Milkfish

Milkfish
Temporal range: Early Cretaceous–present
Chanos chanos from French Polynesia
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Superorder: Ostariophysi
Order: Gonorynchiformes
Family: Chanidae
Genus: Chanos
Lacépède, 1803
Species: C. chanos
Binomial name
Chanos chanos
(Forsskål, 1775)

The milkfish (Chanos chanos) is the sole living species in the family Chanidae.[1][2][3] However, there are at least five extinct genera from the Cretaceous.[3]

The species has many common names. The Hawaiian name for the fish is awa. It is called bangús in the Philippines, where it is the national fish. In the Nauruan language, it is referred to as ibiya. Milkfish is also called "bandeng" or "bolu" in Indonesia.[4]

Distribution and habitat

Chanos chanos occurs in the Indian Ocean and across the Pacific Ocean, from South Africa to Hawaii and the Marquesas, from California to the Galapagos, north to Japan, south to Australia. Milkfishes commonly live in tropical offshore marine waters around islands and along continental shelves, at depths of 1 to 30 m. They also frequently enter estuaries and rivers. [4]

Description

Illustration of Chanos chanos

The milkfish can grow to 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in), but are most often no more than 1 m (39 in) in length. They can reach a weight of about 14.0 kg. and an age of 15 years. They have an elongate and almost compressed body, with a generally symmetrical and streamlined appearance, one dorsal fin, falcate pectoral fins and a sizable forked caudal fin. Mouth is small and toothless. Body color is olive green, with silvery flanks and dark bordered fins. They have 13-17 dorsal soft rays, 8-10 anal soft rays and 31 caudal fin rays.[4]

Biology

These fishes generally feed on cyanobacteria, algae and small invertebrates. They tend to school around coasts and islands with reefs. The young fry live at sea for two to three weeks and then migrate during the juvenile stage to mangrove swamps, estuaries, and sometimes lakes, and return to sea to mature sexually and reproduce. Females spawn at night up to 5 million eggs in saline shallow waters. [4]

Consumption

Philippines grilled bangus (milkfish)

The milkfish is an important seafood in Southeast Asia and some Pacific Islands. Because milkfish is notorious for being much bonier than other food fish, deboned milkfish, called "boneless bangús" in the Philippines, has become popular in stores and markets.

Another popular presentation of milkfish in Indonesia is bandeng duri lunak' (ikan bandeng is the Indonesian name for milkfish) from Central and East Java. Bandeng presto is pressure cooked milkfish until the bones are rendered tender. Another way to prepare milkfish is bandeng asap or smoked milkfish. Either fresh or processed, milkfish is the popular seafood product of Indonesian fishing towns, such as Juwana near Semarang in Central Java, and Sidoarjo near Surabaya in East Java.

Aquaculture

History

Milkfish aquaculture first occurred around 800 years ago in the Philippines and spread in Indonesia, Taiwan, and into the Pacific.[5] Traditional milkfish aquaculture relied upon restocking ponds by collecting wild fry. This led to a wide range of variability in quality and quantity between seasons and regions.[5]

In the late 1970s, farmers first successfully spawned breeding fish. However, they were hard to obtain and produced unreliable egg viability.[6] In 1980, the first spontaneous spawning happened in sea cages. These eggs were found to be sufficient to generate a constant supply for farms.[7]

Farming methods

Milkfish aquaculture in fish ponds, Cardona, Rizal, The Philippines

Fry are raised in either sea cages, large saline ponds (Philippines), or concrete tanks (Indonesia, Taiwan).[5] Milkfish reach sexual maturity at 1.5 kg (3.3 lb), which takes five years in floating sea cages, but eight to 10 years in ponds and tanks. Once they reach 6 kg (13 lb), (eight years), 3–4 million eggs are produced each breeding cycle.[5] This is mainly done using natural environmental cues. However, attempts have been made using gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRH-A) to induce spawning.[8] Some still use the traditional wild stock method — capturing wild fry using nets.[5] Milkfish hatcheries, like most hatcheries, contain a variety of cultures, for example rotifers, green algae, and brine shrimp, as well as the target species.[5][9] They can either be intensive or semi-intensive.[5] Semi-intensive methods are more profitable at US$6.67 per thousand fry in 1998, compared with $27.40 for intensive methods.[9] However, the experience required by labour for semi-intensive hatcheries is higher than intensive.[9] Milkfish nurseries in Taiwan are highly commercial and have densities of about 2000/L.[5] Indonesia achieves similar densities, but has more backyard-type nurseries.[5] The Philippines has integrated nurseries with grow-out facilities and densities of about 1000/L.[5] The three methods of outgrowing are pond culture, pen culture, and cage culture.

Most food is natural (known as lab-lab) or a combination of phytoplankton and macroalgae.[5][10] Traditionally, this was made on site; food is now made commercially to order.[5] Harvest occurs when the individuals are 20–40 cm long (250–500 g in weight). Partial harvests remove uniformly sized individuals with seine nets or gill nets. Total harvest removes all individuals and leads to a variety of sizes. Forced harvest happens when an environmental problem occurs, such as depleted oxygen due to algal blooms, and all stock is removed. Possible parasites include nematodes, copepods, protozoa, and helminths.[5] Many of these are treatable with chemicals and antibiotics.

Processing and marketing

Bandeng asap, Indonesian smoked milkfish, sold in Surabaya International Airport

Traditional post-harvest processing include smoking, drying, and fermenting. Bottling, canning, and freezing are of recent origin.[5] Demand has been steadily increasing since 1950.[5] In 2005, 595,000 tonnes were harvested worth US$616 million.[5]

A trend toward value-added products is occurring.[5] In recent years, the possibility of using milkfish juveniles as bait for tuna long-lining has started to be investigated, opening up new markets for fry hatcheries.[11]

Golden bangus

On April 21, 2012, a Filipino fisherman donated a milkfish with yellowish coloring to the Philippine Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, which was later on called the "golden bangus".[12] However, the fish soon died, allegedly because of a lower level of oxygen in the pond to which it was transferred.[13]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Eschmeyer, W. N. and R. Fricke (eds) (4 January 2016). "Catalog of Fishes". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
  2. ↑ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2015). "Chanidae" in FishBase. October 2015 version.
  3. 1 2 Nelson, J. S. (2006). Fishes of the World (4 ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 135–136. ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2015). "Chanos chanos" in FishBase. October 2015 version.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 "Chanos chanos (Forsskal, 1775)". Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department.
  6. ↑ "Milkfish (Bangus) Breeding and Fry Hatchery Technology".
  7. ↑ Milkfish (Bangus) Breeding and Fry Hatchery Technology
  8. ↑ "Aquaculture Profile of Chanos chanos".
  9. 1 2 3 Lee, C.-S.; Leung, P.-S.; Su, M.-S. (1997). "Bioeconomic evaluation of different fry production systems for milkfish (Chanos chanos)". Aquaculture. 155 (1–4): 367–376. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00104-X.
  10. ↑ Gapasin, R.S.J; Bombeo, R; Lavens, P; Sorgeloos, P; Nelis, H (1998). "Enrichment of live food with essential fatty acids and vitamin C: effects on milkfish (Chanos chanos) larval performance". Aquaculture. 162 (3–4): 269–286. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00205-1.
  11. ↑ FitzGerald, William J. (2004). Milkfish aquaculture in the Pacific: potential for the tuna longline fishery bait market (PDF). Noumea, New Caledonia: Secretariat of the Pacific Community.
  12. ↑ "Fisheries bureau releases golden milkfish".
  13. ↑ "Plan to breed 'golden' bangus dies with lone specimen".
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