Ludlow

Ludlow
Wintertime Ludlow as seen from Whitcliffe
Coat of arms of Ludlow
Ludlow  Ludlow shown within Shropshire
Population	10,266 (2011)[1]
OS grid reference	SO512746
– London	154 miles (248 km)
Civil parish	Ludlow
Unitary authority	Shropshire
Ceremonial county	Shropshire
Region	West Midlands
Country	England
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	LUDLOW
Postcode district	SY8
Dialling code	01584
Police	West Mercia
Fire	Shropshire
Ambulance	West Midlands
EU Parliament	West Midlands
UK Parliament	Ludlow
List of places UK England Shropshire

Coordinates: 52°22′05″N 2°43′05″W / 52.368°N 2.718°W

Ludlow is a market town in Shropshire, England, 28 miles (45 km) south of Shrewsbury and 23 miles (37 km) north of Hereford via the main A49 road, which bypasses the town. With a population of approximately 11,000, Ludlow is the largest town in south Shropshire. The town is significant in the history of the Welsh Marches and neighbouring Wales.

The town is near the confluence of the rivers Corve and Teme. The oldest part is the medieval walled town, founded in the late 11th century after the Norman conquest of England. It is centred on a small hill which lies on the eastern bank of a bend of the River Teme. Atop this hill is Ludlow Castle and the parish church, St Laurence's, the largest in the county.^[2] From there the streets slope downward to the River Teme, and northward toward the River Corve. The town is in a sheltered spot beneath Mortimer Forest and the Clee Hills, which are clearly visible from the town.^[3]

Ludlow has nearly 500 listed buildings,^[4] including examples of medieval and Tudor-style half-timbered buildings. The town was described by Sir John Betjeman as "probably the loveliest town in England".^[5]

Toponymy

The placename "Lodelowe" was in use for this site before 1138 and comes from the Old English "hlud-hlaw".^[6][7] At the time this section of the River Teme contained rapids, and so the hlud of Ludlow came from "the loud waters", while hlaw meant "hill"^[6] or tumulus.^[8] Thus the name Ludlow describes a place on a hill by the loud waters. Some time around the 12th century weirs were added along the river, taming these rapid flows.^[9] The hill is that which the town stands on, and a pre-historic burial mound (or barrow) which existed at the summit of the hill (dug up during the expansion of St Laurence's church in 1199) could explain the tumulus variation of the hlaw element.^[7][10] Ludford, a neighbouring and older settlement, situated on the southern bank of the Teme, shares the hlud ("loud waters") element.^[10]

Ludlow has a Welsh translation, Llwydlo.

Dinham

Though the town became known as Ludlow, Fouke le Fitz Waryn (a 13th-century poem) states that it was called Dinham "for a very long time".^[11] The western part of the town immediately south of the castle retains this name, and many historians assume this settlement is Anglian or Saxon in origin, with its etymology meaning a settlement (-ham, Anglo-Saxon) by the [hill]fort (din, Welsh). The castle was originally called Dinham Castle, before it took on the name of Ludlow.^[12] A possible alternative is that Dinham takes its name from Josce de Dinan, a major landowner in the area in the 12th century,^[13] though this is regarded as erroneous^[14] on the balance of evidence^[15] with the similarity being a coincidence.

History

The town is situated close to Wales, and lies near the midpoint of the 257 km (160 miles) long England-Wales border; it is also very close to the county border between Shropshire and Herefordshire (neighbouring Ludford remained part of Herefordshire until 1895). This strategic location invested it with national importance in medieval times, and thereafter with the town being the seat of the Council of Wales and the Marches during its existence (1472 to 1689).

Medieval history

Ludlow Castle built in the late 11th century.

At the time of the Domesday Book survey, the area was part of the large Stanton parish and manor, a possession of Walter de Lacy.^[16] Neither Ludlow nor Dinham are mentioned in the Book, compiled in 1086, although the Book recorded manors and not settlements per se. The Book does record a great number of households and taxable value for Stanton, perhaps suggesting that any early settlement by the nascent castle was being counted. Neighbouring places Ludford, the Sheet and Steventon do feature in the Book, as they were manors, proving that they were well-established places by the Norman conquest.^[17] The manor of Stanton came within the hundred of Culvestan, but during the reign of Henry I this Saxon hundred was merged into the new Munslow hundred.

Walter's son Roger de Lacy began the construction of Ludlow Castle on the crest of the hill about 1075, forming what is now the inner bailey. Between about 1090 and 1120, the Chapel of St. Mary Magdalene was built inside the walls, and by 1130 the Great Tower was added to form the gatehouse. About 1170 the larger outer bailey was added to the castle. (The town walls however were not built until the mid-13th century.) The settlement of Dinham grew up alongside the development of the early castle in the late 11th century, with the northern part of this early settlement disturbed by the building of the outer bailey.^[18] Dinham had its own place of worship, the Chapel of St Thomas the Martyr, dedicated to Thomas Becket sometime in 1177-1189 when the present chapel replaced an older (late 11th-century) church building.^[19]

During the 12th century the planned town of Ludlow was formed, in stages, the town providing a useful source of income for successive Marcher Lords, based on rents, fines, and tolls. They developed the town on a regular grid pattern, although this was adapted somewhat to match the local topography, from the late 11th century through the 12th century. The first laid street was along the ridge of the hilltop, what is now Castle Square, High Street and King Street. This formed a wide market place (later in-filled by buildings in places) running from the castle gates east across to St Laurence's and the Bull Ring, itself located on the ancient north-south road, now called Corve Street to the north and Old Street to the south. The wide Mill and Broad Streets were added later, as part of a southern grid plan of streets and burgage plots filling the area bounded by Dinham, the new High Street market, Old Street and the Teme to the south.^[18] Originally, Old Street ran down to a ford which took the ancient route south across to Ludford. A bridge was constructed (possibly by Josce de Dinan) at the foot of Broad Street, upstream of the ford, which then replaced the ford; its 15th-century replacement is the present-day Ludford Bridge.

St Laurence's church, whose origins are late 11th century, was rebuilt and enlarged (with a bell tower) in 1199-1200^[18] and became a parish church, with the separation of Ludlow from the parish of Stanton Lacy by 1200. The town notably had two schools (a choir and a grammar) in existence circa 1200;^[20] Ludlow Grammar School remained in existence until 1977, when it became Ludlow College.

The town's outdoor market, in Castle Square, photographed from St Laurence's Church.

Ludlow Castle was an important border fortification along the Welsh Marches, and one of the largest in the Norman/English ring of castles surrounding Wales. It played a significant role in local, regional and national conflicts such as the Owain Glyndŵr rebellion, the Wars of the Roses and the English Civil War. The castle and its adjoining town grew in political importance and in the 15th century the castle became the seat of the Council of Wales and the Marches. It was a temporary home to several holders of the title Prince of Wales, including King Edward IV and Arthur Tudor, who died there in 1502.

The site features heavily in the folk-story of Fulk FitzWarin, outlawed Lord of Whittington, Shropshire and a possible inspiration for the Robin Hood legend. Fulk is brought up in the castle of Josce de Dinan, and fights for his master against Sir Gilbert de Lacy – these battles are the source of the story of Marion de la Bruyere, the betrayed lover whose ghost is still said to be heard crying "Goodbye, Cruel World!" as she plummets from the castle's turrets.

The first recorded royal permission to maintain defensive town walls was given to the "men of Ludlow" in the Patent Rolls of 1233. The entry is however incomplete and atypical and was not renewed in the usual way. A murage grant was next made in 1260 and renewed regularly over the next two centuries. This time the grant was made by name to Geoffrey de Genevile, Lord of Ludlow. From this and other surviving documents it seems that the town walls and gates were in place by 1270.^[21] They were constructed about the central part of the community with four main gates and three postern gates. Because the walls were constructed after the development of the town's streets, the positions and names of the four main gates are based on the streets they crossed; the postern gates on the other hand are located by and named after old outlying districts. The 7 gates are (clockwise from the castle; postern gates in italics) Linney, Corve, Galdeford, Old, Broad, Mill and Dinham. An eighth unnamed 'portal' gate (smaller than a postern gate) existed in the wall just to the northwest of the castle, now in the gardens of Castle Walk House.^[22] The town walls are largely still in existence, although a section alongside the churchyard of St Lawrence's is, as of 2015, in need of repairs.^[23]

The castle complex continued to expand (a Great Hall, kitchen and living quarters were added) and it gained a reputation as a fortified palace. In 1306 it passed through marriage to the ambitious Earl of March, Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March. Queen Isabella and her son, the young Edward III, were entertained at the castle in 1328.

Marcher town

The Feathers Hotel, one of Ludlow's more famous timber-framed buildings.

The town prospered, with a population of about 1,725 by 1377,^[24] and sustained a population of about 2,000 for several centuries thereafter. It was a market town; market day was held on every Thursday throughout the 15th century. In particular, it served as a centre for the sale of wool and cloth.^[24] It was home to various trades, and in 1372 boasted 12 trade guilds including metalworkers, shoemakers, butchers, drapers, mercers, tailors, cooks, bakers and probably the most notable in the town, the Palmer's Guild.^[25] There were merchants of moderate wealth in the town and especially wool merchants, such as Laurence of Ludlow, who lived at nearby Stokesay Castle. The collection and sale of wool and the manufacture of cloth continued to be the primary source of wealth until the 17th century. Drovers roads from Wales led to the town.

This prosperity is expressed in stone masonry, wood carvings and stained-glass at St. Laurence's parish church; effectively a wool church, it is the largest in Shropshire and a member of the Greater Churches Group. Despite the presence of some Decorated work it is largely Perpendicular in style.^[26] Its size and grandeur has given it the nickname "the cathedral of the Marches", and since 1981 there has been a Bishop of Ludlow, a suffragan bishop.

During the Wars of the Roses, Richard, Duke of York seized the castle and turned it into one of his main strongholds. The Lancastrian forces captured Ludlow in 1459, at the Battle of Ludford Bridge, but the Yorkists won control of England in 1461. The castle became property of the Crown, passing to Richard's son, Edward IV. The town rose in prominence under Edward's reign and was incorporated as a borough, and began sending representatives to Parliament. Edward set up the Council of Wales and the Marches in 1472, headquartering it at Ludlow, and sent his son Edward, Prince of Wales, to live there, as nominal (being only a young boy) head of the Council. It was at Ludlow that the young prince heard the news of his father's death in 1483 and was himself proclaimed King Edward V of England.

The magnificent Church of St Laurence has Norman origins and expanded throughout the Middle Ages, being a wool church, becoming the largest parish church in Shropshire.

Under Henry VII the castle continued as the headquarters of the Council of Wales and served as the administration centre for Wales and the counties along the border, known as the Welsh Marches. During this period, when the town served as the effective capital of Wales, it was home to many messengers of the king, various clerks and lawyers for settling legal disputes. The town also provided a winter home for local gentry, during which time they attended the Council court sessions. Henry VII sent his heir Prince Arthur to Ludlow, where he was joined briefly by his wife Catherine of Aragon later to become wife to Henry VIII, who was living in the Castle Lodge at the time. Ludlow Castle was therefore the site of perhaps the most controversial wedding night in English history, when Catherine's claim that the marriage was never consummated became central to the dispute concerning Henry VIII and Catherine's annulment in 1531.

After 1610, the cloth industry declined but the wealth of the town was little affected until about 1640, when the activities of the Council were suspended and the town's population promptly fell by 20%.

Eventually, the Council resumed and except for brief interludes, Ludlow continued to host the Council until 1689, when it was abolished by William and Mary as part of the Glorious Revolution. The castle then fell into decay. The structure was poorly maintained and stone was pillaged. In 1772 demolition was mooted, but it was instead decided to lease the buildings. Later still it was purchased by the Earl of Powis, and together, he and his wife directed the transformation of the castle grounds.

The Royal Welch Fusiliers were formed by Lord Henry Herbert at Ludlow in March 1689 to oppose James II and to take part in the imminent war with France.^[27] The regiment continued to have ties with the town of Ludlow, and its successor battalion in The Royal Welsh regiment was granted the freedom of the town in 2014.^[28]

18th and 19th centuries

Ludlow had seven gates in its town walls; the only one remaining is the Broad Gate (viewed from the south).

From 1760, the population began to undergo a significant expansion. New structures were built along the outskirts that would become slums in the 19th century and later, torn down.

The town contained several coaching inns, public houses and ale houses, leading to court records of some alcohol-induced violence and a certain reputation for excess. Several coaching inns were constructed to accommodate travellers by stagecoach and mail coach. The Angel on Broad Street was one such notable coaching inn, where several passenger and mail coaches departed and arrived on a regular basis every week, including the Aurora coach which departed for London (taking 27 hours in 1822).^[29] The Angel was the last coaching inn in Ludlow to have such coach traffic, following the arrival of the railways in 1852.^[30] The Angel ceased trading in the early 1990s. A surviving medieval coaching inn today is the 15th century Bull Hotel on the Bull Ring. Several other pubs and hotels in the town have historic pedigree, including the Rose and Crown where allegedly a pub has existed since 1102.^[31]

In 1802, Horatio Nelson was awarded the freedom of the borough and stayed at The Angel coaching inn on Broad Street, together with his mistress Emma and her husband Sir William Hamilton. The honour was presented to him in a room at the inn, later to be known as the Nelson Room, and he addressed the crowds from one of the bay windows on the first floor.^[32] During the Napoleonic Wars, Lucien Bonaparte, younger brother of the French Emperor, and his family were imprisoned at Dinham House in 1811.

In 1832 Dr Thomas Lloyd, the Ludlow doctor and amateur geologist, met Roderick Murchison at Ludford Corner to study the rocks exposed along the River Teme and on Whitcliffe, advancing Murchison's theory for a Silurian System that he was to publish in 1839.^[33] Immediately above the topmost layer of the marine rock sequence forming Murchison's Silurian System was a thin layer of dark sand containing numerous remains of early fish, especially their scales, along with plant debris, spores and microscopic mites. In contrast to the underlying sediments of the Ludlow Series which were deposited in a shallow warm sea some 400 million years ago, the Ludlow Bone Bed represents terrestrial (land) conditions and thus a fundamental change in the landscape. At the time, this was believed to be the earliest occurrence of life on land. Murchison thus took the Ludlow Bone Bed as the base of his Devonian System, although over a century later this boundary was to be moved a little higher, the overlying rocks being ascribed to the Pridoli. The science of geology has taken a number of local names from these studies and now applies them worldwide, in recognition of the importance of this area to scientific understanding, for example Ludlow Series. The site is now an SSSI (Site of Special Scientific Interest) and still attracts international studies.^[34] The geological interval of time, the Ludlow epoch, is named after the town.

Recent history

A greengrocers' shop amidst Ludlow's narrow streets.

By the late 20th century, the town had seen a growth in tourism, leading to the appearance of many antique dealers, as well as art dealers and independent bookshops (the latter now mostly gone). A long battle of words between local activists (including many of the town's independent businesses) and Tesco was eventually solved when the mega retailer obtained planning permission to build a supermarket on Corve Street, on the northern edge of the town centre, but only after agreeing to conform to the architectural demands of the local council. The building is designed to follow the shape of the old town plans with a curving roof. Bodenhams, a clothing retailer, has been trading from a 600-year-old timbered building since 1860 and is one of the oldest stores in Britain.^[35]

In 2004 the council was granted funding from Advantage West Midlands to build a new 'Eco-Park' on the outskirts of the town on the other side of the A49 bypass, at the Sheet, with space for traditional handcraft businesses, new environmentally-friendly office buildings and a park & ride facility. More construction work began in 2006 on the same section of by-pass on a much-debated pasture land on the town's fringe known as the Foldgate. The land has now been turned over to commercial use with a petrol filling station, Travelodge hotel and pub chain pub/restaurant, opened in late 2008. The previous plans to include a number of "high street" stores was thrown out when an independent official branded it "damaging" to and "out-of-place" with the character of the old town.

Ludlow was described by Country Life as "the most vibrant small town in England."^[36]

Geography

The town and castle viewed from the Whitcliffe, looking northeast; Brown Clee Hill looms in the distance.

The medieval settlement, which grew as a planned town located by the Norman castle, is largely on the top of a hill, with the castle, market and parish church (St Laurence's) situated along the flat land on this hilltop, which has a maximum elevation of 107 metres (351 ft) on College Street. The streets then run down to the Rivers Teme and Corve (their confluence being to the northwest of the centre of Ludlow) to the north and south. The surface of the Teme has an approximate elevation of 76 metres (249 ft) as it passes Ludford Bridge. To the west is Dinham, which retains the character of a village, though dominated by the castle, with a road leading steeply down from Castle Square to the Teme and then over Dinham Bridge (an early 19th century replacement of an older bridge very slightly downstream). The old chapel in Dinham, a Grade II* listed building,^[37] though no longer used for worship, features the oldest built structure in Ludlow outside the castle. To the east a rolling landscape exists, and it is in this direction that the town has steadily grown. East Hamlet was the name of the settlement to the east of the town.

View from St Laurence's to the castle, looking west across the highest part of the medieval town.

The growth of the town in this eastwards (and to the north-east) direction continues to the present day, with little or no development especially to the south or west, to an extent that the traditional town centre (the medieval town) is actually in the southwest corner of the entire settlement. It has also meant that the village of Ludford, immediately on the other side of the Teme at Ludford Bridge (itself at the foot of Lower Broad Street), remains a distinct community.

The historic centre of Ludlow has largely escaped development that would otherwise alter its medieval, Tudor and Georgian character. Furthermore, the lack of development to the south and west allows for the town's historic setting (and particularly that of the castle) by the Teme and the neighbouring countryside to be readily appreciated in the modern day. M.R.G. Conzen remarked of Ludlow "Its composite medieval town plan and a history of eight and a half centuries with several periods of considerable importance have endowed its Old Town with an historically well-stratified and richly textured landscape."^[38] Michael Raven, who created a detailed gazetteer of all the settlements of Herefordshire and Shropshire in the late 20th century, stated that "There can be little doubt that Ludlow is the finest town in Shropshire."^[39]

The medieval street plan remains, though the town walls and gates have disappeared in many places. Mill Street and Broad Street, leading down from the very centre to the Teme in the south, are particularly famous for their rich architectural heritage and vistas, with many fine Georgian buildings. Sir Nikolaus Pevsner described Broad Street as "one of the most memorable streets in England".^[40]

Localities in the town's suburbs include Gallows Bank and Sandpits. Immediately beyond the A49 by-pass are Rocks Green and the Sheet, and it is in these two places that much of the present development and growth of the town is taking place. They are both approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) from the town centre.

Ludlow was winner of The Great Town Award from The Academy of Urbanism in 2006. The first episode of the BBC television series Town, in which geographer Nicholas Crane examines the great towns of the United Kingdom, focused solely on Ludlow for the hour-long documentary.^[41] Ludlow also was one of the Six English Towns, a 1977 television programme by architectural historian Alec Clifton-Taylor.^[42]

Population

The 2011 UK census recorded 10,266 people living in Ludlow's civil parish.^[43] A further 673 live in the neighbouring Ludford parish,^[44] meaning the population for the town and adjoining settlements is approximately 11,000.

Historical

In 1377, poll tax was levied against 1,172 of the parish's residents.^[45] By this measure, Ludlow was the 35th most populous town in England.^[46]

Population growth in Ludlow since 1801
Year	1801	1811	1821	1831	1841	1851	1881	1891	1901	1911	1921	1931	1951	1961	1971	1987	2001	2011
Population	3,897	4,150	4,820	5,253	5,064	4,691	5,035	4,460	4,552	5,926	5,674	5,642	6,456	6,796	7,470	7,450	9,548	10,266
Source: A Vision of Britain through Time and the Office for National Statistics[47][48]

Transport

On 4 February 1980, the £4.7 million single-carriageway by-pass road was officially opened by Kenneth Clarke. The by-pass had been built to the east of Ludlow in the late 1970s (opening to traffic in the summer of 1979) and diverts the A49 trunk road around the town. The former route of the A49 through the town was re-classified as the B4361.

The town centre retains its medieval streets and has had long-running problems with motor traffic and car parking, which is now restricted 7 days a week. There is a town centre residents' parking permit scheme in operation. Council-owned car parks exist in a number of locations in Ludlow to cater for much of the long-stay car parking. The Eco-Park situated on the eastern outskirts of the town, at the Sheet and adjacent to the A49, includes a new Park & Ride facility, with a frequent bus service to and from the town centre.

The A4117 begins at the Rocks Green roundabout on the Ludlow by-pass, and runs across the Clee Hills to Cleobury Mortimer and then via the A456 onwards to Bewdley and Kidderminster.

Two historic bridges cross the River Teme at Ludlow — Ludford Bridge (a Scheduled Ancient Monument) and Dinham Bridge (early 19th century, Grade II listed)^[49] — both of which still take vehicular traffic as no modern bridges have been built over the Teme in the area. To the north of the town centre, the historic Corve Bridge crosses the River Corve, and this bridge was relieved by Burway Bridge in the mid-20th century. However, on 26 June 2007, dramatic flooding on the Corve caused the Burway Bridge to collapse, severing a gas main and causing 20 homes in nearby Corve Street to be evacuated.^[50] The old stone bridge has now been replaced with a modern steel and pre-fabricated concrete construction.

Cycling

National Cycle Network route 44 runs over Dinham and Ludford Bridges (via Camp and Silkmill Lanes in-between) en route from Bromfield to Pipe Aston. It is known as the "Six Castles Cycleway", with Ludlow Castle as one of the six.

Walking

The Mortimer Trail, a long-distance footpath, runs from Ludlow to Kington, Herefordshire.

Railways

Ludlow railway station

Ludlow railway station began serving the town in 1852 and is about five minutes walk from the town centre. It is on the Welsh Marches Line. Arriva Trains Wales provide regular services. To the south of the station is a short tunnel, which runs under Gravel Hill.

Clee Hill Junction existed just to the north of the station, with a goods line leading off the mainline up to the quarries on Titterstone Clee Hill.

Culture

Festivals and fayres

The now-defunct Ludlow Festival was held annually since 1960, during June and July each year.^[51] An open area within the castle served as the stage and backdrop for various Shakespearean plays, while a number of supporting events at various venues included classical and pop/rock concerts, varied musicians, lecture talks from public figures, and entertainers. The 50 year-old Festival which had been "loss-making" collapsed in 2014 due to "financial troubles". Organisers said it was "simply not commercially viable”.

However, The Medieval Christmas Fayre continues to take place in Ludlow, during late November, again centred on Ludlow Castle and the market square.^[52]

Gastronomy

One of three traditional butcher shops in the centre of the town

Ludlow was once a gastronomic centre, at one point the only town in England with three Michelin-starred restaurants.^[53] In 2016, Ludlow lost its last Michelin starred establishment — Mr Underhills^[54] — which had featured in the Sunday Times Top 100 Restaurants.^[55] Another previously-starred establishment in Ludlow was La Bécasse which went in to liquidation for the second time in 2014. The town once boasted eight AA Rosette starred restaurants, and three Michelin-starred establishments, but now has none.

The town hosts the annual Ludlow food festival. Ludlow was the first UK member of Cittaslow or "slow food" movement,^[56][57] but after ongoing controversy over public funding, the town is no longer a member. It supports three traditional butchers, three bakers, a regular farmers market and a range of specialist food shops. The town has a brewery which has been producing real ale (using local hops) since 2006; it is in a renovated goods shed near the railway station.^[58]

The annual Ludlow Marches Festival of Food & Drink is a trade fair that takes place in and around Ludlow in September. Centred on Ludlow Castle, where over 150 local, small food producers showcase and sell their wares, the three-day event involves the town centre in food and drink trails including a "Sausage Trail".^[59]

Arts

The town is home to an arts and cinema centre, The Ludlow Assembly Rooms, that hosts live and streamed music, theatre, stand up comedy and talks. It acts as an arts community centre, has a visual arts gallery, and on most evenings, shows a film, from a wide variety of genres (including classic, arthouse, and blockbuster).^[60] Ludlow is now also home to the Rooftop Theatre Company. Originally from the South East, they have been delivering contemporary-styled Shakespeare since 2003. Their first Ludlow production was The Comedy of Errors in 2014.^[61]

Ludlow has featured in movies and TV programmes including Tom Sharpe's Blott on the Landscape and 90s TV adaptations of The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling and Moll Flanders. In Shakespeare's Richard III, Ludlow is mentioned, as the place where the young Edward V is to be fetched as Richard III plots to seize the crown. The town is described as the capital of Wales following a zombie apocalypse in the novel World War Z.^[62]

Ludlow has connections with a number of figures in the arts – most notably, Alfred Edward Housman, poet and author of "A Shropshire Lad" (his ashes were buried in the graveyard of St Laurence's Church and were marked by a cherry tree). Stanley J. Weyman, the novelist known as the "Prince of Romance", was born in Ludlow, as was sculptor Adrian Jones, whose ashes are buried in the same churchyard. The naval historian and novelist Captain Geoffrey Bennett (Sea Lion) lived in Ludlow after his retirement in 1974 up to his death in 1983 and his ashes, too, were interred in the parish churchyard.

Sport

Ludlow's football stadium, located at Burway on the northern edge of the town (actually in Bromfield civil parish), and home to AFC Ludlow and several other sports teams.

The town had a football team (AFC Ludlow), which competed in the West Midlands (Regional) League Division One.^[63] The Club could no longer field a full team, and folded in June 2016. Ludlow's rugby union club have their ground situated just off Linney near the castle, competing in the Midland league. There is a cricket club sporting its 1st and 2nd XI teams in the Shropshire Premier Cricket League and its 3rd and 4th XI in the Shropshire Cricket League Division 5 and Division 6 respectively. The cricket ground is near the junction of Burway Lane and Bromfield Road in the north of the town and has a picturesque setting with the castle, St Laurence's church and surrounding hills and countryside clearly visible.

Ludlow Racecourse and Ludlow Golf Club are situated together just off the A49 road 2 miles (3 km) northwest of the town centre, at a place called Old Field near Bromfield.^[64] A smaller (9-hole) golf course exists at Elm Lodge, just off Fishmore Road on the northern edge of the town.

A privately-run leisure and fitness centre, which includes a swimming pool, is on Bromfield Road on the northern edge of the town (near the secondary school).^[65] Lawn bowls is played in the area, with several teams from Ludlow's two bowling clubs (Burway and Ludlow Castle) playing against each other and teams from further afield, in the Ludlow & District Bowls League,^[66] as well as in the higher Shropshire leagues. There is an amateur boxing club, situated on Wheeler Road, with its new clubhouse opening in 2014.

Media

Castle Square looking east towards St Laurence's Church. Ludlow College is to the left; Castle Lodge to the right.

Newspapers

The Ludlow Advertiser was founded in 1855 by John Crosse, with its original offices at 18 King Street. New premises for the Advertiser were constructed in 1914 on Upper Galdeford, still called the Advertiser Buildings, but now a fast-food outlet. It has published an edition weekly ever since,^[67] though is now the Ludlow and Tenbury Wells Advertiser and published from the Hereford Times offices in Hereford, with an editor based in Birmingham.^[68] In 2010 the area's free weekly newspaper, the Ludlow Journal, stopped being published and was absorbed into its paid-for sister, the South Shropshire Journal.^[69] The Shropshire Star - with its related publication the South Shropshire Journal - is published in Ketley but has an office in Ludlow, at The Angel on Broad Street,^[70] which to date remains open but without a reception desk.^[71] Other local papers include the Teme Valley Times, founded in 2006.

Radio stations

Sunshine Radio once a Pirate radio station is now a legitimate commercial broadcaster in the south Shropshire and north Herefordshire/Worcestershire area on 105.9 FM, and more widely on 855 kHz AM^[72] which is broadcast from a transmitting station situated between Ludlow and Tenbury Wells.^[73] Its sister station in Hereford can also be received in Ludlow on 106.2 FM. BBC Radio Shropshire, broadcast largely from Shrewsbury, has a number of frequencies in order to cover the county's hilly terrain, and broadcasts in this part of south Shropshire on 95 FM, referred to as its Ludlow frequency. There is a transmitting station above the town in Mortimer Forest, which transmits Radio Shropshire and other television and radio frequencies.^[74] BBC Hereford and Worcester's 94.7 FM and 1584 kHz AM broadcasts can be picked up in Ludlow.

BBC Hereford and Worcester's 1584 AM and Sunshine Radio's 105.9 FM broadcasts are made from the Woofferton transmitting station, just south of Ludlow, which is notable for its Cold War history and now being the UK's only remaining shortwave broadcasting site.

Governance

Civic

The Buttercross, built in 1743-6, at the top of Broad Street and the highest point of the medieval town (the site of the High Cross); historically this spot was used as a benchmark for road distances to Ludlow.

Ludlow is a civil parish with a town council and a mayor. Ludlow was a borough from 1461 to 1974 (becoming a municipal borough in 1835 and a rural borough in 1967); the borough encompassed the same area as Ludlow's parish until the mid-late 19th century. Its borough status meant Ludlow was largely autonomous from the hundred of Munslow which it lay in.

Wider local government was provided by Ludlow Rural District from 1894 (this rural district absorbed the borough of Ludlow in 1967, causing the change in status to a rural borough) until 1974 when South Shropshire District Council (with Ludlow as its seat) took over along with Shropshire County Council in a two-tier arrangement. Rural boroughs were abolished in 1974 and Ludlow's borough status at that point ended. The district councils of Shropshire were abolished in 2009 and the county now has a unitary authority called Shropshire Council, based in Shrewsbury. The South Shropshire District Council's offices at Stone House on Corve Street were gradually emptied of local government staff until their sale in 2014.

The town council is based at the Guildhall on Mill Street, a grade I listed building,^[75] which was the home of the town's county and magistrates' courts until their closure in 2011.^[76] There was a Town Hall, situated in the Square, which was built in 1887-8 and demolished in March 1986;^[77] it featured prominently just prior to its demolition in the 1985 television drama Blott on the Landscape. The other notable civic building in the centre of town is the Buttercross (named as it was the butter market at the site of the medieval High Cross); it was the home of the town council after the demolition of the Town Hall and prior to the closure of the courts. It is now an 'interpretation centre' for the town's architectural heritage.^[78]

Electoral arrangements

Ludlow and its neighbouring parishes comprise three electoral divisions each returning one councillor to Shropshire Council in elections held every four years, the most recent being in 2013 (a by-election for one of Ludlow's divisions took place in 2014). Fifteen councillors sit on the town council, representing seven wards, and elections, when contested, are held every four years (at the same time as elections to Shropshire Council). The boundaries of Ludlow's electoral divisions and wards were most recently reviewed in 2008. The electoral divisions are named Ludlow North, Ludlow East and Ludlow South, with only East being wholly within the town's boundaries. The seven wards were altered slightly in 2008, retaining their previous names and number of councillors they each return — they are (with the number of town councillors returned given): Rockspring (2), Hayton (2), Bringewood (2), Corve (2), Whitcliffe (2), Gallows Bank (3), and Clee View (2).^[79]

Civil parishes

Ludford is a separate civil parish, with its own parish council, and covers the adjoining places of Ludford, Foldgate, Steventon, the Sheet and Rocks Green. Until 1901 an area of land at the foot of Old Street, called Holdgate Fee, was a detached part of Ludford parish in the town itself. Ludlow Castle was a parish of its own, contained within the castle's walls and the immediate hillside; it was abolished in 1901 and ceded to Ludlow's civil parish.^[80] Other than Ludford, the only other civil parish in the present-day neighbouring Ludlow is Bromfield.

The civil parish of East Hamlet, created in 1884 covered a limited area to the east of the town; this parish was largely absorbed by Ludlow's parish as the town expanded into it (in 1901, 1934 and finally in 1987 when it was abolished). Ludlow's parish in 1901 expanded into Ludford to the east (taking in Holdgate Fee and the Steventon New Road area); another two expansions into Ludford in 1934 involved taking in the Whitcliffe (which had been acquired by the burgesses of Ludlow already in the 13th century)^[81] and a further part to the east (the Gallows Bank area). 1934 also saw a significant expansion of the Ludlow parish west into Bromfield's parish, on both sides of the Teme; this coupled with the inclusion of Whitcliffe constitutes the western, essentially rural part to Ludlow's civil parish in the present-day.

Parliament

The coat of arms of Ludlow date to the creation of the parliamentary borough and pay homage to Richard, Duke of York. It displays the white lion of the Earl of March surrounded by three white roses of the House of York.

For representation to the House of Commons, Ludlow falls within the Ludlow constituency, which has its origins in 1473 shortly after Ludlow had become a parliamentary borough, and which until 1868 returned two burgesses to Parliament.

In modern times the Ludlow constituency covers a large area of southern Shropshire including Bridgnorth. The current member of Parliament for Ludlow is Philip Dunne, who has held the seat since 2005.

Economy

McConnel Limited, who manufacture hedge cutting and verge mowing machinery, are based in Ludlow, occupying a sprawling seven-acre industrial site in the Temeside/Weeping Cross area of the town known as the Temeside Works.^[82] The company claims to be the innovator of the first tractor-mounted hedge cutting machine (produced in 1945) and a leading producer of reach flail mower hedge and verge mowing power-arm technology.

Market

The town has regular outdoor markets held on Castle Square, an area that was enlarged in 1986 with the demolition of the Town Hall. General markets are held on Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays. Specialist markets (examples being crafts, antiques, local produce) are held on occasional Thursdays and Sundays. They are run by the town council.^[83]

Education

Ludlow has three primary schools (an infant school, a junior school and a 'combined' primary school) for children aged 5–11, and a secondary school — the Ludlow Church of England School — for pupils aged 11–16.

Ludlow College is a sixth form college in the town centre, formed by the merger of the town's boys grammar school and girls high school. Prior to its merger with Herefordshire College in 2012 it was one of the oldest educational institutions in the country, dating back some 800 years.^[84]

Health

Ludlow Hospital is an NHS community hospital at the junction of Gravel Hill and New Road. It had until recently several inpatient and outpatient departments and wards, as well as a minor injuries unit.

There are two doctors' surgeries in the town, both just off Upper Galdeford.

Emergency services

The Shropshire Fire and Rescue Service have a fire station on Weeping Cross Lane, manned by retained firefighters.

West Mercia Police have a police station on Lower Galdeford. Its front counter closed in 2015.

Voluntary aid society, the British Red Cross, has a hall in the Smithfield car park, just off Lower Galdeford, and adjacent to the fire station.

Religion

St Peter's church, built in the late 1930s in the neo-Byzantine and plain Romanesque styles, is the town's Roman Catholic church.

The Church of England parish of Ludlow had two churches in Ludlow — the large and historic St Laurence's Church in the centre of the town — the parish church — and the redundant St John's Church on Gravel Hill. Within St Laurence's Church are the St John's, Lady and St Catherine's chapels.^[85] Ludford has its own Church of England parish and church, dedicated to St Giles.

Ludlow falls within the Church of England's Diocese of Hereford and since 1981 is a suffragan see with its own suffragan bishop, the Bishop of Ludlow, the only such bishop in the diocese. There has long been an Archdeacon of Ludlow, historically known as the Archdeacon of Shropshire, overseeing the other parishes in the southern part of the county (the part of the Hereford diocese that is within Shropshire).

There is a Roman Catholic parish covering Ludlow, with its own church dedicated to St Peter on Henley Road.^[86] Construction began in 1935, using stone from nearby Farlow and building in a neo-Byzantine and plain Romanesque style. The construction also involved novel reinforced concrete technology. The Byzantine design continues inside, with a blue dome with twelve gold-leaf stars representing St Peter and the other Apostles.^[87] An Art Deco presbytery was built next to the church. St Peter's chapel, within the castle, is now a ruin.

Ludlow has a Methodist church on Broad Street,^[88] a Quaker Meeting House on St Mary's Lane,^[89] a Baptists church at the Rockspring Community Centre,^[90] and an Elim Pentecostal Church on the Smithfield car park.^[91]

Two monastic institutions once existed in Ludlow — one Augustinian ("Austin") Friars on the corner of Lower Galdeford and Weeping Cross Lane, and the other Carmelite ("White") Friars between Linney and Corve Street. Both were dissolved in 1538. The White Friars site became the town's cemetery in 1824, with a new church constructed, dedicated to St Leonard's (a St Leonard's chapel existed on the corner of Corve Street and Linney in medieval times). The St Leonard's graveyard and church still exist but are no longer used for burials or worship (instead the church building is now a commercial premises). The Austin Friars site became the town's livestock market (the Smithfield) and is now a public car park.

Landmarks

Dinham Bridge crossing the River Teme; Ludlow Castle is situated above on the hill.

The following are the principal landmark buildings and structures in the town, the majority of which are grade I or II* listed buildings.

Ludlow Castle St Laurence's Church Feathers Hotel The Buttercross Ludford Bridge Dinham Bridge Fishmore Hall Hotel Castle Lodge Reader's House, rear of St Laurence's

The Broad Gate 1 Broad Street (Bodenhams) St Thomas Chapel, Dinham Dinham House Dinham Lodge Hosyers Almshouses, College Street Palmers Hall, Mill Street The Guildhall, Mill Street

Twinning

Ludlow has three twinning arrangements.^[92]

• La Ferté-Macé, Orne, France (since 1986)^[93]
• San Pietro in Cariano, Province of Verona, Veneto, Italy (since 1989)^[94]
• Narberth, Pembrokeshire, Wales (since 2003)

Notable people

The stained glass window above the west door of St Laurence's displays the Lords of Ludlow Castle and most notably four key royals associated with Ludlow during/after the Wars of the Roses. The praying figures at the foot are (from left to right) Richard, Duke of York, his son Edward IV and his son Edward V and grandson Arthur, Prince of Wales.

Sir John Bridgeman, a Chief Justice of The Marches in the 17th century is buried in St Laurence's church, within a tomb monument attributed to Francesco Fanelli.

Admiral James Vashon (1742 – 1827) was born in the nearby Herefordshire village of Eye and then lived in Ludlow, on Broad Street, following his distinguished service in the Royal Navy. He died in the town and is buried at St Laurence's. A civic society blue plaque commemorates him at 54 Broad Street;^[95] there is a Vashon Close in Ludlow's eastern suburbs.

The painter Samuel Scott (painter) moved to Ludlow in 1765.^[96]

Notable people associated with the town include Charles Badham, a Victorian scholar and professor at Sydney University. Sir Charles Hastings, a pioneering Victorian doctor and founder of the British Medical Association, was born in Ludlow, and grew up in Worcestershire. Ludlow was birthplace of historian Charles Lethbridge Kingsford in 1862, when his father was headmaster at Ludlow Grammar School.

Born near the town in 1836 was John Marston, the founder of the Sunbeam racing car and motorcycle company. Also born in proximity to Ludlow was Henry Hill Hickman, a very early pioneer of anaesthetics, who was born at Lady Halton, near Bromfield in 1800. Later in the same century, in 1831, Pictorialist photographer Henry Peach Robinson was born in the town.

Captain Adrian Jones MVO (1845 — 1938), the well-known sculptor. He has many works throughout the world, particularly the Peace Quadriga on the Wellington arch in London.

Sir William Jukes-Steward, later Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives, had boyhood home in Ludlow, where he attended the Grammar School, at Numbers 4–5 King Street (marked by plaque).

Baron Rees of Ludlow, the current Astronomer Royal is associated with the town, and Anthony Howard, a senior British political journalist, obituary writer, and social commentator had a home there.

The author P.D.James (Phyllis Dorothy James, Baroness James of Holland Park, 1920-2014) spent part of her youth in Ludlow, and attended the British School there.

Captain Geoffrey Bennett DSC, Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, naval officer and a well-known author, writing novels as 'Sea Lion' and naval histories under his own name, retired to a cottage in central Ludlow in 1976, dying there in 1983.

The actor John Challis (Boycie in Only Fools & Horses) lives near Ludlow, as did Pete Postlethwaite. The actress Holly Davidson (from Casualty and The Bill) was born locally in 1980. Hollie Robertson, winner of the BBC's Strictly Dance Fever in 2006 is from Ludlow.

Citations

1. "Town population 2011". Retrieved 27 November 2015.
2. Mawer, Fred (4 October 2006). "Getting a Taste for Ludlow". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 17 September 2007.
3. "Ludlow". Archived from the original on 12 August 2007. Retrieved 10 September 2007.
4. "Ludlow's Buildings". Retrieved 17 September 2007.
5. Shropshire Tourism Ludlow
6. Room Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings
7. Lloyd, David (2008) The Origins of Ludlow p 75
8. Ludlow Civic Society
9. Teme Weirs Trust History of Ludlow's weirs
10. Poulton-Smith, Anthony (2009) Shropshire Place Names p 87
11. Coplestone-Crow "From Foundation to the Anarchy" Ludlow Castle p. 21, n. 2
12. Coplestone-Crow 2000a, pp. 21–22
13. Shoesmith "The Town of Ludlow" Ludlow Castle, pp. 9, 11
14. Jones Family of Dinan p. 20
15. Lloyd, David (2008) The Origins of Ludlow p 77
16. Open Domesday Stanton Lacy
17. Open Domesday Ludford
18. Lloyd, David (2008) The Origins of Ludlow pp 75-79
19. Heritage Gateway
20. Lloyd, David (2008) The Origins of Ludlow p 44
21. Train, C. J. (1999). "2". The Walls and Gates of Ludlow, Their Origins and Early Days. New Series No. 1. Ludlow: Ludlow Historical Research Group. pp. 6–12. ISBN 0 9536113 0 2.
22. Shropshire History ..portal gate
23. Shropshire Star Agreement made over Ludlow’s historic town walls repair (1 October 2015)
24. Lloyd, David (2008) The Origins of Ludlow p 2
25. St Laurence's Ludlow The Palmer's Guild
26. "St. Laurence's Church". Retrieved 10 November 2007.
27. "Royal Welch Fusiliers". National Army Museum. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
28. BBC News Royal Welsh soldiers in Ludlow for 325th anniversary (20 September 2014)
29. Ludlow Civic Society blue plaque
30. Hobbs, Tony (2002) The Pubs of Ludlow and neighbouring villages p 55
31. WhatPub.com (CAMRA) Rose and Crown, Ludlow
32. Farlow, R and Trumper, D (2005) Ludlow and South-West Shropshire page 86
33. "Why Shropshire's geology is important". Retrieved 26 February 2012.
34. "International Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy meeting at Ludlow". Retrieved 26 February 2012.
35. "Bodenhams website". Retrieved 4 July 2014.
36. "Ludlow Tourist Information". Retrieved 17 September 2007.
37. British Listed Buildings Chapel House, Dinham, Ludlow
38. Conzen "Morphogenesis, morphological regions and secular human agency in the historic townscape, as exemplified by Ludlow" Urban Historical Geography p. 254
39. Raven, M (2005) A Guide to Shropshire Third Edition page 120
40. Nicolle, Dorothy (1999) Francis Frith's Shropshire page 98
41. BBC Town with Nicholas Crane - Series 1 Episode 1 - Ludlow
42. Clifton-Taylor, Alec (1978). Six English Towns. London: BBC. pp. 143–169. ISBN 0 563 17397 1. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
43. Office for National Statistics Ludlow 2011
44. Office for National Statistics Ludford 2011
45. Fenwick The poll taxes of 1377, 1379 and 1381, p. 376
46. Pallister The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, p. 758
47. "Ludlow AP/CP: Historical statistics / Population". A Vision of Britain Through Time. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
48. "Area: Ludlow CP (Parish) –Parish headcounts". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
49. British Listed Buildings Dinham Bridge, Ludlow
50. "Bridge collapse severs gas main". BBC News. 26 June 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
51. "Ludlow Festival". Retrieved 2 September 2011.
52. "Ludlow Medieval Christmas Fayre". Retrieved 15 August 2008.
53. "Ludlow Shropshire tourist and visitor information". Retrieved 17 September 2007.
54. Via Michelin Mr Underhill's At Dinham Weir
55. Shropshire Star Delight for Ludlow restaurant as it's named one of the best in Britain (18 October 2014)
56. "UK Cittaslow Website". Retrieved 10 November 2007.
57. "Woman's World – Going slow in Ludlow". Retrieved 17 September 2007.
58. WhatPub.com (CAMRA) Railway Shed, Ludlow
59. "Ludlow Food Festival". Retrieved 10 November 2007.
60. "Ludlow Assembly Rooms". Retrieved 10 November 2007.
61. "Rooftop Theatre Company". Retrieved 9 April 2015.
62. Brooks, Max (2010). World War Z (Kindle Edition). Gerald Duckworth. p. 188. ISBN 0715637037.
63. FA Full-time website West Midlands (Regional) League Division One
64. "Ludlow Racecourse". Retrieved 10 November 2007.
65. Teme Leisure Ludlow
66. Ludlow and District Bowls League
67. Lloyd, David & Klein, Peter (2006) Ludlow: An Historical Anthology p 96
68. Ludlow and Tenbury Wells Advertiser Contact us
69. Hold The Front Page Caption blunder weekly ceases publication (6 July 2010)
70. South Shropshire Journals Contact us
71. Hold The Front Page Express & Star publisher to close weekly newspaper (5 June 2014)
72. Sunshine Radio
73. mb21 Villa Farm
74. mb21 Ludlow
75. British Listed Buildings The Guildhall and adjoining Coachhouse
76. BBC News Ludlow, Shrewsbury and Oswestry county courts close (30 September 2011)
77. Farlow, R and Trumper, D (2005) Ludlow and South-West Shropshire page 11
78. Ludlow Town Council The Buttercross Update
79. LGBCE Shropshire review (2008)
80. Vision of Britain Ludlow Castle
81. Friends of Whitcliffe Common
82. McConnel Limited - Factory
83. Ludlow Market
84. Ludlow College
85. St Laurence's virtual tour
86. St Peter's Ludlow
87. Tour of St Peter's church, Ludlow
88. Ludlow Methodist Church
89. Ludlow Quakers
90. Ludlow Baptist Church,
91. Elim Pentecostal Church
92. Ludlow Town Council Ludlow's Twin Towns
93. "Ludlow San Pietro Twinning Association". Ludlow.org. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
94. "Home". Ludlow French Town Twinning Association. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
95. Ludlow Civic Society blue plaques
96. The Twickenham Museum. "Samuel Scott". The Twickenham Museum. Retrieved 1 July 2016.

References

• Conzen, M. R. G. (2011) [1988]. "Morphogenesis, morphological regions and secular human agency in the historic townscape, as exemplified by Ludlow". Urban Historical Geography: Recent Progress in Britain and Germany. Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography. 10 (paperback ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 253–272. ISBN 978-0-521-18974-3.
• Coplestone-Crow, Bruce (2000). "From Foundation to the Anarchy". In Ron Shoesmith & Andy Johnson. Ludlow Castle: Its History & Buildings. Logaston Press. ISBN 1-873827-51-2.
• Fenwick, Carolyn (ed) (2001). The poll taxes of 1377, 1379 and 1381: Part 2, Lincolnshire–Westmorland. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-726228-3.
• Pallister, David Michael (ed) (2000). The Cambridge Urban History of Britain. Volume I: 600–1540. Cambridge University Press.
• Room, Adrian (2003). Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings. McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-1814-1.
• Shoesmith, Ron (2000). "The Town of Ludlow". In Ron Shoesmith & Andy Johnson. Ludlow Castle: Its History & Buildings. Logaston Press. ISBN 1-873827-51-2.

External links

• Ludlow Town Council
• Geograph – photos of Ludlow and surrounding areas