.[nb 25]
Gilmore Jr, LymanLyman Gilmore Jr	1874-06-1111 Jun 1874 18 Feb 1951	United States	Design Construction	Propeller	1902-05-15(Based largely on self-report and a 1936 interview) Tethered glider flight (1893);[93] free glider flight (1894);[93] (claimed in 1927) controlled steam-powered aircraft flight (15 May 1902);[93] all records, papers, and aircraft were destroyed in a fire;[94] opened first commercial airfield (15 Mar 1907).[95]
Gran, TryggveTryggve Gran	1888-01-2020 Jan 1888 8 Jan 1980	Norway (Norway) (Great Britain)	Aviator	Propeller	1914-07-30First flight across the North Sea (30 Jul 1914),[96] four hours ten minutes from Cruden Bay, Scotland to Klep (near Stavanger), Norway in a Blériot monoplane.
Grandjean, RenéRené Grandjean	1884-11-1212 Nov 1884 14 Apr 1963	Switzerland	Design Construction Aviator	Propeller	1912-02-02Designed and built aircraft for Ernest Failloubaz and his record-setting flight (1910);[97] first snow takeoff and landing using skis (2 Feb 1912);[98] first water takeoff in a Swiss seaplane (4 Aug 1912).[99]
Grimaldi, AndreaAndrea Grimaldi	1701c. 1701	Italy	Design Construction	Glider	1751-10Italian monk reported to have flown from Calais to London in a bird-shaped airship with a 22-foot wingspan (Oct 1751).[100][101]
Herring, Augustus MooreAugustus Moore Herring	1867-08-033 Aug 1867 17 Jul 1926	United States	Design Construction	Glider Propeller	1898-10Assisted S.P. Langley (May – Nov 1895);[102] test pilot for Octave Chanute;[103] designed the Herring regulator; designed and constructed a compressed-air motorized biplane and reported a 15-meter hop (10 Oct 1898) and a 22-meter hop (12 Oct 1898);[104] business partners with Glenn Curtiss (1909).
Hughes, HowardHoward Hughes	1905-12-2424 Dec 1905 5 Apr 1976	United States	Design Manufacture Aviator Support	Propeller	1938-07-10Founded Hughes Aircraft (1932);[nb 26] set record for flying around the world (91 hours) in a Lockheed Super Electra (1938); received the Congressional Gold Medal (1939) for achievements in aviation; majority stockholder in TWA (1939).
Hürkuş, VecihiVecihi Hürkuş	1895-01-066 Jan 1895 16 Jul 1969	Turkey	Design Construction Aviator	Propeller	1925-01-28Constructed and flew (15 minutes) the first airplane in Turkey (Vecihi K-VI) (28 Jan 1925);[105] founded Turkey’s first flying school (27 Sep 1932).[105]
Ibn Firnas, AbbasAbbas Ibn Firnas	810 887	Spain	Design Construction Aviator	Pre-history Glider	875A 9th century polymath covered himself with feathers and wings,[26] and “flew faster than the phoenix in his flight when he dressed his body in the feathers of a vulture” (c. 875).[10]
Jatho, KarlKarl Jatho	1873-02-033 Feb 1873 8 Dec 1933	Germany	Design Construction Aviator	Propeller	1903-08-18Made an “aerial leap” (18 meters) in a powered airplane (18 Aug 1903);[106][nb 27]
Junkers, HugoHugo Junkers	1859-02-033 Feb 1859 3 Feb 1935	Germany	Science Design Construction Manufacture	Propeller	1916-01-18Engineer, thermodynamicist, pioneer developer of practical all-metal airframe structures, first used in the 1915-16 Junkers J 1, using all-cantilever structural concepts meant to place all strength-bearing components within an airframe's outer envelope and established all-metal aircraft manufacturing techniques later used by American designer William Bushnell Stout and Soviet designer Andrei Tupolev after World War I.[107]
Kress, WilhelmWilhelm Kress	1836-07-2929 Jul 1836 24 Feb 1913	Russia (Austria)	Science Design Construction Aviator	Glider Propeller	1877Developed a successful rubber-band powered model of a hang glider (1877);[108] designed aircraft control stick (1900); executed short hops over water in his Drachenflieger (1901).
Lana de Terzi, FrancescoFrancesco Lana de Terzi	1631 1687	Italy	Science Design	Pre-history Balloon(?)	1670Designed an airship based on the theory of using evacuated metal spheres to create a lighter-than-air vehicle (1670).[10][26]
Langley, SamuelSamuel Langley	1834-08-2222 Aug 1834 27 Feb 1906	United States	Science Design Construction	Propeller	1896-05-06Designed and developed the Aerodrome No. 5 as a successful steam engine powered model which flew for 90 seconds covering roughly 3,300 ft (6 May 1896);[109] conversion into a larger piloted aircraft was unsuccessful (1903).[110]
Latchford, StephenStephen Latchford	1883-02-044 Feb 1883 1 Oct 1974	United States	Science Support	n/a	United States diplomat, head of State Department's early aviation committees; aviation specialist during Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman administrations. Also Chairman of United States Section at the International Technical Committee of Aerial Legal Experts.
Lilienthal, OttoOtto Lilienthal†	1848-05-2323 May 1848 10 Aug 1896	Germany	Science Design Construction Manufacture Aviator	Glider	1891Designed and constructed a monoplane Derwitzer Glider (1891);[111] after nearly 2,000 flights he constructed a two-surfaced glider (1895);[112] (†) Glider crash (9 Aug 1896), Gollenberg, Germany.[113]
Lindbergh, CharlesCharles Lindbergh	1902-02-044 Feb 1902 26 Aug 1974	United States	Aviator Support	Propeller	1927-05-21First solo non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean from New York to Paris in the Spirit of St. Louis (20/21 May 1927).[9]
Link, EdEd Link	1904-07-2626 Jul 1904 7 Sep 1981	United States	Science Design Support	n/a	1929Inventor of the Link Trainer flight simulator (1929);[114] received Royal Aeronautical Society Wakefield Gold Medal (1947).[115]
Lomonosov, MikhailMikhail Lomonosov	1711-11-1919 Nov 1711 15 Apr 1765	Russian Empire	Science Design Construction	Rotor	1754-07Designed and constructed a model of a coaxial propeller helicopter (Jul 1754)[116] to lift meteorological instruments.[117]
Longren, Albin K.Albin K. Longren	1875-02-1518 Jan 1882 19 Nov 1950	United States	Aviator Design Manufacture	Propeller	1913-10-13Early pilot (1911) and barnstormer. Designed and manufactured numerous airplane models including the Longren AK with the first semi-monocoque body.[118]
Luckey, William S.William S. Luckey†	1875-02-1515 Feb 1875 20 Dec 1915	United States	Aviator	Propeller	1913-10-13Began flying at age 52 (1912); Curtiss Exhibition Flyers (1913–15);[119] winner, Round-Manhattan Race (13 Oct 1913);[nb 28] (†) critically injured (6 Sep 1915) in Sturgeon Falls, ON, Canada.
Maloney, Daniel J.Daniel J. Maloney†	1879 1879 18 July 1906	United States	Aviator	Glider	1884American pioneering aviator and test pilot who made the first high-altitude flights by man using Montgomery gliders in 1905.[121] (†) Glider, Santa Clara, California.
Maxim, Hiram StevensHiram Stevens Maxim	1840-02-055 Feb 1840 24 Nov 1916	United States (United Kingdom)	Science Design Construction	Rotor Propeller	1894-07Patented a design for a steam-powered “flying machine” (1889, and refined in 1891);[122] successful track-tethered test of a steam-engine powered biplane (Jul 1894);[123] designed and constructed a biplane that never flew (1910)[124]
McCurdy, John Alexander DouglasJohn Alexander Douglas McCurdy	1886-08-022 Aug 1886 25 Jun 1961	Canada	Design Construction Manufacture Aviator	Glider Propeller	1909-02-23Treasurer & Assistant Engineer, Aerial Experiment Association (1907–09);[11] first controlled powered flight in Canada "Silver Dart" (23 Feb 1909);[12] with "Casey" Baldwin (and financial support from Alexander Graham Bell) formed the Canadian Aerodrome Company, Canada’s first aircraft manufacturing company.[15]
Mittelholzer, WalterWalter Mittelholzer	1894-04-02 2 Apr 1894 9 May 1937	Switzerland	Science Aviator Support(?)	Propeller	1927-02-21Director and head pilot of Ad Astra Aero, later becoming Swissair;[125] first north-south crossing of Africa (7 Dec 1926 – 21 Feb 1927); pioneer of aerial photography (Spitsbergen, 1923; Mt. Kilimanjaro, 1929); personally flew/delivered a Fokker to Emperor Haile Selassie I (1935).
Montgomery, John JosephJohn Joseph Montgomery†	1858-02-15 15 Feb 1858 31 Oct 1911	United States	Science Design Construction Aviator	Glider	1884Designed and constructed a series of early gliders, first to achieve unpowered controlled flight in the United States (1884). Designed tandem-wing gliders flown from high-altitude balloon launches (1904–1905), including first public flight exhibition in United States (29 April 1905). Developed pitcheron systems for control (first developed and applied in 1886, re-applied in 1911);[121][126] (†) Glider, Evergreen, California.
Moon, EdwinEdwin Moon†	1886-06-088 Jun 1886 29 Apr 1920	England	Design Construction Aviator	Propeller	1910-05Designed, constructed, and flew a monoplane ("Moonbeam") (early to mid-1910);[127] the meadows of North Stoneham Farm which he used to take-off and land[128] would later become Southampton Airport; (†) Flying boat, Felixstowe, England.
Moore-Brabazon, J. T. C.J. T. C. Moore-Brabazon	1884-2-88 Feb 1884 17 May 1964	England	Aviator	Propeller	1910-05Holder of Royal Aero Club certificate No. 1.[129] First United Kingdom citizen to make a flight in Britain.[130]
Mozhayskiy, AlexanderAlexander Mozhayskiy	1825-03-2121 Mar 1825 1 Apr 1890	Finland	Science Design Construction	Glider Propeller	1884Designed and constructed a steam-engine powered airplane that reportedly flew (hopped) (20–30 meters) with the assistance of a ramp (1884).[131][132][133]
Pashley, CecilCecil Pashley	1891-05-1414 May 1891 1969	Great Britain	Flight trainer Aviator	Glider Propeller	1913Founded the South Coast Flying club. Trained British pilots during world War I and World War II.
Pearse, RichardRichard Pearse	1877-12-033 Dec 1877 29 Jul 1953	New Zealand	Design Construction Aviator	Propeller	1903-03-31Reportedly achieved powered (but poorly controlled) flight (31 Mar 1903).[134][135][nb 29]
Phillips, HoratioHoratio Phillips	1845 1924	England	Science Design Construction	Glider Propeller	1884Aeronautic theory: advancement of wind-tunnel design (1880’s),[136] development of aerofoil design,[137] patented as “blades for deflecting air” (1884[138] and 1891);[139] designed multiplanes with multiple sets of lifting surfaces, patented (1890),[140] constructed (1893);[141] first powered “hop-flight” (500 ft) in Great Britain (1907).[87]
Pilcher, PercyPercy Pilcher†	1866-01-1616 Jan 1866 1 Oct 1899	England	Science Design Construction Aviator	Glider	1895-09-12Designed and constructed hang-glider (The Bat), first to achieve unpowered controlled flight in Great Britain (12 Sep 1895);[142] (†) crash-related injuries suffered on 30 Sep 1899, glider (The Hawk), near Stanford Hall, England.[143]
Porte, John CyrilJohn Cyril Porte	1884-02-2626 Feb 1884 22 Oct 1919	Ireland (Ireland) (Great Britain)	Design Construction Manufacture Aviator	Propeller	1914 Aero Club de France aviator certificate (28 Jul 1911); test pilot (1913–14);[62] began to design and construct (with Glen Curtiss) an aircraft capable of transatlantic flight (1914);[144] testing was successful, but the flight was cancelled due to the outbreak of World War I.[145] Royal Naval Air Service, Squadron Commander, RAF Hendon (1914); secret U.S. visit as an official envoy testing aircraft for the British Government (Sep 1915).[146] Commander, Royal Naval Airstation Felixstowe, conducted flying-boat research; designed and constructed the Porte Baby (1916).[62]
Rusjan, EdvardEdvard Rusjan†	1886-06-066 Jun 1886 9 Jan 1911	Austria-Hungary (Slovenia) (Croatia)	Design Construction Aviator	Propeller	1909-11-25Designed, constructed, and flew the first airplane in Slovenia (25 Nov 1909);[147] (†) , Belgrade, Serbia; first Serbian air exposition.
Samson, CharlesCharles Samson	1883-07-088 July 1883 5 Feb 1931	United Kingdom	Aviator	Propeller	1912-05-09One of the first four British naval officers to train as a pilot;[148] first to fly an airplane (a Short S.27 biplane) off a moving ship (HMS Hibernia (May 1912).[149]
Santos Dumont, AlbertoAlberto Santos Dumont	1873-07-2020 Jul 1873 23 Jul 1932	Brazil (France)	Science Design Construction Manufacture Aviator Support	Balloon Airship Propeller	1906-09-13Winner, Deutsch Prize (19 Oct 1901);[150] first powered winged aircraft flight in Europe (13 Sep 1906);[151] winner, Archdeacon Cup (23 Oct 1906) and Aéro-Club de France Prize (12 Nov 1906);[151] designed a light-weight monoplane Demoiselle and released the second variant (No. 20) from copyright or license (late 1909).[152]
Sarić, IvanIvan Sarić	1876-06-2727 Jun 1876 23 Aug 1966	Austria-Hungary (Serbia)	Design Construction	Propeller Rotor	1910-10-16First public flight in Serbia (then Austro-Hungary) (16 Oct 1910).[153][nb 30]
Selfridge, ThomasThomas Selfridge†	1882-02-088 Feb 1882 17 Sep 1908	United States (United States) (Canada)	Design Construction Aviator	Airship Propeller	1908-05-19Secretary, Aerial Experiment Association (1907–09);[11] U.S. Army Lieutenant who assisted the AEA in engineering, designing and piloting the Red Wing; first U.S. Military officer to pilot a powered aircraft White Wing (19 May 1908); first fatality of powered flight (17 Sep 1908).[nb 31]
Sikorsky, IgorIgor Sikorsky	1889-05-2525 May 1889 26 Oct 1972	Russian Empire (Russia) (United States)	Science Design Construction Manufacture Aviator	Propeller Rotor	1913-05-13Designed and constructed the first four-engine aircraft, the Russky Vityaz cabin biplane, flew (13 May 1913);[156] and the Ilya Muromets, prototype for a commercial airplane (1914); first brief flight in a practical helicopter (14 Sep 1939).[157]
Smith, Sir Charles KingsfordSir Charles Kingsford Smith†	1897-02-099 Feb 1897 8 Nov 1935	Australia (Great Britain) (United States) (Australia)	Aviator	Propeller	1928-06-09First transpacific flight from the United States to Australia in the Southern Cross (31 May – 9 Jun 1928);[158][nb 32] first non-stop Australian transcontinental flight (Aug 1928);[159] first trans-Tasman flight (10/11 Sep 1928);[159] († disappeared) Lady Southern Cross, over the Bay of Bengal.[160]
Sopwith, Sir ThomasSir Thomas Sopwith	1888-01-1818 Jan 1888 27 Jan 1989	England	Design(?) Construction Manufacture Aviator	Propeller	1910-12-10Royal Aero Club license No. 31 (22 Nov 1910); won £4000 Baron de Forest prize for the longest flight from England to the Continent in a British-built aeroplane, (169 miles (272 km) in 3 hours 40 minutes) in a Howard Wright 1910 Biplane (18 Dec 1910); established the Sopwith Aviation Company with Fred Sigrist (1912); and a Sopwith floatplane won the secondSchneider Trophy race 1913). The company produced more than 18,000 aircraft during World War I, including the Sopwith Camel fighter. Post war founded Hawker Aircraft.[161]
Spelterini, EduardEduard Spelterini	1852-06-022 Jun 1852 16 Jun 1931	Switzerland (France) (Switzerland) (Denmark)	Science Aviator	Balloon	1893Licensed by the Académie d'Aérostation météorologique de France as a balloon pilot (1877); Swiss pioneer of ballooning and aerial photography;[nb 33] multiple crossings of the Alps;[162] assisted in medical research (1902).[nb 34]
Taddéoli, EmileEmile Taddéoli†	1879-03-088 Mar 1879 24 May 1920	Switzerland	Design Construction Aviator	Propeller	1910Swiss flight certificate No.2 (10 Oct 1910);[164] pioneer of flying boats (e.g., SIAI S.13); chief seaplane pilot for Ad Astra Aero; first seaplane crossing of the Alps (12 Jul 1919);[165] (†) (Savoia flying boat) demonstration flight, Romanshorn, Switzerland.[164]
Talpade, Shivkar BapujiShivkar Bapuji Talpade	1864 1916	India	Design Construction	?	Reportedly launched an unmanned airplane (Marutsakhā) (1895)
Tański, CzesławCzesław Tański	1862-07-1717 Jul 1862 24 Feb 1942	Poland	Science Design Construction Aviator	Glider Rotor Propeller	1894First successful model glider in Poland (1894);[166] first glider flight in Poland (1896);[166] biplane flight (1911).[166]
Teleshov, Nicholas A.Nicholas A. Teleshov [nb 35]	1828 1895	Russia	Science Design Construction	Propeller	1864Received patent (with Gustave de Struve) for a steam-engine powered “flying machine” capable of carrying 120 people (i.e., commercial passenger aircraft) (1864),[168] and for a navigable balloon (1883).[169]
Todd, E. LilianE. Lilian Todd	1865 26 Sep 1937	United States	Designer Construction	Propeller	1906First female aircraft designer (c. 1906).[170]
Trippe, JuanJuan Trippe	1899-06-2727 Jun 1899 3 Apr 1981	United States	Manufacture(?) Support	n/a	1926Founded several airlines including Colonial Air Transport (1926) and the Aviation Corporation of the Americas (1927) which would become Pan American Airways; created economy class to encourage travel; proponent of jet aircraft ordering Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 aircraft; requested a larger airplane resulting in the Boeing 747; recipient, Tony Jannus Award (1965).
Védrines, JulesJules Védrines	1881-12-2121 Dec 1881 21 Apr 1919	France	Aviator	Propeller	1912-02-22 First pilot to fly at more than 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) on 2 Feb 1912, won Gordon Bennett Trophy race in 1912 flying a Deperdussin Monocoque. †St Rambert d'Albon near Lyon en route for Rome flying a Caudron C-23.[171]
Verville, Alfred V.Alfred V. Verville	1890-11-1616 Nov 1890 10 Mar 1970	United States	Design Manufacture Support	Propeller	1920Designed the Verville-Packard R-1 Racer (1919), which won the first Pulitzer Speed Trophy (1920); the M-1 Massenger (1921); the Verville-Sperry R-3 Racer (1922), the second aircraft with retractable landing gear (after the Dayton-Wright Racer); member, U.S. Navy Bureau of Aeronautics (1946–61).
Vlaicu, AurelAurel Vlaicu†	1882-11-1919 Nov 1882 13 Sep 1913	Romania	Design Construction Aviator	Glider Propeller	1909Designed, built, and flew a glider (1909); a powered airplane Vlaicu Nr. I (17 Jun 1910); (†) Vlaicu Nr. II, near Câmpina, attempting to cross the Carpathian Mountains in flight for the first time.[172] Vlaicu Nr. III, the world's first metal-built aircraft, was under construction at the time of his death, but was completed in early 1914 by his collaborators.[173]
Voisin, GabrielGabriel Voisin	1880-02-055 Feb 1880 25 Dec 1973	France	Design Construction Manufacture Aviator	Glider Propeller	1907-10-01With brother Charles, built gliders for Ernest Archdeacon (1902);[174] designed and constructed the first French powered aircraft (Voisin 1907 biplane) to achieve sustained controlled flight (1 Oct 1907);[174][nb 36] founded Appareils d'Aviation Les Frères Voisin, the first aircraft manufacturing company (1906).[175]
Vuia, TraianTraian Vuia	1872-08-1717 Aug 1872 3 Sep 1950	Romania (France)	Design Construction Aviator(?)	Propeller Rotor	1906-03-06Flight in tractor monoplane (France) (6 Mar 1906).[49][87]
Watson, PrestonPreston Watson†	1880-05-1717 May 1880 30 Jun 1915	Scotland	Design Construction Aviator	Glider Propeller	1903On the eve of the 50th anniversary of the Wright Brothers’ historic flight (1953) and thirty-eight years after Watson’s death, his brother James claimed that Preston had achieved powered flight before the Wrights.[176] He recanted in 1955 stating he had never claimed it was powered flight.[87]
Wenham, Francis HerbertFrancis Herbert Wenham	1824 1908	United Kingdom	Science Constructor	Glider	1871The first scientist to deduce the main properties of cambered aerofoil.[177] Built gliders and with John Browning the world's first wind tunnel in 1871.[177]
Weston, JohnJohn Weston	1872-06-1717 Jun 1872 24 Jul 1950	South Africa	Design Construction Flying Support	n/a	Regarded as "the grandfather of South African aviation”[178] and “South Africa’s First Aviator”;[179] 1907 to 1909, designed and constructed first aircraft built in South Africa;[178] Founder Aeronautical Society of South Africa(AeSSA); 1911 to 1912, gave numerous flying demonstrations throughout southern Africa to popularise flight[178][180]
Whitehead, GustaveGustave Whitehead (Weißkopf)	1874-01-011 Jan 1874 10 Oct 1927	Germany (United States)	Design Construction Aviator	Glider Propeller	1899Designed and constructed a powered airplane (mid 1901);[181] claims to have made the first (1899),[182] second (14 Aug 1901),[182] and third (17 Jan 1902)[182] controlled powered airplane flights. This claim has long since been in dispute.[1][183][184][185]
Wnęk, JanJan Wnęk	1828 10 Jul 1869	Poland	Design Construction	Glider	1866Allegedly designed, constructed, flew a controllable glider (1866);.
brothers, WrightWright brothers Orville and Wilbur	1871-08-1919 Aug 1871 30 Jan 1948 and 16 Apr 1867 30 May 1912	United States	Science Design Construction Manufacture Aviator Support	Glider Propeller	1903-12-17Together, designed and constructed biplane kite (1899); invented wing warping for flight control (c. 1899) and the aeronautical concept of three-axis control.[186] designed and constructed the 1900, 1901, and 1902 Gliders; and the powered 1903 Flyer; first powered, controlled, sustained flight (Orville) for 12 seconds covering 37 meters (17 Dec 1903) and documented; (Wilbur) first complete circle in a powered manned airplane (20 Sep 1904); (Wilbur) Wright Flyer III circular flight of 38.9 km (24 m) (23 Jun 1905).
Zbierański, CzesławCzesław Zbierański	1885-12-066 Dec 1885 31 May 1982	Poland (Poland) (United States)	Design Construction Aviator(?)	Propeller	1911-05With Stanislaw Cywiński designed and constructed Poland’s first airplane (May 1911), flown (25 Sep 1911).[187]

See also

• History of aviation
• Timeline of women in aviation

Notes

1. Ader was regarded by many to be the French "father of aviation".^[5]
2. Wilbur Wright flew around the Statue of Liberty (29 September 1909) .
3. Bell's initial kite-like designs were built by McCurdy and Baldwin and could only sustain flight by being towed into the air.^[18]
4. Taught Fiorello La Guardia how to fly in exchange for driving lessons.^[20]
5. Crossing the Pyrenees from Pau to Madrid.^[23]
6. airmail flight from Basel to Liestal.
7. Crossing the Alps from Bern to Sion.^[24]
8. Geoffrey’s publication in 1138, almost 2,000 years after the alleged flight, is the first historical mention of Bladud.^[28]
9. This claim is disputed since the test pilot was a seasoned cyclist and it has been claimed that only someone with extreme conditioning and/or endurance could fly the Pedaliante.^[33]
10. From Santiago, Chile to Mendoza, Argentina, reaching an altitude of 8,100 m (26,575 ft).^[39]
11. From Buenos Aires to Rio Grande do Sul.
12. See reference for disqualification details.^[40]
13. From Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro in 79 days (with only 62 hours of flying time) using three different planes (two were lost at sea), and relying solely on astronomical navigation.^[43]
14. Wilbur Wright, in 1909, commented on Cayley: “About 100 years ago an Englishman, Sir George Cayley, carried the science of flying to a point which it had never reached before and which it scarcely reached again during the last century”.^[44]
15. Gliding from the Galata Tower, across the Bosphorus, landing at Doğancılar Square.^[47]
16. Quote from Coanda: “A poet is a man who sees abstract worlds and tries to bring them in the concrete world. In this regard I believe that any inventor, engineer or scientist, regardless of the aria of his concerns, is also a poet.”^[53]
17. From Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro in 79 days (with only 62 hours of flying time) using three different planes (two were lost at sea), and relying solely on astronomical navigation.^[59]
18. In January of 1912, Dunne demonstrated improved flight stability by taking a full page of notes on paper during a 6 minute solo flight with two turns.^[75]
19. Between 1930 and 1935, Earhart set seven women’s aviation records for distance and speed including the first solo flight from Honolulu to California (11 January 1935).^[76][78]
20. Modifications for take-off required outfitting the ship with “an 83-foot-long ramp, sloping 5 degrees over the bow. The ramp’s forward edge was 37 feet above the water”.^[79]
21. “The landing platform, constructed of pine planks, was 130 feet long by 32 feet wide. Ten feet of it hung at an angle -- with a drop of four feet -- over the stern of the ship. The arresting gear comprised 21 ropes -- each with 50-pound sandbags attached to either end -- laid across the runway. Each rope was suspended 8 inches above the deck. Three hooks had been affixed to the underside of the aircraft to catch on the ropes when the landing was made”.^[81]
22. Born in France to a British family, Farman took French nationality in 1937.^[85]
23. “Awarded to the inventor of a flying machine who shall first accomplish a flight of one kilometer in a closed circuit without touching the ground…”.^[86]
24. The design was an adaptation of the device recovered by the Germans from the downed airplane of Roland Garros.^[90]
25. The death of Knute Rockne in the 1931 crash of TWA Flight 599 (using a Fokker F.10) was highly publicized and shook the public’s confidence in Fokker aircraft.^[92]
26. Designed and manufactured aircraft (e.g., H-1 Racer (1935), Hughes H-4 Hercules or Spruce Goose), the AIM-4 Falcon air-to-air missile.
27. “German historians do not claim that he made proper flights, but only that he was the first in Germany to leave the ground in a powered aeroplane under its own power”.^[87]
28. A 60-mile circuit around Manhattan Island which he completed in just under 53 minutes.^[120]
29. Despite over 50 years of research on his achievements, no substantiated proof exists regarding the dates of his work.
30. It has been suggested that Sarić’s first unobserved flight may have been in late June 1910.^[154]
31. While flying as a passenger with Orville Wright, Selfridge was the first to die in an aircraft accident.^[155]
32. With intermediate stops at Hawaii and Fiji) covering roughly 11,566 km (7,187 mi).
33. Spelterini began aerial photography in approximately 1893 and began taking a camera on his flights. Some highlights include Egypt (1904) and South Africa (1911).
34. Took a Swiss professor to high altitude to conduct blood-related experiments (1902).^[163]
35. AKA – Teleshova, Teleshev, Nicolas de Telescheff.^[167]
36. The Voisin 1907 biplane was flown by Henry Farman to win the Deutsch-Archdeacon Prize (13 January 1908).^[174]

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Books

• Brewer, Griffith; Alexander, Patrick Y. (1893). Aeronautics: An Abridgment of Aeronautical Specifications filed at the Patent Office (1815 – 1891). Red Lion Court, Fleet Street: Taylor and Francis.
• Casey, Louis S. (1981). Curtiss, The Hammondsport Era, 1907-1915. New York: Crown Publishers. pp. 12–15. ISBN 978-0-517543-26-9.
• Crouch, Tom D. (1990). The Bishop's Boys: A Life of Wilbur and Orville Wright. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-30695-X. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
• Crouch, Tom D. (2003). Wings – A History of Aviation from Kites to the Space Age. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-393-05767-4. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
• Gibbs-Smith, Charles H. (1960). The Aeroplane – An Historical Survey of its Origins and Development. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
• Gibbs-Smith, Charles H. (2003). Aviation – An Historical Survey of its Origins to the end of the Second World War. London: NMSI Trading LTD. ISBN 1-900747-52-9.
• Grant, R.G. (2007). Flight: The complete history. New York: DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7566-1902-2.
• Grosser, Morton (2004). Gossamer Odyssey: The Triumph of Human-Powered Flight. St.Paul, MN: MBI Publishing Company. ISBN 0-7603-2051-9.
• Headland, Robert K. (1989). Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-30903-4.
• Kelly, Maurice (2006). Steam in the Air: The Application of Steam Power in Aviation During the 19th Century. England: Pen & Sword Aviation. ISBN 1-84415-295-2.
• Longyard, William H. (1994). Who’s Who in Aviation: 500 Biographies History. California: Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-556-4.
• Major, R.; Storer, J.D.; Thompson, C.L. (1990). Guide to the Aircraft Collection: Museum of Flight, East Fortune Airfield. East Lothian, Scotland: National Museums of Scotland. ISBN 978-0-94863-648-6.
• Mann, John Edgar (2002). Book of Stonehams. Tiverton, UK: Halsgrove. ISBN 1-84114-213-1.
• Mason, Francis K.; Windrow, Martin C. (1970). Air Fact and Feats. London: Guiness Superlatives Limited. ISBN 0 900424 53 2.
• Milberry, Larry (1979). Aviation in Canada. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. ISBN 0-07-082778-8.
• Milberry, Larry (2008). Aviation in Canada: The Pioneer Decades, Vol. 1. Toronto: CANAV Books. ISBN 978-0-921022-19-0.
• Milizia, Francesco (1826). The Lives of Celebrated Architects, Ancient and Modern (Vol. II). London: J. Taylor, Architectural Library.
• Molson, Ken M.; Taylor, Harold A. (1982). Canadian Aircraft Since 1909. Stittsville, Ontario: Canada's Wings, Inc. ISBN 0-920002-11-0.
• Taylor, H.A. (1974). Fairey Aircraft Since 1915. Annapolis: Putnam Aeronautical Books. ISBN 0-87021-208-7.
• Turner, Charles Cyril (1912). The Romance of Aeronautics. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co.
• Wragg, David W. (1974). Flight Before Flying. London: Osprey. ISBN 0-85045-165-5.
• Zahm, Albert F. (1911). Aerial Navigation. New York: D. Appleton and Company.